IL-2或IL-15协同结核分枝杆菌抗原诱导人外周血单个核细胞体外扩增细胞的特性比较北大核心CSCD

目的分析白细胞介素2(IL-2)或IL-15协同结核分枝杆菌抗原(MTB-Ag)诱导人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)扩增细胞的生物学特性。方法采用MTB-Ag联合IL-2或MTB-Ag联合IL-15体外分别刺激正常人PBMC,培养至第12天时,经流式细胞术检测扩增细胞中γδT细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞和CD4+T细胞所占的比例,以及分析3种淋巴细胞扩增的绝对数量。同时用MTT法检测两组扩增细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性。结果与MTB-Ag联合IL-2刺激组相比,MTB-Ag联合IL-15刺激组扩增细胞中γδT细胞所占比例明显高于前者,NK细胞所占比例明显低于前者;而两组扩增细胞中CD4^+T细胞所占比例并无显著性差异。与2个刺激组中3种淋巴细胞数量的分析结果一致。并且MTB-Ag联合IL-15刺激组扩增细胞对不同肿瘤细胞均具有显著的杀伤活性,但与MTB-Ag联合IL-2刺激组相比,并无显著性差异。结论 IL-15协同MTB-Ag可高效诱导人PBMC产生以γδT细胞增殖为主的效应细胞,该扩增细胞在体外对肿瘤细胞具有显著的杀伤活性。     

IL-2或IL-15协同结核分枝杆菌抗原诱导人外周血单个核细胞体外扩增细胞的特性比较

目的 分析白细胞介素2(IL-2)或IL-15协同结核分枝杆菌抗原(MTB-Ag)诱导人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)扩增细胞的生物学特性。方法 采用MTB-Ag联合IL-2或MTB-Ag联合IL-15体外分别刺激正常人PBMC,培养至第12天时,经流式细胞术检测扩增细胞中γδT细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞和CD4+T细胞所占的比例,以及分析3种淋巴细胞扩增的绝对数量。同时用MTT法检测两组扩增细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性。结果 与MTB-Ag联合IL-2刺激组相比,MTB-Ag联合IL-15刺激组扩增细胞中γδT细胞所占比例明显高于前者,NK细胞所占比例明显低于前者;而两组扩增细胞中CD4~+T细胞所占比例并无显著性差异。与2个刺激组中3种淋巴细胞数量的分析结果一致。并且MTB-Ag联合IL-15刺激组扩增细胞对不同肿瘤细胞均具有显著的杀伤活性,但与MTB-Ag联合IL-2刺激组相比,并无显著性差异。结论 IL-15协同MTB-Ag可高效诱导人PBMC产生以γδT细胞增殖为主的效应细胞,该扩增细胞在体外对肿瘤细胞具有显著的杀伤活性。     

肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞的特性及其抗肿瘤作用

用过继免疫疗法(adoptive immunothe-raPy)治疗肿瘤已有相当长的历史,但由于不能获得足够量的抗肿瘤活性细胞,使此疗法没有得到广泛的应用。自从 IL-2被发现后,人们能够在体外对淋巴细胞进行长期培养和大量扩增~(1),从而克服了过继免疫疗法中所需要效应细胞数量不足的困难。Grimm等(1982)~(2)用淋巴细胞在含IL-2培养基中培育的方法获得了一种能杀伤抵抗NK活性的肿瘤细胞的新型杀伤细胞,定名     

不同刺激因子组合诱导NK细胞体外扩增及其功能的研究

目的探讨不同刺激因子组合对人自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)体外扩增及其功能的影响。方法 VarioMACS分选健康成人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中的NK细胞,依据添加刺激因子的不同分为A组(IL-2)、B组(IL-2+IL-15)、C组(IL-2+IL-15+饲养细胞),饲养细胞为30 Gyγ射线照射后的同种异体外周血单个核细胞(allogeneic PB-MNCs,AlloMNCs),未添加任何刺激因子的细胞的作为对照组,在干细胞生长培养基(SCGM)中进行培养扩增14 d,第1天添加PHA及OKT3,第5天离心洗去;台盼蓝拒染法进行活细胞计数;流式细胞术检测分选及扩增前后CD56+CD3-NK细胞纯度;改良的MTT法检测NK细胞对K562、HO8910及PBMC的杀伤活性。结果经VarioMACS免疫磁珠阴性分选后NK细胞纯度由分选前的(9.2±2.9)%提高到(93.5±3.2)%,培养14 d后,除对照组NK细胞纯度降低外,其余组与扩增前无明显差异(P>0.05)。细胞扩增倍数分别为17.2±1.7、51.3±6.6和82.4±9.8倍,均显著高于对照组(5.7±1.2)(P<0.01)。实验组组间比较,C组明显高于A组和B组(P<0.01)。细胞杀伤实验表明,当效靶比为10∶1时,各组的杀伤活性显示为C组>B组>A组>对照组,C组扩增的NK细胞对K562及HO8910的杀伤率可分别达到(70.1±8.9)%和(64.6±6.2)%,显著高于对照组、A组(P<0.01)和B组(P<0.05),对PBMC的杀伤率仅为(4.2±1.2)%。结论经VarioMACS分选获得的NK细胞,在体外使用SCGM培养基培养,添加IL-2、IL-15和照射后AlloMNCs作为刺激因子,可获得高效扩增和有效活化的NK细胞,为NK细胞的肿瘤过继免疫治疗提供了一种简单有效的扩增高纯度NK细胞的方法。     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞联合IL-12重组质粒对小鼠乳腺癌的治疗作用

目的探讨小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)对小鼠乳腺癌EMT6细胞在体内外的抑制作用以及BMSC与IL-12真核表达质粒(pcDNA6/IL-12)联合应用对荷瘤小鼠的治疗作用。方法全骨髓贴壁法培养BMSC并鉴定;CCK-8法检测BMSC条件培养基对EMT6细胞增殖的影响;Annexin V-FITC/7-AAD双染色结合流式细胞术检测BMSC条件培养基对EMT6细胞凋亡的影响。建立小鼠乳腺癌荷瘤模型,分别为对照组(瘤内注射PBS)、BMSC组(瘤内注射BMSC)、IL-12组(瘤内注射pcDNA6/IL-12质粒)、BMSC联合IL-12组(瘤内注射BMSC和pcDNA6/IL-12质粒)。于致瘤后第17天处死小鼠,取出肿瘤和脾脏并称其质量,计算脾指数;MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞增殖活性,LDH法检测脾淋巴细胞杀伤活性,HE染色观察肿瘤组织的病理学改变。结果 BMSC条件培养基在体外可显著抑制EMT6的增殖并促进其凋亡(P0.05﹚。BMSC单独及其与pcDNA6/IL-12联合应用可导致荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的体积缩小(P0.01﹚,脾淋巴细胞增生反应及杀伤活性增强(P0.05﹚,肿瘤组织坏死区扩大、炎性细胞浸润增多。结论 BMSC在体内外均具有良好的抗肿瘤作用,与pcDNA6/IL-12在荷瘤小鼠体内联合应用可获得更强的抗肿瘤活性。     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞联合IL-12重组质粒对小鼠乳腺癌的治疗作用

目的探讨小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)对小鼠乳腺癌EMT6细胞在体内外的抑制作用以及BMSC与IL-12真核表达质粒(pcDNA6/IL-12)联合应用对荷瘤小鼠的治疗作用。方法全骨髓贴壁法培养BMSC并鉴定;CCK-8法检测BMSC条件培养基对EMT6细胞增殖的影响;Annexin V-FITC/7-AAD双染色结合流式细胞术检测BMSC条件培养基对EMT6细胞凋亡的影响。建立小鼠乳腺癌荷瘤模型,分别为对照组(瘤内注射PBS)、BMSC组(瘤内注射BMSC)、IL-12组(瘤内注射pcDNA6/IL-12质粒)、BMSC联合IL-12组(瘤内注射BMSC和pcDNA6/IL-12质粒)。于致瘤后第17天处死小鼠,取出肿瘤和脾脏并称其质量,计算脾指数;MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞增殖活性,LDH法检测脾淋巴细胞杀伤活性,HE染色观察肿瘤组织的病理学改变。结果 BMSC条件培养基在体外可显著抑制EMT6的增殖并促进其凋亡(P0.05﹚。BMSC单独及其与pcDNA6/IL-12联合应用可导致荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的体积缩小(P0.01﹚,脾淋巴细胞增生反应及杀伤活性增强(P0.05﹚,肿瘤组织坏死区扩大、炎性细胞浸润增多。结论 BMSC在体内外均具有良好的抗肿瘤作用,与pcDNA6/IL-12在荷瘤小鼠体内联合应用可获得更强的抗肿瘤活性。     

CIK在无血清培养体系中的增殖、表型变化和抗肿瘤活性

目的:探索细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)在无血清体系中的增殖规律、表型变化及其抗瘤活性。方法:不同培养基培养CIK细胞,采用活细胞计数法观察CIK细胞的增殖,流式细胞仪检测CIK细胞的表型,CytoTox96非放射性细胞毒试剂盒检测CIK细胞的细胞毒活性。结果:经过细胞因子和抗体刺激后,CIK细胞能明显增殖,无血清培养基加自体血浆组最高可扩增473.28±27.53倍,无血清培养基组可扩增218.24±16.86倍,而RPMI1640加FCS只扩增11.52±1.04倍。CD3 CD8 、CD3 CD56 、CD226 CD11a 和CD305 CD11a 细胞随着培养时间的延长而增加,而CD3 CD4 细胞则明显减少。CIK细胞对肿瘤细胞的细胞毒作用明显高于LAK细胞(P<0.01),且其细胞毒活性随着培养时间的延长而增高。结论:CIK细胞在体外扩增能力强,对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性高,有望成为新一代抗肿瘤过继免疫细胞制剂而应用于临床。     

29 人外周血树状突细胞抗肿瘤作用的探讨

<正>有关树状突细胞(Dendritic Cell,DC)在肿瘤免疫中作用的研究,多限于观察肿瘤局部DC的变化,而对DC抗肿瘤作用的探讨尚属起步.本研究采用多因素不同水平的全面试验设计,进行DC的体外抗肿瘤实验.首先应用新的三步分离法分离、纯化,获得纯度为60～70%的DC;又在用重组IL-2诱导淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞(LAK 细胞)的基础上,以中性红摄入比色法检测细胞毒活性,观察了体外DC对LAK细胞杀伤H_7402肿瘤细胞活性的影响,也观察了形态学变化.结果:活细胞观察发现DC联合LAK作用组残存的活肿瘤细胞比单LAK作用组明显减少,HE染色见肿瘤细胞呈不同程度的坏死状态.免疫细胞化学染色显示S-100蛋白阳性的DC与LAK细胞形成花环,DC、LAK和肿瘤细胞三者形成细胞簇.扫描电镜下可见DC借助突起与肿瘤细胞相连,也与LAK细胞接触,三者形成细胞簇.细胞毒活性检测所得各孔光密度OD值经方差分析和参数估计,表明LAK细胞体外杀伤H_(7402)肿瘤细胞的活性随效靶比增加而增强,DC能协同LAK细胞的活性,上调其杀伤肿瘤的作用(P<0.01),并以中等剂量的DC上调速度最明显,加入IL-2后,DC的调节作用更有上升.提示人外周血DC在细胞免疫抗肿瘤过程中起重要使用.     

GPI-B7-1分子膜表面修饰瘤苗抗肿瘤作用的研究

目的：研制抗肿瘤免疫治疗的新疫苗。方法: 用含目的基因的质粒pcDNA3.1(+)/GPI-B7-1转染QK10341细胞，提取膜蛋白GPI-B7-1, 经Western blotting鉴定后，用蛋白转化法锚定在肿瘤细胞SKOV3膜上，取正常健康人外周血中非贴壁的淋巴细胞， 进行淋巴细胞扩增和CTL功能检测，并检测细胞培养液中IL-2、TNF-α和IFN-γ水平，FCM检测CTL的Fas表达水平。结果:与野生型SKOV3细胞比较，用GPI-B7-1修饰的SKOV3细胞能够更有效地刺激淋巴细胞增殖、诱导特异CTL杀伤活性(P<0.01)，还可诱导 CTL表达的Fas水平升高等活性增强以及分泌的IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α等细胞因子水平均显著上升(P<0.05)。结论: B7-1基因在肿瘤细胞中表达可增强其免疫原性，在体外有效诱导T细胞活化， 显著增强T细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞的活性；对防治肿瘤侵袭具有一定作用。     

肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞在IL-2培养前后的免疫学特性比较

本实验观察到,从瘤体中新鲜分离到的、未经IL-2培养的肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(TIL)分泌IL-2、IFN-r、淋巴毒素(LT)的能力及其NK活性均显著低下,此种免疫功能低下状态可能与TIL在肿瘤微环境中受到肿瘤细胞释放的免疫抑制物质的作用有关而不是由于分离操作过程所致。经IL-2体外培养后。TIL分泌上述三种抗癌淋巴因子的能力和NK活性均显著提高,这表明IL-2可以解除TIL的免疫抑状态、使其免疫功能显著增强,也证明了IL-2激活的TIL除了能通过细胞间识别接触的方式直接杀伤肿瘤细胞外,还可通过分泌抗癌淋巴因子而间接杀伤肿瘤细胞。     

Application of Serum-Free Culture Medium for Preparation of A-NK Cells

To compare the differences between proliferation and cytotoxicity of adherent natural killer （A-NK） cells cultured with serum-free medium AIMV and standard serum-containing medium in vitro, and also observe the assisting effect of IL-12 on the activation and the morphology character of IL-2-treated A-NK cells, cellular proliferation was evaluated by MTT method in vitro. The morphology of the target cells killed by A-NK cells was observed through electroscope. All of the A-NK cells cultured in serum-free medium AIMV could rapidly proliferate and keep high cytotoxicity compared with that in standard serum-containing medium. A-NK cells activated by both moderate-dose IL-2 and IL-12 were superior to the high-dose IL-2-treated A-NK cells. These data indicated that serum-free medium AIMV could replace standard serum-containing medium for culturing A-NK cells, and moderate-dose IL-2 and IL-12 could reduce side effects caused by high-dose IL-2. The study provided a new experimental basis for experimental and clinical preparation of A-NK cells. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology.     

Derivation, characterization and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells: comparing serum-containing versus serum-free media and evidence of germ cell differentiation

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to establish human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines, to identify the differences when maintained in serum-containing versus serum-free medium and to test their potential of in vitro differentiation. METHODS: Procedures including immunosurgery were performed on 11 donated human blastocysts to establish hESC lines. The cell lines were characterized and maintained using either serum-free or serum-containing media to compare their morphology, Oct-4 expression, apoptosis and growth speed. Differentiation of these lines was evaluated by the morphology and the expression of genes belonging to the three embryonic germ layers and the germ cell lineage. RESULTS: Three hESC lines were established, and they grew at similar speed in both media (serum-containing or serum-free), but hESC cultured in serum-containing medium yielded significantly higher percentages of morphologically good colonies and cells expressing Oct-4. These cell lines differentiated spontaneously in vitro into cells expressing markers belonging to all three embryonic germ layers and germ cell markers, including c-Kit, STELLA, VASA and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), in directly adherent culture. CONCLUSIONS: Three hESC lines with Taiwanese ancestry have been established, and they retain the in vitro differentiation potential with or without embryoid body (EB) formation. The data support that hESC may be capable of differentiation into germ cells although further confirmation is needed. It is also suggested that strategies such as stepwise adaptation will be needed before implementing a serum-free culture condition for hESC lines that have previously been derived in a medium containing serum.     

人胚胎干细胞在血清和无血清培养体系中的特性比较

目的 探讨血清培养体系和无血清培养体系对人胚胎干细胞（hES cells）生长特性的影响。 方法 将人胚胎干细胞株BG02接种在丝裂霉素C处理灭活的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层上,分别在含血清hES完全培养基或无血清培养基中连续培养25~30代。在不同培养体系下比较人胚胎干细胞形态、集落贴壁率;运用BrdU掺入法检测人胚胎干细胞增殖,用细胞计数法计算细胞倍增时间;采用免疫荧光染色检测人胚胎干细胞特异性分子标志的表达;用流式细胞仪检测人胚胎干细胞Oct-4,Nanog阳性的比例;RT-PCR检测成纤维细胞生长因子(FGFs)家族基因的表达。 结果 在两种培养体系的BG02细胞都具有人胚胎干细胞的形态特征。在含血清培养体系下,BG02细胞集落贴壁率和表达OCT-4,Nanog的阳性细胞明显高于无血清培养体系( P<0.05)。无血清培养体系中,BG02细胞生长速度明显高于含血清培养体系,细胞倍增时间分别为(33.8±4.3) h、(45.9±5.7) h,( P<0.05)。无血清培养体系的BG02细胞高表达 FGF2 、 FGFR2 、 FGFR4 。 结论 两种不同培养体系中人胚胎干细胞的体外培养特性存在一定的差异,可能与BG02细胞 FGFs 家族基因激活有关。     

The stimulation of EL-4 cells to produce interleukin-2 and its potential use in immunocytotoxicity testing

The ability of EL-4 thymoma cells to produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) following exposure to phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and Concanavalin A (Con A) has been studied in vitro using medium containing either 10% or 1% fetal calf serum (FCS). The potent stimulatory effect of PMA on IL-2 production by EL-4 cells has been confirmed by measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation by the IL-2-dependent T cell line, CTLL-2, in the presence of conditioned medium (CM) from stimulated cultures. EL-4 cells produced several times more IL-2 when cultured in medium containing 10% FCS than when only 1% FCS was present. Added together, PMA and Con A acted synergistically in some EL-4 cell cultures. The ability of E:-4 cells to produce IL-2 was maintained after further incubation without stimulants. CM with IL-2 activity from stimulated EL-4 cells could prove useful in immunotoxicity testing.     

CHO细胞无血清培养研究

目的:用无血清培养基培养中华仓鼠卵巢(Chinese hamster ovary,CHO)细胞。方法:应用无血清培养基采用小方瓶培养CHO细胞,观察细胞维持时间、培养过程的形态变化。结果:应用无血清培养基培养CHO细胞可维持细胞正常生长。结论:无血清培养基可以完全取代含血清培养基用于培养CHO细胞。     

The Stimulation of El-4 Cells to Produce Interleukin-2 and its Potential Use in Immunocytotoxicity Testing

The ability of EL-4 thymoma cells to produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) following exposure to phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and Concanavalin A (Con A) has been studied in vitro using medium containing either 10% or 1% fetal calf serum (FCS). The potent stimulatory effect of PMA on IL-2 production by EL-4 cells has been confirmed by measuring ³H-thymidine incorporation by the IL-2-dependent T cell line, CTLL-2, in the presence of conditioned medium (CM) from stimulated cultures. EL-4 cells produced several times more IL-2 when cultured in medium containing 10% FCS than when only 1% FCS was present. Added together, PMA and Con A acted synergistically in some EL-4 cell cultures. The ability of EL-4 cells to produce IL-2 was maintained after further incubation without stimulants. CM with IL-2 activity from stimulated EL-4 cells could prove useful in immunotoxicity testing.     

The Stimulation of El-4 Cells to Produce Interleukin-2 and its Potential Use in Immunocytotoxicity Testing

Abstract

The ability of EL-4 thymoma cells to produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) following exposure to phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and Concanavalin A (Con A) has been studied in vitro using medium containing either 10% or 1% fetal calf serum (FCS). The potent stimulatory effect of PMA on IL-2 production by EL-4 cells has been confirmed by measuring ³H-thymidine incorporation by the IL-2-dependent T cell line, CTLL-2, in the presence of conditioned medium (CM) from stimulated cultures. EL-4 cells produced several times more IL-2 when cultured in medium containing 10% FCS than when only 1% FCS was present. Added together, PMA and Con A acted synergistically in some EL-4 cell cultures. The ability of EL-4 cells to produce IL-2 was maintained after further incubation without stimulants. CM with IL-2 activity from stimulated EL-4 cells could prove useful in immunotoxicity testing.     

Isolation and cultivation of microvascular endothelial cells from rat lungs: effects of gelatin substratum and serum.

Microvascular endothelial cells from rat lungs were cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with an endothelial growth substance, insulin, hydrocortisone and so on. Five to seven days after plating, cultured cells formed a monolayer. They were identified as endothelial cells by morphology and by positive immunohistochemistry for factor VIII-related antigen, a marker for endothelia cells. Differences between gelatin coated culture plates and plastic culture plates in endothelial cell proliferation were evaluated. Cells plated on uncoated plastic plates had a spindle-shaped morphology and did not express factor VIII-related antigen. Two types of medium, serum-free medium containing endothelial growth substance and basal medium supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum, were also compared in primary culture. In contrast with the serum-free medium, cells cultured in the serum-containing medium showed fibroblast-like morphology and did not express factor VIII-related antigen. These results suggest that a gelatin substratum and serum-free medium containing endothelial growth supplement are necessary for in vitro proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells isolated from rat lungs. The culture method and conditions outlined here allow the proliferation of pure microvascular endothelial cells from rat lungs. It may be useful in studying hematogenous metastasis to the lung and the role of microvascular endothelium in other pulmonary disease.     

Functional characterization of monocyte-derived dendritic cells generated under serumfree culture conditions

The culture of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) is typically performed in media containing human or fetal calf serum, supplements with the potential to influence the cells phenotype and their functional properties. Published clinical trails based on serumfree cultured DCs reported the use of the commercially available medium AIMV. In this study, we directly compared DCs generated in AIMV medium ("AIMV/sf-DCs") with DCs generated in RPMI supplemented with 2% human serum ("RPMI/HS-DCs") in functional assays of potential relevance for vaccine application. Using TNF-alpha/PGE(2)/IL-1beta/IL-6 as maturation stimulus, AIMV/sf-DCs revealed to be comparable with RPMI/HS-DCs with regard to phenotypic expression of maturation markers, survival in vitro, migratory capacity and stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation except for CD1a which was expressed on a fraction of DCs only when cultured in serumfree AIMV medium. However, IL-12p70 production in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulating agents plus IFN-gamma was consistently lower in AIMV medium although also under serumfree culture conditions, nanogram quantities of IL-12 were produced. Together, DCs with functional characteristics important for in vivo application can be generated under defined serumfree conditions; however, medium and/or serum conditions appear to have strong influence on the production of relevant T cell differentiating cytokines.     

Comparative evaluation of cytotoxicity of cadmium in rat liver cells cultured in serum-containing medium and commercially available serum-free medium

Cadmium (Cd) is an industrial pollutant and carcinogenic metal. Most in vitro Cd toxicity studies have been carried out in various cell lines cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) containing medium. In this report, we compared the toxic effect of Cd (0-300 microM) on cell growth, total RNA, total proteins, and antioxidant enzymes in rat normal liver cells cultured in medium with 10% FBS or commercially available serum-free medium for 4 or 8 hours. With Cd concentration at above 100 microM, the total levels of RNA, protein and cell growth decreased in serum-containing medium, while their levels increased in serum-free medium compared to the controls. The glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase levels were lower in serum-free medium than in serum-containing medium, indicating less oxidative stress in cells grown in serum-free medium. These results clearly suggest that Cd showed higher toxicity to liver cells grown in serum-containing medium in comparison to commercially available serum-free medium. It is speculated that albumin and other substances present in commercial serum-free medium chelated Cd and thereby protected these cells against Cd toxicity. Even under in vivo conditions, cadmium enters into various organs after passing through blood which contains serum. Based on these studies, it appears that media containing serum may be ideal for in vivo toxicity correlation studies with animal cells.