嗅裂疾病三例

目的报道一种新的嗅觉障碍疾病——嗅裂疾病，总结其临床特征、影像学特点以及治疗尝试。方法本组3例，均以完全失嗅为主诉。详细采集病史，行耳鼻咽喉科常规体检、鼻内镜检查。主观嗅功能测试使用T＆T标准嗅觉计行嗅觉察觉阈和识别阈测试。以醋酸异戊酯为刺激剂行嗅觉事件相关电位测试，刺激量为2ml。行鼻窦冠状位和轴位CT扫描。治疗方案：①抗生素治疗半个月；②糖皮质激素治疗半个月。结果鼻内镜检查患者双侧嗅裂处黏膜肿胀，嗅裂消失。T＆T主观嗅觉测试均为完全失嗅，最大嗅刺激未引出嗅觉事件相关电位。鼻窦CT提示局限于双侧嗅裂的软组织影。抗生素治疗嗅觉无改善。局部和全身糖皮质激素治疗，1例嗅觉改善，但停药后嗅觉又消失，再次使用糖皮质激素治疗无效。另2例嗅觉无改善。结论嗅裂疾病是一种以嗅觉障碍为主诉，病变局限于嗅裂的疾病，鼻窦CT有助于确诊，抗生素和糖皮质激素治疗效果不理想。     

外伤后失嗅患者的嗅觉事件相关电位和MRI评估

目的 探讨嗅觉事件相关电位(olfactory event related potentials,OERP)和嗅觉通路MRI对外伤后失嗅的评估价值.方法 回顾性分析24例外伤后失嗅患者的临床资料.所有患者均行详细的病史采集、全面体检、T&T嗅觉检查、鼻内镜检查、OERP测试、颅脑CT和嗅觉通路MRI检查.结果 主观嗅觉测试:双侧完全失嗅20例;单侧完全失嗅,对侧嗅觉减退2例;单侧完全失嗅,对侧嗅觉正常2例.OERP测试:双侧最大嗅刺激均不能引出OERP者20例,单侧最大嗅刺激不能引出OERP者4例;单侧能引出OERP者4例,其中2例能正常引出,另2例OERP幅值下降且潜伏期延长.氨气刺激均能引出鼻内三叉神经化学感受事件相关电位.嗅路MRI检查:嗅球损伤24例次(100%),额叶直回损伤22例次(91.7%),额叶眶回损伤16例次(67%),远端嗅束和颞叶损伤各2例次(8%).结论 OERP能对外伤后嗅觉进行定性和定量的客观整体评估;嗅路MRI能对外伤后失嗅的损伤部位、程度进行客观、精确的评估.两者结合能对嗅觉功能进行全面、客观评价.     

嗅觉障碍与慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者鼻腔鼻窦形态的相关性研究

目的:观察伴有嗅觉障碍的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者鼻腔鼻窦形态及其影像学表现,探讨嗅觉障碍与鼻腔鼻窦形态和影像改变的相关性。方法:对176例慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者测试嗅觉功能,同时行鼻窦CT和鼻内镜检查,进行Lund-Mackey鼻窦CT评分及Kennedy鼻内镜评分,并观察嗅裂区阻塞情况,对检查及评分结果进行统计学分析。结果:①30例患者嗅觉正常(17.1%),109例患者有不同程度的嗅觉减退(61.9%),37例患者嗅觉丧失(21%);②Lund-Mackey鼻窦CT评分与嗅觉障碍的程度存在正相关(P<0.01);③Kennedy鼻内镜评分的变化与嗅觉障碍程度正相关(P<0.05)。结论:①嗅觉功能障碍与慢性鼻-鼻窦炎相关;②Lund-Mackey鼻窦CT评分系统对于嗅觉障碍的初步判断有一定临床意义;③Kennedy鼻内镜评分系统更侧重于评价鼻腔总体形态的改变。     

小儿先天性鼻腔鼻窦肿物的临床诊疗观察

目的 探讨小儿先天性鼻腔鼻窦肿物的诊断及鼻内镜手术治疗的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院收治的24例先天性鼻腔鼻窦肿物患儿的临床资料.术前进行鼻内镜、鼻窦CT和MRI检查,全部病例经鼻内镜下鼻腔鼻窦肿物切除术,术后随访手术疗效.结果 24例中良性占位17例,其中脑膜脑膨出8例、骨化纤维瘤3...     

婴幼儿先天性基底型脑膜脑膨出的诊断与治疗

目的　探讨婴幼儿先天性基底型脑膜脑膨出的诊断及鼻内镜治疗的安全性和有效性。方法　回顾性分析2014年1月～2016年9月北京儿童医院6例婴幼儿先天性基底型脑膜脑膨出的病例资料。术前常规进行鼻窦CT及MRI检查。全部病例经鼻内镜下脑膜脑膨出切除术及颅底重建术。术后随访其手术疗效。结果　6例病例包括经筛型5例、蝶咽型1例。手术均获得一次性成功。1例术后并发化脓性脑膜炎,其余无并发症出现。术后随访3～29个月,无复发。结论　对于持续性鼻腔堵塞伴有鼻腔或鼻咽部新生物的婴幼儿,应考虑到先天性基底型脑膜脑膨出之可能性。鼻窦冠状位CT和矢状位MRI具有重要的诊断价值。鼻内镜下膨出物切除术及颅底重建术是一种安全、有效的手术方式。     

孤立性蝶窦疾病的诊断及其鼻内镜手术治疗

目的：探讨孤立性蝶窦疾病的临床特点、影像学特征和鼻内镜手术的疗效。方法：38例孤立性蝶窦疾病患者,35例行鼻窦CT（其中5例同时行MRI）,3例行单纯鼻窦MRI,1例行脑池CT造影。所有患者均行鼻内镜下蝶窦开放术,其中有33例采用经鼻腔嗅裂径路,5例采用经前筛一后筛径路（即Messerklinger技术）。结果：术后随访6个月以上,34例病情完全控制,4例部分控制。术中和术后均未出现严重并发症。结论：孤立性蝶窦疾病临床症状不典型,无特异性,鼻部检查多无阳性体征,仅有以头痛为主诉的神经系统症状,早期常难以确诊。鼻窦CT和MRI是诊断孤立性蝶窦炎的最佳手段,而鼻内镜手术则是治疗该病的首选方法。     

单侧鼻腔鼻窦良恶性病变并发鼻息肉25例临床分析

目的分析单侧鼻腔鼻窦良恶性病变并发鼻息肉的临床特征、诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾分析25例单侧鼻腔鼻窦良恶性病变并发鼻息肉患者的临床资料。结果25例中，霉菌性鼻窦炎9例．出血坏死性息肉4例．内翻性乳头状瘤8例，血管瘤2例．鳞状细胞癌2例。15例行鼻内镜手术．4例行上颁窦根治结合鼻内镜手术．5例行鼻侧切开术．1例行上颁骨部分切除术。术前误诊4例，术后2例复发再次手术治疗。结论单侧鼻腔息肉患者．要警防是否合并其它鼻腔鼻窦病变。鼻内镜、CT检查和活检有助于术前明确诊断，以彻底清除病变为治疗原则。     

内镜鼻窦手术前后鼻气道阻力和嗅觉功能的测试结果

目的　定量分析内镜鼻窦手术前后患者鼻气道阻力和嗅觉功能的变化。方法　采用前鼻测压法和T&T标准试嗅法对 12 7例慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者鼻气道阻力和嗅觉功能进行测试。结果　①患者鼻气道阻力的增加和嗅觉障碍的程度基本上随临床分期的增高而呈加重的趋势 ;②内镜鼻窦手术后 ,患者的鼻腔通气状况及嗅觉功能得到明显改善 ,总有效率分别为 93 4 % (85 / 91)和71 9% (6 4 / 89) ;③变应性因素是影响术后鼻功能改善的主要原因之一。结论　鼻气道阻力和嗅觉功能测试作为鼻功能的检测手段 ,可广泛的应用于内镜鼻窦手术前后。     

鼻咽癌患者放疗后嗅觉功能及嗅球体积和嗅沟深度的研究

目的　探讨放疗对鼻咽癌患者嗅觉功能以及嗅球体积和嗅沟深度的影响。方法　选取鼻咽癌放疗结束后1年以上的患者（测试组）及无嗅觉减退的健康受试者（对照组）各20例,采用TT嗅觉测试法检查所有受试者的嗅觉功能,并行嗅球体积、嗅沟深度MRI检查。结果  测试组TT嗅觉测试法嗅觉功能评分大于对照组,测试组 平均嗅球体积明显小于对照组。测试组与对照组平均嗅沟深度比较无差异。测试组嗅觉识别阈与嗅球体积呈负相关性（r =-0.641,P <0.05）,与嗅沟深度无关（r =-0.175,P >0.05）。结论　鼻咽癌放疗后嗅觉减退患者,嗅球体积减少,嗅沟深度不变;嗅觉功能与嗅球体积具有相关性,与嗅沟深度无关。     

分鼻侧评估嗅觉功能及单侧嗅觉减退的临床分析

目的 了解嗅觉减退患者左右两侧嗅觉功能损伤程度是否相同.方法 对104例以嗅觉减退为主诉的患者,通过病史采集了解嗅觉减退的相关病史及其现况,耳鼻咽喉科常规检查及鼻窦CT检查排除鼻腔结构异常或仅发生于单侧鼻腔-鼻窦的病变,并分别对左、右鼻侧进行T&T嗅觉计嗅觉识别阈测试,评估患者每侧嗅觉功能.结果 本组104例嗅觉减退患者,90例(86.5％)患者双侧嗅觉功能水平相同,14例(13.5％)患者双侧嗅觉功能水平不同,其中6例患者表现为单侧(左侧或右侧)嗅觉功能正常,而另一侧嗅觉功能减退.14例左右鼻侧嗅觉功能不同的患者,其常规查体及影像学检查均未见明显鼻腔结构异常或发生于单侧鼻腔鼻窦的病变.结论 人类的左、右两个鼻腔分别拥有一个完整的嗅觉传导系统,尽管双侧受损概率相同,但受损程度可不同.单侧嗅觉减退作为嗅觉障碍的一种特殊表现形式,只有通过分鼻侧进行嗅觉功能评估,才能更全面地了解患者的嗅觉功能.     

A case report on congenital anosmia

We report 2 cases of congenital anosmia, in a 13-year-old girl and the other in a 10-year-old boy. They reported having no concept of "smell". The girl has no complications but the boy has congenital microphthalmia and is completely blind. They showed scale-out results on both T & T olfactometry and intravenous Alinamin test. Brain MRI detected hypoplasia or lack of the olfactory bulbs, tracts, and olfactory sulci in the frontal lobe of the brain in both patients. Neither had endocrinal dysfunction. In the boy, we biopsied the nasal mucosa in the olfactory cleft and found it had no olfactory epithelial cells at all. We found MRI to be the most useful imaging for diagnosing congenital olfactory disturbance.     

Is imaging necessary in the evaluation of the patient with an isolated complaint of anosmia?

Imaging studies are often obtained during the evaluation of the patient with an olfactory deficit. The purpose of this article is to describe an investigation that was conducted to assess the effectiveness of imaging studies in determining the etiology of olfactory loss in the patient with an isolated complaint of anosmia and no relevant findings on physical examination, including nasal endoscopy. The author conducted a retrospective review of the records of 20 women and eight men, aged 22 to 71 years (mean: 45), whose duration of anosmia had ranged from 1 month to 2 years (median: 3 mo). Twenty of these patients had undergone contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the paranasal sinuses and brain, and the other eight had undergone enhanced computed tomography. The author found that these imaging studies did not add to the information obtained by the clinical history and endoscopic nasal examination and were thus not useful in determining the cause of anosmia. Based on these findings, the author does not recommend that imaging studies be included as part of the evaluation of these patients.     

Congenital lack of olfactory ability.

Twenty-two patients, all of whom reported never having been able to smell anything, were studied to determine the particular features that distinguish individuals with congenital anosmia. The clinical evaluation on these patients included a thorough medical and chemosensory history, physical examination, nasal endoscopy, chemosensory testing, olfactory biopsies, and imaging studies. There was no evidence to indicate that these patients ever had a sense of smell. The results of olfactory testing suggested that these patients had an inability to detect both olfactory and trigeminal odorants; however, many of the patients in the group seemed to have a slight ability to perceive at least some component of trigeminal odorants. The olfactory epithelium, if it was present at all on biopsy, was abnormal in appearance.     

Congenital arhinia: a case report and functional evaluation

OBJECTIVES: Congenital arhinia is rare clinical entity. An unusual case of congenital arhinia with no surgical treatment is presented. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. METHODS: A 9-year-old with congenital arhinia was referred for treatment of otitis media with effusion. In addition to his undergoing imaging studies since birth, various functional evaluations regarding the nose were performed. Furthermore, the pathogenesis of arhinia is discussed. RESULTS: The imaging workup revealed the absence of nasal bones, the nasal septum, and turbinates, hypoxia of the maxilla, and a high-arched palate. Furthermore, magnetic resonance imaging clearly demonstrated the absence of olfactory bulbs and tracts, resulting in no response with olfactometry. Among the examinations performed, chromosomal analysis, polysomnography, and an intelligence test produced normal results. In the hearing assessment, he had a slight conductive hearing loss. A phonetic examination revealed the typical pattern of rhinophonia clausa. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents congenital arhinia associated with facial anomalies. Because there was no life-threatening complications and normal psychomotor development, the patient could not only be followed up long-term but could also have his nose functionally evaluated. It is highly likely that this case might have been the result of the failure of medial and lateral nasal processes to grow, which was the underlying pathogenesis.     

Intranasal zinc and anosmia: the zinc-induced anosmia syndrome

OBJECTIVE: Commercial preparations of intranasal zinc gluconate gel are marketed as a remedy for the common cold. However, intranasal zinc has been reported as a cause of anosmia in humans and animals. Seventeen patients presenting with anosmia after the use of intranasal zinc gluconate are described. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective case series of patients presenting to a nasal dysfunction clinic and conducted complete history and physical examination on all patients, including nasal endoscopy. All patients underwent detailed odor threshold and identification testing. RESULTS: Threshold and identification testing revealed impaired olfaction in all patients. Inflammatory and traumatic causes of anosmia were excluded based on history, physical examination, and imaging. All patients diagnosed with zinc-induced anosmia or hyposmia reported sniffing deeply when applying the gel. This was followed by an immediate sensation of burning lasting minutes to hours. Loss of sense of smell was then perceived within 48 hours. Seven of 17 patients never developed symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. CONCLUSIONS: The zinc-induced anosmia syndrome, characterized by squirt, sniff, burn, and anosmia, occurs after the exposure of olfactory epithelium to zinc cation. It can be distinguished from postviral anosmia based on history.     

小儿鼻颅底针形内窥镜的检查与手术

目的：探讨应用针形内窥镜对小儿鼻颅底疾病进行探查与手术的方法及疗效。方法：在外径１．９ｍｍ的进口针形内窥镜及电视同图像系统监视下,对８例小儿（７ｄ￣１２岁）鼻颅底有关疾病进行探杳与手术。结果：先天性后鼻孔闭锁３例中,１例好转,３例痊愈。外伤性脑脊液鼻漏１例,经修补痊愈先天性脑膜脑膨出２例,确诊后１例暂缓治疗。另１例行内窥镜手术痊愈。颅底神经母细胞瘤２例取材作病理检查确诊。结论：在电视图像监视下应用     

鼻内镜下联合低温等离子刀切除鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤37例

目的 回顾性分析鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的临床特点,探讨鼻内镜下联合低温等离子刀切除鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的可行性.方法 在鼻内镜下使用低温等离子刀切除37例鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤,根据Krouse分级标准:T1期8例,T2期18例,T3期11例.术后鼻内镜下随访4～10年.结果 37例均在鼻内镜下成功使用低温等离子刀切...     

Sinonasal facial pain

Evaluation of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity in patients with headache and or facial pain must include a thorough medical and social history, with close attention to the pattern and character of the pain, a thorough physical examination that includes a palpation and nasal endoscopy, and imaging studies such as CT scans and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The physician must remember that every pain in the face is not caused by sinusitis.