Large-for-gestational-age newborns in women with insulin-treated gestational diabetes under strict metabolic control

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of strict metabolic control in women with insulin-treated gestational diabetes on the risk of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns, the frequency of obstetrical complications and fetal outcome. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 875 women were screened for gestational diabetes mellitus with a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between weeks 24 and 28 of gestation. The study group (n = 162) consisted of women with insulin-treated gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the control group (n = 713) of women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). In the women with diabetes, strict adjustments of fasting glucose levels to 90 mg/dl and 130 mg/dl postprandially were achieved with insulin administration. RESULTS: No increased risk for LGA newborns was observed in women with GDM and good metabolic control (16.7% vs. 12.3%; p = 0.1). In women with NGT, maternal prepregnancy BMI was significantly higher in those who delivered LGA newborns than in those who gave birth to newborns below the 90th percentile [27.2 kg/m(2) (5.0) vs. 24.4 kg/m(2) (5.6); p = 0.006], whereas there was no influence of maternal BMI on birth weight of newborns in women with GDM. There was no difference between the two groups with respect to maternal birth traumata and fetal outcome, except for plexus palsy which occurred in three GDM women with macrosomic newborns. CONCLUSION: Strict metabolic control and surveillance in women with insulin-treated GDM seems to attenuate the risk for LGA newborns, diabetic fetopathia, and the influence of maternal BMI on fetal growth.     

血清C-反应蛋白与妊娠糖尿病的关系研究

目的探讨血清C-反应蛋白（C-reactive protein,CRP）水平与妊娠糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）的关系。方法选取2002年6月至2006年6月本院门诊及住院患者经75g葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）确诊为妊娠期糖尿病患者（GDM）48例和糖耐量异常妊娠妇女32例,并随机选择同期相匹配的正常糖耐量妊娠妇女80例（作为对照组）,同时检测空腹血清CRP水平。结果GDM组C-反应蛋白水平明显高于另两组（P〈0.05）;CRP水平与孕前体重指数（BMI）、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.348、0.156和0.296,P值分别为0.0001、0.0178和0.0004。直线回归方程y=0.0741x1＋0.0147x2＋0.0397x3-1.457,r2=0.2469。结论C-反应蛋白与GDM密切相关,参与了其发病机制。     

妊娠糖尿病患者血清CRP、IL-6水平的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨炎症因素在妊娠期糖尿病发生、发展中的意义。方法选取116名孕12-16周的孕妇作为研究对象,按照ADA诊断标准将研究对象分为妊娠糖尿病组(GDM)、妊娠糖耐量异常组(IGT)及妊娠葡萄糖耐量正常组(NGT)。分别检测各组患者空腹血糖,空腹胰岛素,血清CRP,血清IL-6的水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),并进行统计学分析。结果与NGTI、GT组比较,GDM组血清CRPI、L-6、HOMA-IR值明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。妊娠晚期与妊娠早期比较CRPI、L-6、HOMA-IR值明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血清CRP、IL-6等炎症因子与妊娠糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗密切相关,参与了妊娠期糖尿病的发生、发展。     

Clinically useful estimates of insulin sensitivity during pregnancy: validation studies in women with normal glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: We examined whether selected indexes of insulin sensitivity derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (IS(OGTT)) or fasting glucose/insulin levels (IS(QUICKI) and IS(HOMA)) can be used to predict insulin sensitivity in women before and during pregnancy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A 2-h euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (5 mmol/l glucose, 40 mU. m(-2). min(-1) insulin) and a 120-min oral glucose tolerance test (75 g load pregravid, 100 g pregnant) were repeated on 15 women (10 with normal glucose tolerance [NGT] and 5 with gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM]) pregravid and during both early (12-14 weeks) and late (34-36 weeks) pregnancy. An index of insulin sensitivity derived from the clamp (IS(CLAMP)) was obtained from glucose infusion rates adjusted for change in fat-free mass and endogenous glucose production measured using [6,6(-2)H(2)]glucose. RESULTS: Univariate analysis using combined groups and periods of pregnancy resulted in significant correlations between IS(CLAMP) and IS(OGTT) (r(2) = 0.74, P < 0.0001), IS(QUICKI) (r(2) = 0.64, P < 0.0001), and IS(HOMA) (r(2) = 0.53, P < 0.0001). The IS(OGTT) provided a significantly better correlation (P < 0.0001) than either IS(QUICKI) or IS(HOMA.) Multivariate analysis showed a significant group effect (P < 0.0003) on the prediction model, and separate equations were developed for the NGT (r(2) = 0.64, P < 0.0001) and GDM (r(2) = 0.85, P < 0.0001) groups. When subdivided by period of pregnancy, the correlation between IS(CLAMP) and IS(OGTT) pregravid was r(2) = 0.63 (P = 0.0002), during early pregnancy was r(2) = 0.80 (P < 0.0001), and during late pregnancy was r(2) = 0.64 (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Estimates of insulin sensitivity from the IS(OGTT) during pregnancy were significantly better than from fasting glucose and insulin values. However, separate prediction equations are necessary for pregnant women with NGT and women with GDM.     

Increased visfatin concentrations in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

The recently discovered adipocytokine visfatin has insulin-like properties. It lowers blood glucose and improves insulin sensitivity; however, clinical data on visfatin are limited. To evaluate the role of visfatin in GDM (gestational diabetes mellitus), we determined visfatin levels in women with GDM and in healthy pregnant controls. Furthermore, visfatin concentrations were investigated longitudinally during pregnancy and after delivery in a subgroup of women with GDM. Blood for measurement of visfatin and metabolic parameters was obtained from 64 women with GDM [median week of gestation, 34 (interquartile range, 27-36) weeks] and 30 healthy pregnant controls [median week of gestation, 34 (interquartile range, 28-36) weeks]. In a subgroup of 24 women with GDM, visfatin, leptin and metabolic parameters were investigated twice during pregnancy (28-30 and 38-40 weeks of gestation) and 2 weeks after delivery. In the cross-sectional analysis, median visfatin levels were significantly elevated in women with GDM [64.0 (interquartile range, 50.9-74.8) ng/ml] compared with controls [46.0 (interquartile range, 36.9-54.6) ng/ml; P<0.0001]. In women with GDM, visfatin correlated with week of gestation at the time of blood draw (R=0.35, P=0.005). No association with fasting glucose, insulin, homoeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance or body mass index was observed. According to the longitudinal analysis, visfatin increased during pregnancy (P=0.002) and rose further after delivery (P=0.014), whereas leptin and insulin levels decreased after parturition (both P<0.001). In conclusion, visfatin is elevated in women with GDM and increases during the course of pregnancy as well as after delivery. Furthermore, visfatin shows no association with insulin and leptin in women with GDM.     

The impact of insulin resistance on proinsulin secretion in pregnancy: hyperproinsulinemia is not a feature of gestational diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Excessive secretion of the insulin precursor proinsulin, as manifested by an increased serum proinsulin-to-insulin ratio, has been associated with beta-cell dysfunction. In women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), previous studies of the proinsulin-to-insulin ratio have yielded conflicting results, despite the presence of beta-cell dysfunction. The interpretation of the proinsulin-to-insulin ratio, however, may be confounded by the variable effects of hepatic insulin extraction. Thus, we sought to determine whether GDM is characterized by relative hyperproinsulinemia as measured by the proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio, an alternate measure of proinsulin secretion that is not affected by hepatic insulin extraction. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Serum proinsulin, C-peptide, and insulin were measured in a cross-sectional study of 180 women undergoing oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in the late second or early third trimester. Based on the OGTT, participants were stratified into three groups: 1) normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 93), 2) impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 39), and 3) GDM (n = 48). Insulin sensitivity (IS) was measured using the IS(OGTT) index of Matsuda and DeFronzo, which has been previously validated in pregnant women. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mean fasting proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio between the three glucose tolerance groups (NGT, 0.024; IGT, 0.022; GDM, 0.019; P = 0.4). Furthermore, adjustment for age, weeks' gestation, prepregnancy BMI, ethnicity, previous GDM, and family history of diabetes did not reveal any association between the proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio and glucose tolerance status. Using Spearman univariate correlation analysis, fasting proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio was significantly correlated with IS(OGTT) (r = 0.29, P < 0.0001) and inversely related to the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = -0.36, P < 0.0001) and prepregnancy BMI (r = -0.23, P < 0.005). On multiple linear regression analysis, IS(OGTT) emerged as the strongest independent correlate of the dependent variable proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio. Furthermore, after adjustment for potential covariates, a stepwise decrease in proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio was observed per decreasing tertile of IS(OGTT) (trend P = 0.0019), consistent with enhanced efficiency of proinsulin processing (i.e., reduced proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio) as insulin resistance increases. CONCLUSIONS: GDM is not independently associated with hyperproinsulinemia as measured by the proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio. Instead, in pregnant women, increased insulin resistance is associated with decreased proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio, independently of glucose tolerance status. These data suggest that relative proinsulin secretion in late pregnancy is primarily related to insulin resistance and does not necessarily reflect beta-cell function.     

Women with impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy have significantly poor pregnancy outcomes

OBJECTIVE: This article tests the hypothesis that women with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) have the same pregnancy outcomes as those of their counterparts with normal glucose tolerance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: From December 1998 to December 1999, 84 of 90 antenatal care base units (ACBUs) under the Tianjin Antenatal Care Network in China participated in the first screening program for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A total of 9,471 pregnant women under the care of participating ACBUs were screened. Of the women screened, 154 were positive for IGT. Of the 154 women, 102 opted for conventional obstetric care. The comparison group was 302 women of normal glucose tolerance (NGT). The initial screening consisted of a 50-g 1-h glucose test, and was carried out at 26-30 gestational weeks. Women with a serum glucose > or =7.8 mmol/l were followed up with a 75-g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. The World Health Organization's diagnostic criteria for GDM were used. RESULTS: Women with IGT were at increased risk for premature rupture of membranes (P-ROM) (odds ratio [OR] 10.07; 95% CI 2.90-34.93); preterm birth (6.42; 1.46-28.34); breech presentation (3.47; 1.11-10.84); and high birth weight (90th percentile or 4,000 g) (2.42; 1.07-5.46); adjusting for maternal age, pregravid BMI, hospital levels, and other confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of IGT in pregnancy is predictive of poor pregnancy outcomes.     

Impaired glucose tolerance of pregnancy is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder as defined by the glycemic response to the oral glucose tolerance test

OBJECTIVE: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defined by two abnormal glucose values on a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), is associated with insulin resistance and a low serum concentration of adiponectin. The metabolic implications of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) of pregnancy (i.e., a single abnormal value on an OGTT), however, are not well established. We sought to evaluate the metabolic phenotype of pregnant women with IGT in relation to the timing of their isolated hyperglycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in pregnant women undergoing a 3-h, 100-g OGTT. The OGTT stratified participants into four groups: 1) GDM (n = 48), 2) 1-h IGT (single elevated value at 1 h) (n = 15), 3) 2-h/3-h IGT (single elevated value at either 2 or 3 h) (n = 23), and 4) normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (n = 93). Insulin sensitivity was measured by the validated insulin sensitivity index (IS(OGTT)) of Matsuda and DeFronzo. RESULTS: Measures of severity of glycemia (fasting glucose, area under the glucose curve from the OGTT, and glucose challenge test result) were highest in the GDM group, followed by the 1-h IGT, 2-h/3-h IGT, and NGT groups, respectively (each trend P < 0.0001). Consistent with this finding, IS(OGTT) was highest in the NGT group (5.1), followed by the 2-h/3-h IGT (4.6), 1-h IGT (3.8), and GDM (3.2) groups (trend P < 0.0001). Furthermore, on multiple linear regression analysis of IS(OGTT), both GDM and 1-h IGT were independently associated with reduced insulin sensitivity (whereas 2-h/3-h IGT was not). Mean adjusted adiponectin was highest in the NGT group (15.7 microg/ml), followed by the 2-h/3-h IGT (15.6 microg/ml), 1-h IGT (13.7 microg/ml), and GDM (12.0 microg/ml) groups (trend P = 0.0024). CONCLUSIONS: The metabolic implications of IGT in pregnancy vary in relation to the timing of the abnormal glucose value from the diagnostic OGTT. The metabolic phenotype associated with 1-h IGT resembles that of GDM, whereas the phenotype associated with 2-h/3-h IGT exhibits similarity to that of NGT.     

Plasma adiponectin, insulin sensitivity, and subclinical inflammation in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: Women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (pGDM) are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and associated vasculopathy. Because increased fat mass and inflammatory processes are angiopathic risk factors, the relationship between insulin sensitivity, parameters of subclinical inflammation, and plasma concentrations of adipocytokines was investigated in pGDM both at 3 months and 12 months after delivery. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Insulin sensitivity (through a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test) and plasma concentrations of ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, leptin, and interleukin-6 were measured in 89 pGDM (BMI 26.9 +/- 0.5 kg/m(2), age 32 +/- 0.5 years) and in 19 women with normal glucose tolerance during pregnancy (NGT) (23.7 +/- 0.9 kg/m(2), 31 +/- 1.3 years). RESULTS: pGDM showed lower (P < 0.0001) plasma adiponectin (6.7 +/- 0.2 microg/ml) than NGT (9.8 +/- 0.6 microg/ml) and a decreased (P < 0.003) insulin sensitivity index (S(i)) and disposition index (P < 0.03), but increased plasma leptin (P < 0.003), PAI-1 (P < 0.002), and CRP (P < 0.03). After adjustment for body fat mass, plasma adiponectin remained lower in pGDM (P < 0.004) and correlated positively with S(i) (P < 0.003) and HDL cholesterol (P < 0.0001) but negatively with plasma glucose (2-h oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]) (P < 0.0001), leptin (P < 0.01), CRP (P < 0.007), and PAI-1 (P < 0.0001). On regression analysis, only HDL cholesterol, postload (2-h OGTT) plasma glucose, and S(i) remained significant predictors of plasma adiponectin, explaining 42% of its variability. Of note, adiponectin further decreased (P < 0.05) only in insulin-resistant pGDM despite unchanged body fat content and distribution after a 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Lower plasma adiponectin concentrations characterize women with previous GDM independently of the prevailing insulin sensitivity or the degree of obesity and are associated with subclinical inflammation and atherogenic parameters.     

Glucose intolerance in pregnancy and future risk of pre-diabetes or diabetes

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that any degree of abnormal glucose homeostasis detected on antepartum screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) should be associated with an increased risk of postpartum pre-diabetes or diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this prospective cohort study, 487 women underwent 1) antepartum GDM screening by a glucose challenge test (GCT) and a diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and 2) postpartum metabolic characterization by OGTT at 3 months after delivery. Four baseline glucose tolerance groups were defined on the basis of the antepartum GCT/OGTT: 1) GDM (n = 137); 2) gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT) (n = 91); 3) abnormal GCT with normal glucose tolerance on an OGTT (abnormal GCT NGT) (n = 166); and 4) normal GCT with NGT on an OGTT (normal GCT NGT) (n = 93).RESULTS—The prevalence of postpartum glucose intolerance (pre-diabetes or diabetes) increased across the groups from normal GCT NGT (3.2%) to abnormal GCT NGT (10.2%) to GIGT (16.5%) to GDM (32.8%) (P_trend < 0.0001). On logistic regression analysis, all three categories of abnormal glucose homeostasis in pregnancy independently predicted postpartum glucose intolerance: abnormal GCT NGT odds ratio (OR) 3.6 (95% CI 1.01–12.9); GIGT OR 5.7 (1.6–21.1); and GDM OR 14.3 (4.2–49.1). Furthermore, both in pregnancy and at 3 months postpartum, insulin sensitivity (IS_OGTT) and pancreatic β-cell function (insulinogenic index/homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) progressively decreased across the groups from normal GCT NGT to abnormal GCT NGT to GIGT to GDM (all P_trend < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONS—Any degree of abnormal glucose homeostasis in pregnancy independently predicts an increased risk of glucose intolerance postpartum.The diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) identifies a population of young women who have a very high risk of ultimately developing type 2 diabetes in the years after the index pregnancy (1,2). This relationship reflects the fact that both GDM and type 2 diabetes share a similar pathophysiology, characterized by two main metabolic defects: 1) target cell resistance to the activity of insulin (insulin resistance) and 2) insufficient secretion of insulin by the pancreatic β-cells to compensate for this peripheral tissue resistance (β-cell dysfunction) (1,3). Pregnancy is characterized by severe, acquired insulin resistance that has long been thought to provide a short-term challenge to the β-cells, with GDM arising in those women whose β-cells are unable to meet this challenge. It is now understood, however, that the defect in β-cell compensation that characterizes GDM is chronic (not acquired during pregnancy) and therefore may underlie the high risk of type 2 diabetes in women who have a history of previous GDM (1,4).Although controversy exists regarding the specific protocols to apply, screening for GDM by glucose tolerance testing in pregnancy has become a standard element of obstetrical care (5). With this testing, GDM is diagnosed on the basis of blood glucose levels that exceed specific glycemic thresholds. Affected women identified in this way are then treated with dietary therapy or insulin to reduce glucose levels in pregnancy and improve obstetrical outcome (6). These patients are also advised to undergo testing for type 2 diabetes postpartum (7). It is important to recognize, however, that glucose tolerance testing in pregnancy also identifies many women with glycemic responses that exceed the normal range but that do not meet the thresholds required for the diagnosis of GDM. These women are not typically treated in any way and are not subject to any postpartum surveillance. Indeed, little is known about their postpartum risk of glucose intolerance or diabetes. Given that pregnancy provides a physiologic test of the body''s glucoregulatory capacity, we hypothesized that any abnormality on glucose tolerance testing in pregnancy should reflect a degree of underlying β-cell dysfunction and hence should predict an increased risk of postpartum dysglycemia. In this context, our objective in this study was to systematically evaluate glucose tolerance and metabolic function at 3 months postpartum in a well-characterized cohort of women representing a broad spectrum of glucose homeostasis on GDM screening in pregnancy.     

The association between impaired glucose tolerance and birth weight among black and white women in central North Carolina

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the relationship of glucose intolerance during pregnancy to birth weight among black and white participants of the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This prospective cohort study recruited women from prenatal clinics in central North Carolina at 24-29 weeks' gestation. A 1-h 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT) and 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were conducted. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was defined as one high value on the OGTT, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) as two or more high values, and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) was defined as a low or high value on the GCT screen but no high values on the OGTT. Women with known glucose status and birth outcome information were included in this analysis (n = 2055). RESULTS: Black women with IGT had higher rates of both macrosomia (38.5%) and large for gestational age (LGA) (53.9%) compared with white women (10.0% and 13.2%). Black infants' birth weights (3800 g) and prevalence of macrosomia and LGA were significantly higher among mothers with IGT compared with NGT women (birth weight, 3184 g; macrosomia, 7.0%; LGA, 11.6%). In contrast, among white infants, there was no significant increase in birth weight, macrosomia, or LGA associated with the mother's glucose tolerance status. In addition, there was no effect of GDM on birth weight in either group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that, independent of maternal prepregnant weight, there may be significant increased risk of macrosomia among black IGT women but not among white IGT women. Further investigations into factors that may contribute to the observed results are needed.     

The clinical usefulness of glucose tolerance testing in gestational diabetes to predict early postpartum diabetes mellitus.

We examined the clinical usefulness of antepartum clinical characteristics, along with measures of glucose tolerance, in Dutch multiethnic women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) for their ability to predict type 2 diabetes within 6 months of delivery (early postpartum diabetes). The present study comprised a cross-sectional 5-year investigation (1998-2003) of a consecutive series of 168 women with GDM identified by a two-stage protocol at 16-33 weeks of gestation. The following data were collected for all women: age and gestational age at entry into the study; prepregnancy body mass index (BMI); ethnicity; obstetric and clinical history, including the onset of early postpartum diabetes; pregnancy outcome; level of fasting C-peptide; and glycemic parameters of 50-g 1-h glucose challenge test and 100-g 3-h oral glucose tolerance test (diagnostic OGTT). We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to test the clinical usefulness of the glycemic parameters. A total of 11 women (6.5%) developed early postpartum diabetes. Apart from family history of diabetes (p = 0.052), anthropometric, maternal, and neonatal clinical parameters showed no association with early postpartum diabetes in univariate analyses. The level of fasting glucose, and both the glucose challenge test and diagnostic OGTT post-load glucose levels and glucose areas were associated with early postpartum diabetes. ROC curve analysis identifiedall three glucose challenge-test parameters, including fasting glucose concentration, as poor diagnostic tests, with a positive predictive value of approximately 22%, whereas the positive predictive value associated with the area under the diagnostic OGTT curve increased progressively over monitoring time from 20.6% to 100%. Using a 3-h OGTT glucose area threshold of 35.7 mmol.h/L resulted in 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, identifying the 11 women who developed early postpartum diabetes. In summary, we can conclude from the present analysis that early postpartum diabetes is rare in GDM women (6.5%), and that the clinical usefulness of the total area under the diagnostic 3-h OGTT is superior to all other glycemic parameters for detecting early postpartum diabetes.     

α2-HS糖蛋白与妊娠期糖尿病关系的研究

目的观察不同程度糖代谢异常孕妇血清α2-HS糖蛋白(AHSG)浓度的变化并探讨其与血糖、血脂代谢及胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法根据75 g口服葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)结果将135名孕周为36～41周的孕妇分为3组:妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)组(45例)、糖耐量异常(GIGT)组(45例)、正常糖耐量(NGT)组(45例)。检测各组血清AHSG、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹血脂([总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)]水平并计算体重指数(BMI)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)。结果 GDM组、GIGT组、NGT组的AHSG浓度分别为150.2±20.0、131.9±16.0(、124.0±15.0)μg/L,3组之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。GDM组FPG、TG、LDL-C、FINS水平均高于NGT组(P<0.05、P<0.01),HDL-C水平低于NGT组(P<0.05);GDM组TG、FINS水平高于GIGT组(P均<0.05、P<0.01);GIGT组TG、LDL-C、FINS高于NGT组(P<0.05、P<0.01);3组之间TC水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。NGT组、GIGT组、GDM组HOMA-IR逐渐升高、HOMA-β逐渐下降3,组之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。AHSG浓度与BMI、TG、FINS、HOMA-IR呈正相关[相关系数(r)分别为0.406、0.503、0.533、0.612,P均<0.05],与HDL-C、HOMA-β呈负相关(r分别为-0.321、-0.589,P均<0.05),与FPG、TC无相关性(r分别为0.0580、.095,P均>0.05)。结论 AHSG在GDM患者的血糖、血脂代谢中发挥重要作用。AHSG参与了胰岛素抵抗、加重了β细胞损害,与GDM的发病关系密切。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者脂联素及C-反应蛋白水平的临床研究

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病患者早、中孕期的脂联素及C-反应蛋白水平的相关性。为早期预测妊娠期糖尿病提供科学依据。方法选于10-14周已在我院确诊妊娠并产检孕妇,所有孕妇于孕10-14周进行常规体检测身高、体重、血压、血浆脂联素、C-反应蛋白、空腹血糖、孕24-28周复查血浆脂联素、C-反应蛋白、OGTT葡萄糖耐量试验及胰岛素,计算胰岛素抵抗指数,跟踪孕妇至妊娠分娩,根据糖耐量结果分为妊娠期糖尿病组与正常妊娠妇女组对照。对照妊娠期糖尿病孕早、中期血浆脂联素、C-反应蛋白水平及其他检验指标。结果 GDM组10-14周及24-28周血清脂联素均明显低于NGT组,差异显著(P<0.05);GDM组C-反应蛋白明显高于NGT组,差异显著(P<0.05),孕10-14周血清脂联素与C-反应蛋白、孕前体重指数、胰岛素抵抗指数,存在显著负相关性。结论妊娠期糖尿病患者早、中孕期的血浆脂联素及C-反应蛋白水平的存在相关性,脂联素及C-反应蛋白水平是预测妊娠期糖尿病的敏感指标,具有早期预测妊娠期糖尿病的意义。     

妊娠糖尿病患者分娩后胰岛素抵抗及胰岛B细胞功能状态变化研究

目的 了解妊娠糖尿病患者分娩后6周糖耐量异常发生情况,探讨胰岛素抵抗及胰岛 B 细胞功能状态改变在妊娠糖尿病患者分娩后糖耐量异常发生中的作用。方法 选择69例既往诊断为妊娠糖尿病患者,于分娩6周后对所有患者进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）,根据试验结果分为糖耐量减低（IGT）组和糖耐量正常（NGT）组。胰岛素抵抗用胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）和胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）表示,胰岛 B 细胞功能状态用第一时相胰岛素分泌量表示,比较观察两组患者的基线资料、胰岛素抵抗及胰岛 B 细胞功能状态变化情况。结果 OGTT 试验结果显示,69例患者中 NGT 组38例,IGT 组31例。IGT 组 HOMA-IR 显著高于 NGT 组,ISI、第一时相 INS 显著低于 NGT组,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;两组患者第二时相 INS 比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。结论 胰岛素抵抗及胰岛 B 细胞功能缺陷可能在妊娠糖尿病患者分娩后糖耐量异常发生中起一定作用,值得进一步深入研究。     

C-reactive protein predicts the deterioration of glycemia in chinese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have shown that C-reactive protein (CRP) predicts future risk of diabetes in healthy Caucasians. We determined whether plasma CRP level was elevated in Chinese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and whether CRP level could be used to predict progression to type 2 diabetes or reversion to normal glucose tolerance (NGT) in these high-risk individuals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 228 subjects with IGT at baseline from the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factors Prevalence Study underwent repeat oral glucose tolerance testing after 2 years. Plasma high-sensitivity CRP was measured from their stored baseline samples and from 228 subjects with NGT matched for age and BMI by an immunoturbidimetric assay. RESULTS: Subjects with IGT at baseline had higher plasma CRP levels than subjects with NGT: 1.18 mg/l (0.52-2.52) vs. 0.87 mg/l (0.37-1.84), median (interquartile range), P = 0.01. At 2 years, 117 subjects with IGT reverted to NGT, 84 remained in IGT, and 21 progressed to diabetes. Individuals who progressed to diabetes had the highest plasma CRP levels at baseline (P < 0.0001). Those with baseline CRP levels in the third and top quartile had a relative risk of remaining in IGT or progressing to diabetes of 2.87 (95% CI 1.06-7.82) and 2.76 (1.06-7.31), respectively, after adjusting for anthropometric measure and lifestyle factors. CONCLUSIONS: CRP independently predicts the risk of remaining in IGT or progressing to diabetes in Chinese subjects with IGT. CRP might provide an adjunctive measure for identifying subjects with the highest risk of progression to diabetes who would derive the greatest benefits from preventive interventions.     

糖化血红蛋白在空腹血糖正常妊娠糖尿病孕妇中的应用

目的 了解正常妊娠妇女糖化血红蛋白的参考范围,探讨糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）在空腹血糖正常妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）筛查中的临床价值及意义.方法 分别对60例GDM患者、63例糖耐量受损孕妇（GIGT）及407例正常孕妇进行空腹血糖（FPG）、50g糖筛试验（GCT）及HbA1c 检测,糖筛异常的进行75g口服糖耐量实验（OGCT）.结果 孕中期孕妇糖化血红蛋白的参考范围低于正常人群参考范围,GDM组FPG、OGCT、HbA1c 检测结果明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）.结论 HbA1c检测可作为临床GDM诊断筛查的指标,参考范围低于与正常人群.     

Diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance in women with previous gestational diabetes

OBJECTIVE: In Spanish women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), we aimed to study the progression to diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) and identify predictive factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In 696 women with GDM and 70 control women, glucose tolerance was evaluated postpartum and at 5-year intervals. RESULTS: In the GDM group, the cumulative risk for diabetes and AGT was 13.8 and 42.4% after 11 years compared with 0 and 2.8% in control women, respectively (P < 0.05). Independent predictive factors for diabetes were previous hyperglycemia, four abnormal glucose values on the diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or overt diabetes during pregnancy, 2-h blood glucose on the diagnostic OGTT >/=11.7 mmol/l, gestational age at diagnosis <24 weeks, and prepregnancy BMI >/=26.4 kg/m(2). All of these factors (some with different cutoff points) in addition to fasting glycemia were predictors of AGT also. The risk was nonlinear. Four abnormal glucose values on the diagnostic OGTT or overt diabetes during pregnancy was the strongest predictive factor for diabetes (relative risk 3.92), and prepregnancy BMI was the predictive factor with the highest attributable fraction in the whole group (13.3%). When first postpartum OGTT data were included in the analysis, predictors changed, but the overall prediction was similar. CONCLUSIONS: Spanish women with GDM have an increased risk of diabetes and AGT. Predictive factors display a nonlinear relationship. The strongest predictive factor for diabetes was four abnormal glucose values on the diagnostic OGTT or overt diabetes during pregnancy; the factor with the highest attributable fraction in the whole group was prepregnancy BMI.     

妊娠中晚期孕妇血清Gremlin1水平变化及其对妊娠期糖尿病的影响

目的 了解妊娠中晚期孕妇血清Gremlin1水平变化,探究Gremlin1对妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)的影响.方法 选取2020年9-11月就诊于安徽医科大学第一附属医院行孕期体检的妊娠24～28周并完善口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose toleran...     

孕妇在不同糖耐量状态下超敏C-反应蛋白与胰岛素抵抗相关性研究

目的 研究孕妇在不同糖耐量状态下血清超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)与胰岛素抵抗(IR)的关系.方法 孕妇孕24～28周行50 g口服葡萄糖负荷试验,阳性者再行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验,根据血糖结果分为妊娠糖尿病组41例、糖耐量减低组30例和糖耐量正常组27例,用ELISA方法测定hs-CRP水平,同时计算稳态模式胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、稳态模式胰岛B细胞功能指数(HBCI)和30 min净增胰岛素/30 min净增血糖(△I30/△G30).结果 ①从糖耐量正常组到糖耐量减低组到妊娠糖尿病组,hs-CRP [(6.15±2.63)、(7.65±4.27)、(10.80 ±3.57)mg/L,F=5.628,P=0.021]、HOMA-IR(2.54±0.74、3.51±0.29、3.96 ±2.16,F=6.928,P=0.011)呈递增趋势,而HBCI(426.08±89.85、266.69±203.32、223.82 ±148.58,F=4.283,P:0.043)和△I30/△G30(27.90±19.22、15.12±12.50、13.13 ±12.98,F=6.505,P=0.014)呈递减倾向;②Pearson相关分析显示孕前BMI、空腹胰岛素(Fins)、hs-CRP与HOMA-IR正相关(r=0.320、0.833、0.288,P均＜0.01);多元回归分析显示,孕前BMI、FBG、Fins、hs-CRP是影响HOMA-IR的显著因素(回归系数分别为0.320、0.340、0.709、0.288,R2=0.92,P均＜0.01).结论 妊娠糖尿病患者的血清hs-CRP水平为影响IR的显著因素,提示hs-CRP可能通过多种机制加重IR,参与妊娠糖尿病的发病.