经导管Amplatzer房间隔封堵器关闭儿童继发孔型房间隔缺损:应用限度及技术探讨

为探讨Amplatzer房间隔封堵器 (ASO)在儿童中的应用限度 ,并进行方法学评价 ,共有68例符合手术指征的继发孔型ASD患儿接受了经导管ASO封堵术。术中经右上肺静脉造影、经食道超声心动图 (TEE)测量ASD位置、大小及周围关系 ,并以扩张球囊测量ASD伸展直径 ,按此选择等于或大于其1mm～2mm的封堵器 ;对于>25mm伸展直径的ASD或房缺主动脉根部前缘缺如的ASD ,所选ASO应大于其2mm～4mm。房缺前缘近主动脉根部的缺如并不影响装置的成功放置 ,但房缺后上缘是否有足够距离对手术的成功是决定性的。手术操作按常规进行。术后即刻行TEE或TTE检查观察治疗效果 ,此后定期检查评价疗效。结果68例患儿ASD术前TEE直径 (13.26±4.74)mm ,球囊伸展直径 (15.96±5.44)mm ,选用封堵器腰部直径 (10～32)mm,平均 (16.35±5.81)mm。68例均一次手术封堵成功 ,技术成功率100 % ;65例术后即刻TEE/TTE检查示完全封堵无分流 ,完全封堵率95.6% ;3例术后发生无血液动力学意义的少量残余分流 ,残余分流率4.4 % ,2例24小时后TTE复查分流消失 ,1例1年后消失。除2例装置释放后曾出现一过性房性早搏 (2.9 %)外 ,无其它并发症发生。结果表明虽然ASO对堵塞继发孔型房缺安全有效、无并发症、无死亡率、装置结构简单、操作方便、可多次回撤与重新     

儿童继发孔型房间隔缺损的介入治疗

目的　探讨儿童继发孔型房间隔缺损 (atrialseptaldefect ,ASD)封堵术的指征、方法学和并发症的预防。方法　 1998年 10月～ 2 0 0 3年 1月 ,119例继发孔型ASD患儿 ,根据家属意愿接受了经导管应用Amplatzer房间隔封堵器的介入治疗。年龄 0 8～ 17 0岁 ,平均 ( 7 5± 2 8)岁 ,体重6 7～ 88.0kg ,平均 ( 2 3 7± 7 8)kg。所有病例术前检查被证实均为继发孔型ASD。按ASD球囊伸展直径或大于 1～ 2mm选择封堵器进行堵塞。其中 3例为多发ASD。 6例合并动脉导管未闭 ( patentductusarteriosus,PDA)或肺动脉瓣狭窄 ( pulmonarystenosis ,PS)者应用其他封堵装置和球囊扩张治疗合并的畸形。术后定期行心脏超声及临床检查随访。结果　 119例患儿术前经食道超声(transesophagealechocardiography ,TEE)或经胸超声 (trans thoracicechocardiography ,TTE)检测ASD平均直径 ( 12 9± 5 6 )mm ( 6 5～ 34 5mm ) ,肺动脉平均压力为 ( 2 9 0± 5 0 )mmHg( 2 5 0～ 6 2 0mmHg) ,球囊伸展直径为 ( 15 7± 4 8)mm( 8 0～ 38 0mm)。所选封堵器直径平均为 ( 15 0± 5 0 )mm( 8 0～ 38 0mm)。 112例封堵成功。 3例多发ASD也选用单一封堵器。 6例合并PDA或PS者同时完成介入治疗。 112例堵塞后即刻封堵率为 93 8% ( 1     

房间隔缺损封堵术后心脏的形态学转归

目的探讨采用介入治疗的方法进行房间隔缺损封堵术后心脏的形态学变化及其随访结果。方法对成功施行房间隔缺损封堵术的78例患儿,在术前、术后24 h、3个月、1 a应用超声心动图检测右心房、右心室和左心室舒张末期内径。结果超声心动图检测结果表明,封堵术后24 h右心房舒张末期内径由(36.14±3.15)mm降至(28.36±5.24)mm,右心室舒张末期内径由(22.61±6.38)mm降至(16.12±4.93)mm,左心室舒张末期内径由(27.83±5.97)mm增大至(33.64±4.32)mm。3个月和1 a随访过程中右心室舒张末期内径继续缩小,而右心房和左心室舒张末期内径则无明显变化。结论房间隔缺损封堵术后早期心脏即可发生明显的形态学转归,但右心室的恢复需要较长时间。     

经心导和这关闭房间隔缺损的临床评价

本文对双伞闭俣器和扣式闭合器闭闭房间隔缺损的临床疗效、适应症和并发症进行了评价。其总的有效率在９０％－９５％之间，术后小的残余分流并不造成血流动力学的变化，并可自发消失。其适应症不仅包括缺损口伸展直径〈２５ｍｍ的中央型ＡＳＤ，也适合并发其它心血管疾病的病人，是卵圆孔未闭的病人可免于外科手术。     

下壁导联R波切迹与婴幼儿继发孔型房间隔缺损的相关性研究

目的探讨心电图下壁导联R波切迹对婴幼儿继发孔型房间隔缺损的诊断价值。方法观察比较162例婴幼儿继发孔型房间隔缺损（Ⅰ组）与162例无心脏疾患婴幼儿（Ⅱ组）的下壁导联R波切迹及伴不完全性右束支阻滞（RBBB）的发生率。结果Ⅰ组3个下壁导联均有R波切迹的发生率、至少1个下壁导联有R波切迹伴不完全性RBBB的发生率及3个下壁导联均有R波切迹伴不完全性RBBB的发生率分别为27.16%、14.20%、10.49%,Ⅱ组分别为3.09%、1.85%、0.62%,两组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.005）;其诊断房间隔缺损的特异度分别为96.91%、98.15%、99.38%。结论下壁导联R波切迹是婴幼儿继发孔型房间隔缺损的一种独立的心电图征象,可以作为诊断继发孔型房间隔缺损的参考指标。     

经导管Amplatzer封堵器和外科手术治疗动脉导管未闭对照试验的Meta分析

目的评估经导管Amplatzer封堵器治疗动脉导管未闭(PDA)的疗效,为临床应用提供指导。方法采用Meta分析方法,对国内外有关经导管Amplatzer封堵器和外科手术治疗PDA的对比临床研究进行综合定量分析,采用RevMan4.2.2软件进行数据处理,计算各组技术失败率、并发症及严重并发症发生率、残余分流率等的相对危险度(RR)及其95%可信区间(CI)。结果符合纳入标准共5篇文献,总样本量349例。经导管Amplatzer封堵器组技术失败率高于外科手术组[5组对照试验(CT),349例,3.0%vs0,RR=4.29,95%CI(0.77,23.95)],但无显著性差异(P=0.10);并发症发生率低于外科手术[5组CT,343例,3.1%vs38.0%,RR=0.11,95%CI(0.05,0.23)](P<0.00001);严重并发症发生率显著低于手术组[5组CT,343例,0.5%vs6.0%,RR=0.23,95%CI(0.06,0.90)](P=0.03);Amplatzer封堵器组治疗后即时残余分流率高于手术组[4组CT,304例,16.3%vs0,RR=16.06,95%CI(3.0,86.12)](P=0.001);出院时残余分流率虽高于手术组,但无显著性差异(2.5%vs0,P=0.33)。结论经导管Amplatzer封堵器治疗PDA尽管成功率低于外科手术,但其创伤小、并发症发生率低、疗效与手术相仿,随着封堵器及其输送系统的不断改进和完善,在适应证范围内经导管Amplatzer封堵器治疗可作为PDA外科手术治疗的替代方法。     

房间隔缺损介入封堵术相关性心律失常

<正>经导管介入封堵先天性心脏病继发孔型房间隔缺损已逐渐成为主要的治疗手段,但对房间隔缺损介入封堵后出现的心律失常鲜有报道[1-4]。本研究总结分析了我科近2年房间隔缺损介入封堵术出现的心律失常,报道如下。     

经导管非开胸法关闭房间隔缺损15例报告

为探讨先天性心脏病房间隔缺损（ＡＳＤ）的非开胸疗法，采用经导管纽扣式补片对１５例ＡＳＤ患儿进行关闭治疗及随诊研究。患儿年龄２．５～１４．０岁，平均７．５岁；体重１１～３９ｋｇ，平均２０ｋｇ。采用彩色多普勒超声心动图（ＣＤＦＩ）、右上肺静脉造影及球囊三者结合测量来确定ＡＳＤ最大伸展直径。选择大于所测直径的２．０～２．５倍补片和相应长鞘。结果，１３例关闭成功（８７％），２例由于房间隔呈半弧圆形或不规则型，撤除补片改行外科手术治疗。１３例成功者，术后第２天残余分流５例（３８％），随诊１～１２个月残余分流下降为２例（１６％），１例有轻度二尖瓣关闭不全。提示，经导管纽扣式补片关闭ＡＳＤ的方法既简便、安全，又疗效佳，但有一定局限性，尚待进一步改进和完善。     

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目的研究经胸超声心动图(TTE)在继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)介入治疗的病例筛选及封堵器选择方面的应用价值。方法回顾分析2002-03—2006-03于山东大学山东省立医院小儿心脏科行介入治疗的54例继发孔型ASD患儿,统计其术前TTE所测的ASD的形态、大小、边缘情况等,对术前TTE测得的ASD最大径、X线测得的球囊腰径及TTE测得的球囊径分别与所用封堵器型号大小进行统计学分析比较,并进行TTE测得的ASD最大径与封堵器型号大小的相关性分析,计算回归方程。结果54例均成功封堵,手术时间20~145(57.64±24.89)min,曝光时间3.1~31.5(9.22±7.41)min,住院天数3~10(5.74±1.72)d。其中有15例患儿存在ASD单一边缘不够标准,均封堵成功。术前TTE测得的ASD最大径[4~33mm,(16.31±7.34)mm]、术中X线测球囊腰径[6.7~28mm,(19.80±7.24)mm]及TTE测球囊径[9.6~24.8mm,(19.92±6.38)mm]与封堵器大小[5~36mm,(18.85±7.89)mm]差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。且术前TTE测得的ASD最大径与封堵器型号有良好的线性相关(r=0.945,P<0.05),计算回归方程为封堵器型号=1.015×(TTE测得的ASD最大径)+2.3mm。结论TTE的应用,使ASD介入治疗病例的筛选得到了保证。作为一种无创性影像学诊断方法,对ASD封堵器选择的评估有重要的应用价值。     

用Amplatzer房间隔封堵器堵闭边缘不足的房间隔缺损效果观察

目的　探讨用Amplatzer房间隔缺损封堵器经导管堵闭部分边缘缺乏或不足(<5mm)的房间隔缺损的可行性。方法　1999年7月至2 0 0 1年9月对芝加哥大学儿童医院的2 3例边缘<5mm的房间隔缺损患儿试用Amplatzer封堵器进行堵闭,其中男10例,女13例,平均年龄10 7岁。2 0例经食管超声心动图或心内超声心动图测量的房间隔缺损前缘0～4mm ,2例下缘为2mm ,1例后缘为2mm。同期,4 8例房间隔缺损边缘>5mm的患儿作对照。结果　全部2 3例边缘<5mm的房间隔缺损患儿和4 8例对照儿均成功安装了封堵器。两组间年龄、缺损大小和所用封堵器大小差异无显著性意义(P >0 . 0 5 )。2 3例边缘<5mm的患儿中17例(73. 9% )即刻完全堵闭,对照组4 4例(91 .7% )即刻完全堵闭(P <0 .0 5 ) ;2 4h复查边缘<5mm患儿及对照组的完全堵闭率分别是91 3%和93 8% (P >0. 0 5 ) ;6个月复查两组完全堵闭率分别是95 7%和95 8% (P >0 . 0 5 )。缺损边缘<5mm患儿及对照组手术时间分别为(72 . 5±2 6 .5 )min和(6 1. 4±2 1 .9)min ;X线暴光时间分别为(12 .6±7 .0 )min和(9. 8±4 . 2 )min ,与对照组比较手术时间稍长。两组患儿术中和术后均未出现并发症。结论　前、后或下缘<5mm的房间隔缺损仍可以用Amplatzer房间隔缺损封堵器经导管堵闭,但长期手术     

中国大陆室间隔缺损经导管堵闭与外科手术治疗的Meta分析

目的 室间隔缺损（VSD）是先天性心脏病中最常见的类型，目前其根治方法有经导管堵闭和外科手术修补。采用Meta分析方法评估中国大陆经导管堵闭和外科手术修补VSD对照研究的疗效和安全性，为临床优化治疗提供一定的参考依据。方法 通过检索中、外文数据库，全面收集中国大陆经导管堵闭与外科手术治疗VSD的文献。制定文献的纳入及排除标准，由2名研究者分别独立筛选文献，符合纳入标准的文献按Shekelle等建议的标准进行文献质量评估。对患者的年龄、体重、VSD大小和住院天数等进行分析比较；对手术成功率、残余分流发生率和并发症发生率等应用RevMan 4.28软件进行Meta分析。结果 7篇文献纳入分析，均为单中心的非随机对照研究（Ⅱa级）。经导管堵闭组和外科手术组年龄差异无统计学意义，经导管堵闭组患者的体重较重，治疗的VSD直径较小。Meta分析结果显示：经导管堵闭组的成功率低于外科手术组（97.6% vs 99.2%,P=0.007）；两组病死率差异无统计学意义（0 vs 1.4%, P=0.51）；两组残余分流发生率差异无统计学意义（2.5% vs 3.2%,P=0.91）；经导管堵闭组的并发症发生率低于外科手术组（10.1% vs 25.7%,P＜0.000 01）；两组心律失常发生率差异无统计学意义（5.5% vs 6.6%,P=0.61）；经导管堵闭组的术后感染发生率低于外科手术组（0 vs 7.6%,P=0.002）。结论 经导管堵闭VSD具有创伤小、安全性高和术后恢复快等优点，但治疗有选择性，长期疗效需进一步随访。对具有适应证的VSD患者，可优先考虑经导管堵闭治疗。     

Non-surgical closure of atrial septal defect

BACKGROUND: Recently many devices for the transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) were developed in the world. Several ASD closing devices, such as Clamshell device, buttoned device, ASD occluder system (ASDOS), Angel Wings, are not fully acceptable from a practical point of view. We reported the clinical trials of transcatheter closure of ASD for Clamshell double umbrella device and Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) in Japan. METHODS: Clamshell devices were implanted in 11 patients. Clinical trials for ASO device were carried out in 34 patients in Japan. We reported the results of 17 patients in National Children's Hospital. RESULTS: Clamshell devices were implanted in all of the patients successfully. Minimal residual shunt was present in four patients (36%), 1 year after the procedure by Doppler color flow imaging. Nine of 11 umbrellas demonstrated fracture of the stainless steel arm. Arm fracture occurred between 1 week and 12 months after implantation. The implantations of ASO device were successful in all of the 17 patients. Sixteen out of 17 (94.1%) had complete closure in the average observation period of 5.5 months. Complications were minimal and transient. CONCLUSIONS: With respect to complete closure rate, easy manipulation, and complication rate, ASO is the best transcatheter ASD closure device among all the devices at the present time.     

Outcome following surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defect

OBJECTIVE: To assess the current outcome of surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defects (ASD) in an Australian paediatric population. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective chart review of 87 children, aged 2 months to 15 years, was performed for surgery between August 1995 and March 1999. RESULTS: There were no deaths in the patients studied. Approximately one in four patients (24.1%) experienced complications requiring further management. Complication rates were similar to those published previously. However, one in nine patients (11.5%) required surgical drainage of a pericardial effusion. A total of five of 87 (5.7%) patients developed post-pericardiotomy syndrome (PPS), of whom four required pericardiocentesis. The risk for developing a pericardial effusion requiring drainage or PPS was more than twice in children older than 5 years of age at the time of surgery compared to those aged under 5 years, although there was an insufficient number of subjects in the study to prove this statistically (Odds ratio 2.31). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients have an uncomplicated postoperative course following surgical closure of secundum ASD. However, a significant minority (24.1%) do develop complications requiring further management and have a correspondingly longer period of hospitalization. Patients older than 5 years of age were identified as being potentially at greater risk for the development of PPS or a pericardial effusion requiring drainage. Further research needs to be performed to clarify this.     

国产双盘状封堵器治疗儿童膜周部室间隔缺损效果及随访研究

目的 探讨国产双盘状封堵器治疗儿童膜周部室间隔缺损（VSD）的效果及其随访。方法 75例膜周部VSD患儿，年龄3~14岁,平均（8.5±3.6）岁，VSD直径为3.0~14.0 mm，平均（6.5±3.6）mm，采用经导管植入国产双盘状封堵器，门诊随访，进行心脏听诊、超声心动图检查有无残余分流及封堵器位置。结果 ①74例封堵器植入成功，技术成功率98.7%，1例导管未能通过室间隔缺孔；②术后即刻左心室造影示：65例（87.8%，65/74）无残余分流，9例（12.2%，9/74）存在微量至少量残余分流，超声心动图示：68例（91.9%，68/74）无残余分流、6例（8.1%，6/74）存在微量至少量残余分流；2例封堵术后3 d发生Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞，应用泼尼松及营养心肌药物治疗4~10 d后消失。1例封堵术后24 h发生溶血，经过7 d内科保守治疗治愈；③术后1个月共随访73例患儿，超声心动图示：71例（97.3%，71/73）无残余分流、2例（2.7%，2/73）存在微量至少量残余分流；④术后3个月、6个月、1年、2年和3年，随访到的病例分别为70、68、21、15和12例，存在微量至少量残余分流的2例分别于3和6个月内残余分流消失。结论 经导管植入国产双盘状封堵器治疗儿童膜周部VSD是一种安全有效的微创介入治疗方法，操作简便，成功率高，近期和远期疗效可靠。     

Transcatheter closure of an atrial septal defect in a newborn with aortic stenosis

Aim: A newborn with valvular aortic stenosis and a 5 mm atrial septal defect (ASD) underwent emergency aortic valvotomy. The small left ventricle of the newborn with signs of fibroelastosis showed good function but a reduced compliance and caused a large left to right shunt at atrial level.
Methods and Results: As the patient became respirator-dependant the ASD was interventionally closed with an 18 mm Amplatzer^® PFO occluder. The patient could be weaned from the ventilator within two days and had an uneventful recovery.
Conclusion: Interventional closure of an ASD is possible even in the newborn period and should be considered as an alternative to surgery.     

Angiographic quantification of mitral valve prolapse in children with secundum atrial septal defect

Summary We devised a simple method for quantifying mitral valve prolapse (MVP), relating the furthest point of prolapse to the measured length of the mitral orifice. By means of this index (MVPI), MVP was diagnosed angiographically in 10 of the 60 children with atrial septal defect (ASD). The mean age of the 10 children was 4.7 years. Cineangiography near the 60° right anterior oblique projection gave a profile of the mitral valve suitable for both qualitative and quantitative assessment. So far, MVP seems to be a relatively benign complication in this group of 10 children with ASD. Supported in part by Ontario Heart Foundation Grant #t-4-2 (1975–78).