氯胺酮与吗啡超前镇痛对内脏牵拉痛及术后镇痛的影响

目的探讨氯胺酮与吗啡复合液硬膜外超前镇痛对抑制手术内脏牵拉痛的影响及术后镇痛情况的影响。方法60例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期全子宫切除术患者,均于硬膜外麻醉下行全子宫切除术。随机分为两组,每组30例,即Ⅰ组(对照组):术前不施行超前镇痛;Ⅱ组(实验组):切皮前10 min将氯胺酮30 mg与吗啡2 mg用生理盐水稀释成5 ml注入硬膜外腔。所有患者术后均行自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)。镇痛药物为0.15%罗哌卡因+5 mg吗啡,共100 ml。观察两组患者术中牵拉反应、术后镇痛情况及并发症。结果Ⅱ组用药对抑制术中牵拉痛的效果明显优于Ⅰ组(P<0.01);Ⅱ组PCEA泵首次触发时间较Ⅰ组显著延长(P<0.01),48 h内有效触发次数显著减少(P<0.01),24 h PCEA泵总用量明显减少(P<0.05),术后并发症无明显差异。结论氯胺酮与吗啡硬膜外超前镇痛能明显抑制术中牵拉痛,提供良好的术后镇痛效果,减少阿片类药物的用量。     

The efficacy of preemptive analgesia for acute postoperative pain management: a meta-analysis

Whether preemptive analgesic interventions are more effective than conventional regimens in managing acute postoperative pain remains controversial. We systematically searched for randomized controlled trials that specifically compared preoperative analgesic interventions with similar postoperative analgesic interventions via the same route. The retrieved reports were stratified according to five types of analgesic interventions: epidural analgesia, local anesthetic wound infiltration, systemic N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonists, systemic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and systemic opioids. The primary outcome measures analyzed were the pain intensity scores, supplemental analgesic consumption, and time to first analgesic consumption. Sixty-six studies with data from 3261 patients were analyzed. Data were combined by using a fixed-effect model, and the effect size index (ES) used was the standardized mean difference. When the data from all three outcome measures were combined, the ES was most pronounced for preemptive administration of epidural analgesia (ES, 0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-0.47), local anesthetic wound infiltration (ES, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.17-0.40), and NSAID administration (ES, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.27-0.48). Whereas preemptive epidural analgesia resulted in consistent improvements in all three outcome variables, preemptive local anesthetic wound infiltration and NSAID administration improved analgesic consumption and time to first rescue analgesic request, but not postoperative pain scores. The least proof of efficacy was found in the case of systemic NMDA antagonist (ES, 0.09; 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.22) and opioid (ES, -0.10; 95% CI, -0.26 to 0.07) administration, and the results remain equivocal.     

Effects of preemptive analgesia using continuous subcutaneous morphine for postoperative pain in scoliosis surgery: a randomized study

The authors evaluated prospectively the efficacy and safety of continuous subcutaneous morphine administration for postoperative analgesia after posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis. Thirty patients were given the subcutaneous morphine infusion (20 mg/day), and 20 patients were not given morphine (control group). Postoperative pain control was assessed using a verbal response score (VRS) and a visual analog pain scale (VAS). The number of times the patient requested supplemental analgesics was also evaluated. VRS and VAS measurements were significantly lower in the continuous subcutaneous morphine group compared with the control group. Also, analgesic consumption in the continuous subcutaneous morphine group was lower than that of the control group. There was no respiratory depression or constipation. Preemptive analgesia using continuous subcutaneous infusion of morphine is a simple, safe, and effective method to control postoperative pain after posterior instrumentation and spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis.     

The effects of preemptive intravenous versus preemptive epidural morphine on postoperative analgesia and surgical stress response after orthopaedic procedures

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-emptive intravenous versus pre-emptive epidural morphine on both postoperative analgesic consumption and surgical stress response. METHODS: Sixty patients, ASA I or II, aged 18-85, undergoing total hip or knee replacement were randomly assigned to three groups of 20 patients. In group pre-emptive epidural, patients were administered an epidural injection of 75 micrograms.kg-1 morphine about 45 minute before dermal incision. In group pre-emptive intravenous, patients were administered 0.15 mg.kg-1 of intravenous morphine following induction before dermal incision. In group control, patients were administered intravenous saline following induction before dermal incision. RESULTS: The pre-i.v. group used significantly less morphine than the pre-epi group (p < 0.0003). In all groups, plasma cortisol levels increased as compared to pre-op values, but plasma cortisol increased more significantly in the pre-i.v. and control groups within 4 hrs of surgery and was still significantly elevated at 7 am of the first postoperative morning compared to the pre-epi group (p < 0.001) and the increase persisted to the next morning in patients pre-i.v. and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although pre-emptive epidural morphine has failed to decrease postoperative analgesic consumption, it has been able to suppress the surgical stress more significantly than intravenous morphine and a saline control.     

Analgesic efficacy of inhaled morphine in patients after bunionectomy surgery

BACKGROUND: The AERx Pain Management System (Aradigm Corporation, Hayward, CA) is a novel pulmonary delivery system for the systemic administration of morphine. The authors compared the relative analgesic efficacy and safety of the AERx Pain Management System with those of placebo and intravenous morphine in an orthopedic postsurgical pain model. METHODS: Eighty-nine male and female PS-1 to PS-3 patients underwent standardized bunionectomy surgery and received multiple doses of inhaled or intravenous placebo, inhaled morphine (one inhalation [2.2 mg] or three inhalations [6.6 mg]), or intravenous morphine (4 mg) in a blinded fashion. Open-label rescue morphine (2 mg) was also available as needed. Pain intensity, pain relief, and time to pain relief were measured after the first dose. Global evaluation, morphine consumption, vital signs, and adverse events were monitored for 8 h after treatment. Blinded study personnel performed all treatment administrations and pain assessments. RESULTS: Three inhalations of morphine and 4 mg intravenous morphine provided comparable single- and multiple-dose analgesia. One inhalation of morphine was statistically indistinguishable from placebo. Three inhalations of morphine and 4 mg intravenous morphine both consistently demonstrated significantly greater analgesic efficacy than did placebo and one inhalation of morphine. CONCLUSIONS: Comparable analgesic efficacy was demonstrated between a carefully matched dose of inhaled and intravenous morphine in a postsurgical pain model.     

Comparison of morphine and morphine with ketamine for postoperative analgesia

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare morphine with ketamine to morphine alone in a doubleblind investigation of postsurgical pain control.

Methods

Fortytwo ASA 1 and 2 patients undergoing elective microdiscectomy were administered either 1 mg · ml^{? 1} of morphine (n = 20) or 1 mg · ml^{? 1} of both morphine and ketamine (n = 22) via iv patient controlled analgesia (IVPCA). Pain relief and side effects were assessed at 24 hr after surgery.

Results

The mean (SD) visual analogue scale (VAS) pain rating of 2.3 (1.67) for patients receiving morphine with ketamine was lower (P < 0.001) than the VAS scores of patients receiving only morphine 4.5 (1.54). Patients receiving morphine and ketamine also had less difficulty with side effects, reporting less nausea (P < 0.05), pruritus (P < 0.001), and urinary retention (P < 0.05). Although dysphoria is reported to be a common side effect of ketamine, complaints of dysphoria were rare in both groups, with only one subject (5%) in the morphine with ketamine group and three (15%) subjects receiving morphine alone reporting this side effect.

Conclusion

IVPCA ketamine in combination with morphine provides superior postsurgical pain relief at lower dosage and with fewer side effects than morphine alone.     

乳腺癌根除术中联合应用帕瑞昔布钠与地佐辛超前镇痛的临床效果

目的：评价乳腺癌根除术中联合应用帕瑞昔布钠与地佐辛超前镇痛的临床效果。 方法：将170例行乳腺癌根除术的患者分为对照组、超前镇痛组、联合超前镇痛组，分别于麻醉诱导前注射生理盐水、帕瑞昔布钠、帕瑞昔布钠+地佐辛。记录患者术后2、6、12、24、48 h的视觉模拟评分（VAS），比较各组的镇痛效果，并比较各组心血管反应与不良反应的发生情况。 结果：超前镇痛与联合超前镇痛组术后各时间点VAS评分均明显低于对照组（均P<0.05），联合超前镇痛组术后2 h的VAS评分明显低于超前镇痛组（P<0.05），术后6~48 h各时间点VAS评分虽仍低于超前镇痛组，但差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。诱导开始前至手术结束，超前镇痛与联合超前镇痛组的心率（HR）与平均动脉压（MAP）均低于对照组，且在插管后5 min至手术结束时明显低于对照组（均P<0.05），但两个超前镇痛组间无统计学差异（均P>0.05）。超前镇痛与联合超前镇痛组不良反应发生率均明显小于对照组（均P<0.05），联合超前镇痛组恶心、呕吐、头晕的发生率大于超前镇痛组，但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论：帕瑞昔布钠和地佐辛联合应用于乳腺癌根除术超前镇痛临床效果良好，不会引发患者心血管反应的增多，但会可能增加患者呕吐恶心、头晕等不良反应。     

Postoperative morphine use and hyperalgesia are reduced by preoperative but not intraoperative epidural analgesia: implications for preemptive analgesia and the prevention of central sensitization

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative morphine-sparing effects and reduction in pain and secondary mechanical hyperalgesia after preincisional or postincisional epidural administration of a local anesthetic and an opioid compared with a sham epidural control. METHODS: Patients undergoing major gynecologic surgery by laparotomy were randomly assigned to three groups and studied in a double-blinded manner. Group 1 received epidural lidocaine and fentanyl before incision and epidural saline 40 min after incision. Group 2 received epidural saline before incision and epidural lidocaine and fentanyl 40 min after incision. Group 3 received a sham epidural control (with saline injected into a catheter taped to the back) before and 40 min after incision. All patients underwent surgery with general anesthesia. RESULTS: One hundred forty-one patients completed the study (group 1, n = 45; group 2, n = 49; group 3, n = 47). Cumulative patient-controlled analgesia morphine consumption at 48 h was significantly lower (P = 0.04) in group 1 (89.8 +/- 43.3 mg) than group 3 (112.5 +/- 71.5 mg) but not group 2 (95.4 +/- 60.2 mg), although the hourly rate of morphine consumption between 24 and 48 h after surgery was significantly lower (P < 0.0009) in group 1 (1.25 +/- 0.02 mg/h) than group 2 (1.41 +/- 0.02 mg/h). Twenty-four hours after surgery, the visual analog scale pain score on movement was significantly less intense (P = 0.005) in group 1 (4.9 +/- 2.2 cm) than group 3 (6.0 +/- 2.6 cm) but not group 2 (5.3 +/- 2.5 cm), and the von Frey pain threshold near the wound was significantly higher (P = 0.03) in group 1 (6.4 +/- 0.6 log mg) than in group 3 (6.1 +/- 0.8 log mg) but not group 2 (6.2 +/- 0.7 log mg). CONCLUSIONS: Preincisional administration of epidural lidocaine and fentanyl was associated with a significantly lower rate of morphine use, lower cumulative morphine consumption, and reduced hyperalgesia compared with a sham epidural condition. These results highlight the importance of including a standard treatment control group to avoid the problems of interpretation that arise when two-group studies of preemptive analgesia (preincisional vs. postsurgery) fail to find the anticipated effects.     

Caudal morphine for postoperative analgesia in children: a comparison with caudal bupivacaine and intravenous morphine

We compared the efficacy, duration, and side effects of preservative-free morphine injected into the caudal space in children, with caudal bupivacaine and with intravenous morphine administration for relief of postoperative pain. Forty-six children, ages 1-16 yr, were randomly assigned to receive intravenous morphine (control group), caudal bupivacaine (0.25%, 1 ml/kg), or caudal morphine (0.5 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/kg). In half the patients given caudal morphine, the morphine was mixed with a dose of lidocaine adequate to produce sacral analgesia, to confirm correct caudal injection of the morphine. Caudal injections were performed at the end of surgery. Time until the first required postoperative intravenous morphine dose was recorded for each patient. The duration of analgesia was significantly greater with caudal morphine (median 12 hr, P less than 0.02) than with caudal bupivacaine (median 5 hr), and both were greater than with intravenous morphine in control patients (median 45 min). Urinary retention, pruritis, and nausea appeared with slightly greater frequency in the caudal morphine group, but no delayed respiratory depression occurred. Caudal morphine (0.5 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/kg) provided 8-24 hr of analgesia in children without a significantly greater incidence of side effects than caudal bupivacaine or intravenous morphine.     

The efficacy of continuous intrabursal infusion with morphine and bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia after subacromial arthroscopy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether an intrabursal morphine and bupivacaine mixed infusion provides useful analgesia for prolonged pain relief after subacromial arthroscopic operation. METHODS: A continuous intrabursal infusion catheter was inserted at the conclusion of the subacromial arthroscopic operation that was performed under general anesthesia. In a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial, 60 patients were divided into 2 groups: an anesthetic group received 5 mL of mixed 0.5% bupivacaine, 2 mg of morphine, 0.05 mL of 1/1,000 epinephrine as a bolus, and a solution of 40 mL of a 0.5% bupivacaine and 8 mg of morphine mixture that was used as a maintenance dose at a constant rate of 0.5 mL/h. This was done by means of a continuous infusion pump (0.5 mL hourly). A saline group (n = 30) received continuous saline infusion. Two patients were eliminated from the study because of catheter leakage or malfunction in the saline group. The intensity of the pain was evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively for 3 days by a graded visual analog scale (score from 0 to 10) for night pain, pain on motion, sleep disturbance, lying on painful shoulder, and the amounts of supplemental analgesics. RESULTS: Pain was decreased on the first and second postoperative day, and there was less sleep disturbance for 3 days postoperatively in the anesthetic group. There was no difference in pain caused by movement postoperatively. In the anesthetic group, lesser amounts of analgesics were used in the first 48 hours postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The continuous intrabursal infusion method resulted in a decreased perception of rest pain and reduced supplemental analgesics requirement for 2 days postoperatively.     

Pre-emptive analgesia with epidural morphine or morphine and bupivacaine

Studies of preemptive analgesia in humans have shown conflicting results. The study design, patient population and the duration of assessment of postoperative pain are important in the evaluation of preemptive analgesia. We carried out a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled study in 80 patients of physical status ASA 1-3 undergoing upper abdominal and thoracic surgery. Patients received two epidural injections, one 20 minutes before induction and the other at the end of surgery. Study solution was either morphine (50 micrograms/kg), with or without 0.1% bupivacaine in 10 ml of normal saline, or normal saline alone. The study groups (Pre M, Pre MB) were given either morphine or morphine-bupivacaine before induction and saline at the end of surgery. The control groups (Post M, Post MB) were given saline before induction and morphine or morphine-bupivacaine at the end of surgery. Postoperative pain was assessed with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) during coughing and deep breathing at six-hourly intervals for five days. Epidural morphine was given if the VAS exceeded 4. Pre MB compared to Post MB had a significantly increased interval between the analgesic top-ups (P < 0.01) and decreased total postoperative morphine requirements (P < 0.0001) and number of top-ups (P < 0.001). Pre M and Post M were comparable. Pre MB compared to Pre M had significantly decreased total postoperative morphine requirements (P < 0.0001) and number of top-ups (P < 0.0001). Epidural morphine plus bupivacaine is effective as a preemptive analgesic. Morphine plus bupivacaine has better efficacy than morphine given alone before the induction of anaesthesia.     

Comparison of morphine patient-controlled analgesia with and without ketorolac for postoperative analgesia in pediatric orthopedic surgery.

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study was to determine whether the administration of intravenous ketorolac, coadministered with morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), demonstrates an opioid-sparing effect, provides improved analgesia, and reduces the incidence of opioid-induced side effects in children after orthopedic surgery. The findings of enhanced analgesia with decreased opioid use suggest that coadministration of ketorolac with morphine PCA is beneficial for the treatment of pain in children after orthopedic surgery.     

Low-dose caudal morphine for postoperative analgesia in infants and children: A report of 500 cases

Study Objective: To determine the effectiveness of morphine 0.03 mg/kg or 0.04 mg/kg administered caudally to children for postoperative pain relief.

Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: University-affiliated hospital.

Patients: The charts of 500 children who had undergone various surgical procedures and who were given caudal morphine 0.03 mg/kg or 0.04 mg/kg either prior to the surgical procedure or immediately at the conclusion of the surgical procedure.

Measurements and Main Results: Parameters of respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, nausea and vomiting, voiding problems, and pruritus were recorded for each patient. There was no respiratory depression noted in the review of the 500 patients; 23% had nausea and vomiting, 3% had voiding problems needing bladder catheterization, and 7% reported pruritus, which was treated with either diphenhydramine or naloxone.

Conclusion: Statistically there were no differences between morphine 0.03 mg/kg and morphine 0.04 mg/kg in all the study parameters. There was no respiratory depression in the 500 cases reviewed. The postoperative pain relief ranged from 6 hours to over 24 hours. This method of immediate postoperative pain management proved to be effective and safe.     

帕瑞昔布钠超前镇痛的有效性评价:meta分析

目的 采用meta分析方法评价帕瑞昔布钠用于超前镇痛的有效性.方法 检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane数据库和CNKI数据库,不限定发表时间和语言.收集帕瑞昔布钠应用于超前镇痛的随机安慰剂对照研究.采用改良Jadad法评价文献质量.以术后1、6、12和24h时视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)、术后24 h内吗啡用量、术后恶心呕吐发生情况为评价指标.采用RevMan 5.0.2软件进行meta分析.结果 纳入14项研究,Jadad评分均≥4分,包括1086例患者.分为安慰剂组和术前静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg组.Meta分析结果显示:与安慰剂组比较,术前静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40mg组术后1、6、12和24 h时VAS评分降低,术后24 h内吗啡用量减少,术后恶心呕吐发生率降低(P＜0.05).结论 术前静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg可产生显著的超前镇痛效果,有助于降低术后镇痛的不良反应.