气性坏疽患者的紧急处理与护理

目的探讨气性坏疽患者的紧急处理方法与护理对策。方法对2003年4月至2009年4月收治气性坏疽患者5例,采取积极有效的救治措施。严格执行消毒隔离原则;迅速明确诊断;实施急诊清创探查术;给予完善的围手术期护理。结果 5例患者中,1例保全了肢体,4例实施了截肢术。患者均脱离了生命危险,未发生院内交叉感染及其他护理并发症。结论正确及时的治疗方法及周密完善的护理措施是确保气性坏疽患者康复的重要保证。     

气性坏疽的临床护理

目的探讨气性坏疽的临床护理措施。方法对2013年1月-2016年2月收治的12例气性坏疽患者的护理工作,包括基础护理、专科护理、心理护理以及严密的消毒隔离措施进行总结。结果 12例中3例死亡,9例治疗成功,其中8例术后直接转入ICU重症监护室,5例生命体征平稳后转回病房。结论气性坏疽患者除了医生及时手术清创和确切治疗外,护士及时有效的高质量护理,对生命体征的严密观察,也是确保患者生命安全的重要措施。     

骨折合并气性坏疽感染的救治及护理

目的探讨骨折合并气性坏疽的临床护理规律。方法针对4例骨折合并气性坏疽病例,制定严密详细的护理计划,另加强局部创面换药及局部氧疗,严格隔离消毒措施,防止交叉感染,预防褥疮、肺炎、泌尿系等并发症发生,加强心理护理,增强患者康复的信心。结果4例患者均顺利康复,创面完全愈合,无交叉感染发生。结论对骨折合并气性坏疽的病例,应制定严格的治疗及护理计划,早期治疗,早期隔离,才能避免交叉感染,防止各种并发症发生,达到抢救和治疗的目的。     

血管腔内手术患者术前皮肤准备的循证实践

目的探讨血管腔内手术患者术前皮肤准备相关循证证据的应用效果。方法按入院时间将血管腔内手术患者分为两组,2016年5月收治的52例患者为对照组,2016年10月收治的36例患者为观察组,对照组按常规术前1d使用一次性刮刀剃除手术部位及周边毛发,术前嘱患者沐浴。观察组按照循证最佳证据实施术前皮肤准备。结果两组均未发生手术部位感染;对照组2例发生皮肤破损,观察组无一例发生;观察组术前皮肤准备采取手术室接患者前30min去除毛发及以剪毛方式去毛发的实际执行率显著高于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论将循证最佳证据用于血管腔内手术患者术前皮肤准备,可提高术前皮肤准备规范执行率,对降低手术部位感染有一定的作用。     

预防高龄颈椎病患者术后谵妄的循证护理

目的 探讨循证护理在预防高龄颈椎病患者术后谵妄发生中的应用效果.方法 将循证护理运用于16例实施颈前路手术的高龄颈椎病患者围术期护理中,包括提出循证问题、证据检索、证据评价、循证应用.结果 仅1例患者出现术后谵妄,经积极处理,2d后症状控制,未再发谵妄.结论 循证护理可有效降低高龄颈椎病患者术后谵妄发生的危险.     

重症急性胰腺炎患者鼻空肠管堵管的循证护理

目的为重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)留置鼻空肠管发生堵管的患者寻求有效的预防及处理措施。方法对12例重症急性胰腺炎留置鼻空肠管患者采用循证护理模式,即提出临床问题、检索相关文献、对检索结果进行分析、选出最佳证据、指导临床护理。结果 12例患者治愈10例,好转2例;住院时间20～25d,插管时间为12～20d,期间均无堵管现象及相关并发症发生。结论应用循证护理的方法可有效预防及处理其堵管的发生。     

循证护理在手术室护理中的应用

目的探讨循证护理在手术室护理中的应用。方法对取循证护理前6个月926台手术和采取循证护理后6个月1080台手术进行护理质量评分、患者满意度、医生满意度、差错发生率、纠纷发生率统计并进行比较。结果采取循证护理前和采取循证护理后护理质量评分、患者满意度、医生满意度、差错发生率、纠纷发生率比较，P〈0．05差异有统计学意义。结论手术室循证护理作为工作方法，同时也作为一种观念或理念，它指导手术室护理人员在作出临床判断时，学会查询研究证据、评鉴科研证据、并利用科研证据，同时将所得到的科研证据与临床经验、患者需求结合，做出有效的、科学的护理计划，提高护理质量。     

全麻气管插管患者术后咽喉疼痛预防最佳证据总结

目的 总结全麻气管插管患者术后咽喉疼痛预防的最佳证据,为预防术后咽喉疼痛提供循证依据.方法 运用循证护理的方法,检索相关数据库建库至2020年8月针对围手术期咽喉疼痛预防的临床决策、推荐实践、最佳实践信息册、指南、证据总结、系统评价、专家共识.结果 共纳入18篇文献,从咽喉疼痛评估、插管策略、预防药物、套囊管理、拔管管理方面总结20条最佳证据.结论 临床医护人员可通过最佳证据的临床转化及应用来减少全麻气管插管患者术后咽喉疼痛发生率和严重程度,促进患者康复.     

蒽环类化疗药物外渗处置的循证护理实践

目的应用循证护理方法获取和运用最佳证据,形成蒽环类化疗药物外渗处置的临床标准化流程。方法针对蒽环类化疗药物外渗处置的各个关键环节提出问题,采用计算机检索和图书馆手动检索相关证据。检索出化疗药物外渗后应急处置、冷热敷、解毒剂应用、局部涂药的相关证据,通过证据评价,结合临床现状和患儿意愿,形成蒽环类化疗药物外渗的标准处置流程,对9例蒽环类化疗药物外渗患儿按照标准流程处置。结果经标准方案处置后,患儿均在48h内疼痛肿胀消失,1周内外渗局部皮肤发红硬结消失,仅1例患儿留有皮肤色素沉着,无一例患儿发生严重化疗药物外渗损伤。结论应用循证护理方法可有效减轻患儿蒽环类化疗药物外渗所致的损伤,并促进护理人员获取和运用最佳证据,以科学的方法解决临床实际问题。     

神经外科患儿手术部位感染预防的循证实践

目的 降低神经外科患儿手术部位感染发生率.方法 遵循JBI循证护理中心应用模式,应用循证方法获取最佳证据,制订11条审查标准,以基于证据的持续质量改进模式为理论框架,于2020年11月至2021年4月,按照基线审查、实践变革和证据应用后变革效果的再审查将循证实践应用于神经外科手术患儿,比较循证实践前后医护人员证据应用的依从性和患儿手术部位感染率等.结果 循证实践后,除第6和8条审查指标执行效果不理想外,其余待改进条目中医护人员预防手术部位感染证据应用的依从性均有提高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),临床护理流程更加规范化,患儿手术部位感染率和平均住院天数显著降低(均P＜0.05).医护人员和患儿照护者预防手术部位感染知识知晓程度也有显著提高(均P＜0.01).结论 通过循证实践的持续改进对神经外科手术患儿进行管理,可有效规范围术期医护人员诊疗护理行为,降低手术部位感染率,缩短住院时间,后期仍需持续质量监控及审查.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.