经胸前入路无注气内镜下甲状腺手术与传统手术创伤比较的随机对照研究

目的 前瞻性随机对照研究经胸前人路的无注气内镜下甲状腺手术与传统甲状腺手术对机体的创伤大小.方法 选择2006年11月至2008年2月中山大学第二附属医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的甲状腺肿物患者采用系统随机化法将患者分为两组,内镜组:25例行经胸前人路的无注气内镜甲状腺手术;传统手术组:22例行传统甲状腺手术.统计分析两组患者围手术期不同时间血中白细胞计数(white blood cell count,WBC)、C反应蛋白(serum C-reative protein,CRP)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平的差异.结果 在术后12,24及48 h 3个时间点,两组间WBC的差异无统计学意义(t值分别为-0.172、1.774、2.039,P＞0.05),CRP的差异无统计学意义(t值分别为-0.927、-1.701、-1.813,P＞0.05),IL-6水平的差异无统计学意义(t值分别为0.098、-2.019、-1.121,P＞0.05).结论 经胸前人路的无注气内镜甲状腺手术对机体的创伤与传统手术相比虽未达到微创的标准,但并不增加对机体的创伤.     

甲状腺双侧腺叶病变单侧胸前人路内镜手术与传统手术对比研究

目的 比较单侧胸前入路内镜手术与传统术式在处理甲状腺双侧腺叶病变方面的优缺点.方法 将2006年6月-2008年3月在中山大学附属第二医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科进行无注气内镜单侧胸前入路甲状腺双侧腺叶手术的患者20例设为内镜组,同期传统手术病例24例作为传统手术组.内镜组病例入选标准:既往无甲状腺等颈部疾病手术病史,无放疗史;结合术前CT和甲状腺功能检查选择考虑为良性肿块性病变.两侧瘤体直径均小于4 cm,其中有一侧的瘤体直径要小于2 cm,位于腺叶的中下部,并且靠近腺体表面.两组比较指标为术式、并发症、手术时间、住院时间、切口美容效果、切口疼痛情况.结果 内镜组和传统手术组病例的年龄和性别相匹配,在住院天数、术后引流量、术后疼痛评分方面差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05),内镜组术中出血量少于传统组、美观性好,但手术时间较长、住院费用较高.随访6个月至2年,两组均无永久性声带麻痹和低钙血症出现,无复发病例.内镜组有1例发生术后皮下血肿;1例发生暂时性声带麻痹,1个月后恢复.两组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(x~2=2.514,P=0.201).结论 无注气内镜单侧胸前人路可以很好地对经选择的甲状腺双侧腺叶的病变进行处理,和传统手术比较,美观效果显著.     

改良内镜下甲状腺手术疗效分析

目的 比较改良的经胸壁乳晕入路内镜下甲状腺手术与传统经胸壁部分乳晕入路甲状腺手术患者的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2002年9月至2012年9月内镜下行甲状腺手术患者480例病历资料,其中2009年9月1日以后,共190例采用改良的经胸壁乳晕入路的内镜下甲状腺手术(改良组),2009年9月1日以前290例行传统的经胸壁部分乳晕入路的内镜下甲状腺手术(传统组).比较两种术式的手术时间、穿刺孔的部位及大小、术中失血量、术后住院时间,并采用视觉模拟评估(visual analog scores,VAS)法对术后疼痛进行评估,术后随访时比较两组并发症发生情况,并进行瘢痕主观美观满意度调查.采用x2检验、t检验和单因素方差对数据进行分析.结果 两组患者术后随访12个月,改良手术组患者穿刺孔为(15.5 ±4.9)mm、对照组为(20.6±7.6)mm(t =2.42,P =0.046)；改良组术中失血量为(16.2±4.5)ml,对照组为(30.5±11.4)ml(t =2.53,P=0.032)；术后第1天疼痛评分改良组和对照组分别为(1.5±0.4)分和(1.0±0.2)分(t=4.68,P=0.020)；术后3个月时随访瘢痕美观满意度(x2=6.20,P＜0.05)；术后胸壁麻木感改良组和对照组分别为0和72.4％(x2=380,P=0.0002);术后出血发生率改良组和对照组分别为0和1.7％ (x2=3.92,P＜0.05)；两组患者在手术时间、术后住院时间、肿瘤复发率差异无统计学意义(P值均＞ 0.05).结论 改良的经胸壁乳晕入路内镜下甲状腺手术是一种安全有效的美容手术.     

经口腔前庭腔镜手术与颈部开放手术治疗甲状腺乳头状癌的临床研究

目的　探讨经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺切除术（endoscopic thyroidectomy using the oral vestibular approach,ETOVA）与传统颈部开放手术治疗女性甲状腺乳头状癌的安全性、有效性及美容效果。方法　回顾性分析2019年1～12月行甲状腺乳头状癌根治术的120例女性患者的临床资料,分为经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺手术组（腔镜组,n=60）和传统颈部开放手术组（开放组,n=60）,对比两组患者术中及术后相关临床资料。结果　两组患者年龄、肿瘤直径、中央区淋巴结清扫时间、中央区淋巴结清扫总数、中央区转移淋巴结数量、术后并发症、术后24 h疼痛评分、术后6个月疼痛评分均无统计学差异（P 均>0.05）。腔镜组手术总时长、术中失血量、术后引流量均大于开放组（P 均<0.001）,腔镜组术后满意度高。结论　ETOVA在治疗甲状腺乳头状癌是安全、有效的,具有更好的美容效果,患者满意度高,可以考虑作为部分患者,尤其是年轻女性甲状腺乳头状癌患者的首选手术方案。     

日间手术模式下内镜辅助低温等离子腺样体消融术的临床探讨

目的 探讨日间手术模式下内镜辅助低温等离子腺样体消融术的可行性和安全性。方法 回顾分析2018年1—12月佛山市第一人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的108例腺样体肥大患者的临床资料，根据住院流程分为日间组65例和住院组43例。日间组于门诊完成各项检查，24 h内完成入院、手术、出院。比较两组患者手术情况（手术时间、出血量）、围手术期并发症（术后疼痛、发热、出血）和住院相关指标（术前等待时间、住院时间、住院总费用、西药费）。结果 日间组65例患者均顺利完成手术，日间组和住院组的手术时间分别为（6.9±2.3） min和（7.5±2.8） min，出血量分别为（5.2±3.6） mL和（5.5±2.4） mL，组间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。日间组3例出现术后发热、无术后出血、平均疼痛指数评分为（1.6±0.5）分；住院组6例出现术后发热、无术后出血、平均疼痛指数评分为（2.1±1.1）分，组间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。日间组和住院组临床疗效分别是96.9%（63/65）和95.3%（41/43），两组差异无统计学意义（P=0.935）。日间组术前等待时间和住院时间分别为（1.2±0.6） h和（10.5±2.8） h，较住院组术前等待时间（21.5±5.8） h和住院时间（76.2±12.5） h均明显缩短（P<0.001）。日间组住院总费用和西药费分别是（9 629.1±206.8）元和（650.4±54.3）元，亦较住院组住院总费用（11 672.7±1 016.2）元和西药费（779.5±103.9）元明显减少，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 日间手术模式下开展内镜辅助低温等离子腺样体消融术是安全、有效的，与住院手术相比可大大缩短术前等待时间和住院时间，降低住院费用，有助于减少医疗资源的消耗，加快病房运行效率。     

经胸骨前径路内镜下甲状腺切除术的临床应用

目的探讨经胸骨前径路内镜下甲状腺切除术的可行性及美容效果。方法采用经胸骨前径路颈部无瘢痕内镜甲状腺切除术(scalles sendoscopic thyroidectomy，SET)对各种甲状腺疾病手术治疗。结果20例成功施行了经胸骨前径路内镜甲状腺切除术，1例术中转为常规手术。平均手术时间145分钟，无手术相关的并发症，颈部不留瘢痕，术后平均住院时间4．2天。结论经胸骨前径路内镜甲状腺切除术是安全、有效、可行的。颈部无瘢痕，具有极佳的美容效果，满足了患者对治疗与美容一体化的要求。     

血管内皮生长因子在鼻咽癌组织中的表达及其与淋巴转移的关系

目的检测鼻咽癌中血管内皮生成因子c（VEGF-C）的表达及微淋巴管密度（microlymphatic vessel density，MLVD），探讨鼻咽癌淋巴管生成及淋巴转移之间的关系。方法采用免疫组化sP法检测58例鼻咽癌和20例鼻咽部炎性反应组织中VEGF—C的表达情况，并用淋巴管内皮细胞特异性抗体LYVE-1行免疫组化染色，计数肿瘤内MLVD，并结合临床病理特征进行分析。结果鼻咽癌组和炎性反应对照组VEGF．C的阳性表达率分别为84．5％（49／58）和15．0％（3／20），差异有统计学意义（x。：32．309，P〈0．01）。鼻咽癌组织MLVD为（28．6&#177;6．2）个／视野，鼻咽炎性反应组为（10．5&#177;3．0）个／视野，两组差异有统计学意义（t=12．491，P〈0．01）。鼻咽癌组织中，有淋巴转移组VEGF．C阳性表达率（87．8％）明显高于无淋巴转移组（76．5％）；有淋巴转移组MLVD（30．2&#177;6．4）个／视野高于无淋巴转移组（24．8&#177;3．6）个／视野，经统计学分析，差异均有统计学意义（t=3．259，P〈0．01）。VEGF—C的表达与MLVD（t=3．512，P〈0．01）、淋巴转移（χ^2=7．715，P〈0．01）、临床分期（χ^2=4．250，P〈0．05），与病理分化程度无关（χ^2=0．000，P〉0．05）。VEGF-C的表达与MLVD（t=3．512，P〈0．01）、淋巴转移（χ^2=7．715，P〈0．01，r=0．712）、临床分期（χ^2=4．250，P〈0．05，r=0．481）相关，与病理分化程度无关（χ^2=0．000，P〉0．05）。结论在鼻咽癌组织中VEGF-C呈高表达，VEGF-C表达与鼻咽癌组织MLVD、淋巴转移、临床分期密切相关。VEGF-C可能参与了鼻咽癌发生、浸润和转移的过程。VEGF-C与肿瘤组织微淋巴管密切相关，在鼻咽癌发展过程中起重要作用，可能成为抗肿瘤治疗的潜在靶点。     

胸骨上小切口无注气内镜甲状腺手术的临床体会

目的 总结胸骨上小切口无注气内镜甲状腺手术在美容效果、手术适应证、安全性等方面的临床体会。方法 以Miccoli术式为基本框架,采用自行设计的悬吊拉钩及固定横杆建立手术空间,用高频超声刀作为切割和止血工具,对51例结节性甲状腺肿患者和1例甲状腺乳头状癌患者行全内镜下手术治疗。结果 全部手术顺利完成,无1例因术中或术后出血而改为开放式操作,除1例恶性病例出现暂时性喉返神经麻痹外,其余均无喉返神经损伤。结论 胸骨上小切口无注气内镜甲状腺手术切口小,创伤小,恢复快,具有良好的美容效果和安全性,并发症少,可操作性强,具有广泛的推广前景。     

鼻用糖皮质激素治疗慢性鼻窦炎的鼻窦CT观察

目的采用影像学方法评价鼻用糖皮质激素治疗慢性鼻窦炎（不合并鼻息肉）的疗效。方法慢性鼻窦炎患者24例（42侧），其中青少年患者11例（20侧），平均（x^-±s，下同）年龄（11．8±3．2）岁；成年患者13例（22侧），平均（36．7±11．0）岁。患者接受鼻用糖皮质激素（布地奈德鼻喷雾剂）治疗，成年和青少年患者的药物剂量分别为256μg／d和128μg／d，平均疗程分别为（7．5±3．2）周和（7．0±3．4）周。采用Lund-Mackay评分方法，在治疗前后分别对患者鼻窦CT进行评分（Lund得分），同时记录患者主诉鼻部症状改善情况。结果①治疗后，成年患者的平均Lund得分为6．5±7．5，显著低于治疗前（12．2±5．7，t=3．82，P〈0．01）；青少年患者的平均Lund得分治疗后为2．6±3．7，显著低于治疗前（10．3±5．7，t=5．08，P〈0．01）。成年患者中5例（38％）达到影像学治愈标准，好转7例（54％），无效1例（8％）；青少年患者中8例（73％）达到影像学治愈标准，好转3例（27％），两组疗效差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。②鼻用糖皮质激素对成年慢性前组筛窦炎治愈率最高（47％），对慢性后组筛窦炎治愈率最低（38％）；药物对青少年慢性前、后组筛窦炎和慢性蝶窦炎的疗效优于成年患者。③成年患者的主观疗效与治疗前Lund得分呈正相关关系（r=0．676．P〈0．05），即治疗前Lund得分越高，主观疗效越差。青少年患者的主观疗效，与治疗前Lund得分无相关关系（P〉0．05）。结论鼻用糖皮质激素可有效治疗慢性鼻窦炎，部分患者可以达到影像学上的治愈标准。     

经胸骨前径路内镜下甲状腺切除术的临床应用

目的 探讨经胸骨前径路内镜下甲状腺切除术的可行性及美容效果。方法 采用经胸骨前径路颈部无瘢痕内镜甲状腺切除术(scarless endoscopic thyroidectomy,SET)对各种甲状腺疾病手术治疗。结果 20例成功施行了经胸骨前径路内镜甲状腺切除术,1例术中转为常规手术。平均手术时间145分钟,无手术相关的并发症,颈部不留瘢痕,术后平均住院时间4.2天。结论 经胸骨前径路内镜甲状腺切除术是安全、有效、可行的。颈部无瘢痕,具有极佳的美容效果,满足了患者对治疗与美容一体化的要求。     

无注气甲状腺内镜外科手术

目的初步评价无注气的内镜甲状腺外科手术的可行性。方法对16例甲状腺肿物的患者分别采用颈前悬吊方法和胸骨柄上方2～3cm水平切口进行甲状腺内镜外科手术，年龄23～2岁，其中甲状腺瘤6例，结节性甲状腺肿10例。2例采用锁骨下人路，14例采用胸骨柄上小切口人各，全部内镜下完成甲状腺手术，其中甲状腺腺叶切除术8例，甲状腺次全切除术7例，峡部加双侧腺十部分切除术1例。结果内镜下利于显露和识别喉返神经和甲状旁腺，手术时间为1．1～4．0h，无并发症，术后的美观效果好。结论无注气内镜下甲状腺外科手术技术是可行和安全的，可作为甲状泉外科的一种新术式。     

Cosmetic thyroid surgery: defining the essential principles

OBJECTIVES: Minimally invasive thyroid surgery is rapidly becoming a common approach in busy endocrine surgery practices. The surgical concepts necessarily include a number of principles found within the realm of plastic surgery. DESIGN: The study was a prospective, nonrandomized analysis of a consecutive series of thyroid surgical patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS: All patients who underwent thyroid surgery at the Medical College of Georgia in the Department of Otolaryngology were prospectively evaluated. Recommendations for endoscopic thyroidectomy, minimally invasive nonendoscopic thyroidectomy (MINET), or conventional thyroid surgery were based on patient and disease parameters as previously described. Specific factors contributing to improved cosmetic outcomes were sought. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-eight patients underwent thyroidectomy between September 2003 and June 2006. There were 50 males and 198 females, with a mean age of 44.9 +/- 14.6 years. Seventy-seven (31.0%) patients underwent conventional thyroidectomy (group A), 120 (48.4%) patients had MINET (group B), and the remaining 51 (20.6%) patients underwent thyroidectomy with an endoscopic technique (Group C). Incision lengths were 92.4 +/- 22.3 mm in Group A, 46.4 +/- 9.9 mm in Group B, and 24.3 +/- 5.9 mm in Group C. The factors that contributed most to an optimal cosmetic result were marking the patient while he or she was sitting up prior to surgery, resecting skin edges during closure, avoidance of subplatysmal flap elevation and drains, and use of Dermabond. CONCLUSIONS: Achieving an optimal cosmetic result when performing thyroid surgery is easiest when oneapplies a number of principles, including elements normally associated with plastic surgery.     

Use of skin staplers in head and neck surgery: prospective clinical study

OBJECTIVE: To compare the advantages and disadvantages of skin staplers versus conventional sutures in head and neck surgery. SUBJECTS: Fifty consecutive patients who underwent extensive surgery in the head and neck area were included in this prospective trial. METHODS: Patients were randomized into two equal groups: one group had their wounds closed with staplers and the other with monofilament sutures. The main outcome measures were speed of suturing, wound healing and cosmetic result, complications, and cost of either method. RESULTS: Cosmetic results were good in both groups. Neither group had any complications. Wound closure speed was 18.9 +/- 1.4 cm/min when using skin staplers and 1.9 +/- 0.4 cm/min for conventional suturing (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Skin staplers significantly reduce wound closure time and yield similar cosmetic results with no complications and with only a slightly higher cost of suturing material.     

Minimally invasive thyroidectomy using the Sofferman technique

OBJECTIVES: Access to the thyroid compartment has traditionally been achieved by a Kocher incision followed by subplatysmal flap elevation and strap muscle retraction. A combination of novel access techniques was used to allow for minimally invasive thyroidectomy (MITh). METHODS AND MATERIALS: A prospective, nonrandomized evaluation of consecutive patients undergoing thyroidectomy was performed. A minimally invasive incision (< or =6 cm) was used in conjunction with the Sofferman technique (transection of the strap muscles) and videoendoscopic assistance to perform hemithyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy in eligible patients. Prospectively collected data include age, sex, pathology, incision length, duration of surgery, and blood loss and complications were considered. RESULTS: Forty-four patients underwent 48 thyroid surgeries between September 2003 and May 2004. There were 13 men and 31 women, with a mean age of 41.9 (range 19-73) years. Thirty-one (64.6%) of these were eligible to be performed by MITh; the remainder (n = 17, 35.4%) underwent conventional thyroidectomy. The mean incision length in the MITh cohort was 4.9 +/- 1.0 cm compared with 9.1 +/- 1.5 cm for conventional thyroidectomy. The mean surgical time for minimally invasive hemithyroidectomy was 115.7 minutes (n = 23), and for total thyroidectomy was 147.4 minutes (n = 8). There were no cases of permanent hypocalcemia or recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis in either group. No patients in the MITh group had to be converted to a conventional thyroidectomy. The cosmetic results were excellent, although one patient in the MITh group developed a mildly hypertrophic scar that responded to triamcinolone injection. CONCLUSIONS: MITh is safe in carefully selected patients and probably results in more rapid wound healing. The cosmetic result is superior to that achieved with conventional thyroidectomy.     

无注气甲状腺内镜外科手术

目的 初步评价无注气的内镜甲状腺外科手术的可行性。方法 对16例甲状腺肿物的患者分别采用颈前悬吊方法和胸骨柄上方2-3 cm水平切口进行甲状腺内镜外科手术,年龄23-62岁,其中甲状腺瘤6例,结节性甲状腺肿10例。2例采用锁骨下入路,14例采用胸骨柄上小切口入路,全部内镜下完成甲状腺手术,其中甲状腺腺叶切除术8例,甲状腺次全切除术7例,峡部加双侧腺叶部分切除术1例。结果 内镜下利于显露和识别喉返神经和甲状旁腺,手术时间为1.1-4.0 h,无并发症,术后的美观效果好。结论 无注气内镜下甲状腺外科手术技术是可行和安全的,可作为甲状腺外科的一种新术式。     

Prospective evaluation of endoscopic approaches to the thyroid compartment

OBJECTIVE: To compare a number of endoscopic approaches to the thyroid compartment. DESIGN: Prospective, nonrandomized, experimental investigation in a porcine model. METHODS: We performed a consecutive series of 13 endoscopic thyroidectomies using 5 distinct approaches. The procedures differed by the direction of the approach, incision placement, and use of facilitative maneuvers. The parameters assessed included procedure duration, estimated blood loss, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, oxygen saturation, and arterial blood gas levels. The thyroid specimens were weighed and examined histologically. RESULTS: Four of the endoscopic approaches were successfully used for resection of the thyroid (12 of 13 animals). The mean operative times were as follows: superior approach (n = 4), 47 +/- 14.6 minutes; lateral axillary approach (n = 4), 67 +/- 11.8 minutes; and superficial axillary (n = 3), 67.7 +/- 22.3 minutes. The one axillary approach took 84 minutes. The precordial approach (n = 1) lasted 47 minutes and then required open conversion. The overall median estimated blood loss was 0 (range 0-100) mL. The mean change in blood pressure and pH from the beginning to the end of the procedure was -0.5 +/- 24.1 mm Hg and 0.16 +/- 0.07, respectively. The thyroid glands weighed 4.3 +/- 0.9 g and had normal glandular architecture with no evidence of significant tissue trauma or thermal injury. There were no cases of pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, or air embolism. CONCLUSION: A number of approaches to the thyroid compartment are conceivable. The superior approach proved to be the fastest and easiest, whereas the lateral axillary and superficial axillary were the best approaches from a cosmetic and clinical standpoint.     

超声刀在内镜下甲状腺手术中的应用价值

目的 通过临床对照研究,评价超声刀在内镜下甲状腺手术中的应用价值.方法 2002年9月～2005年4月,分别采用钛夹和超声刀经胸骨切迹小切口进行内镜下甲状腺次全切除术和腺叶切除术35例.结果 超声刀组、钛夹组和传统组三组间病例具有类似的年龄与性别,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).三组间肿瘤直径大小差异无显著性(P＞0.05).平均手术时间,钛夹组长于超声刀组与传统组,差异有显著性(P值分别为0.003和0.001,均小于0.05),而超声刀组与传统组相比,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).出血量超声刀组少于钛夹组和传统组,差异有显著性(P=0.001,均小于0.05).结论 超声刀是一种适用于内镜下甲状腺手术的新型外科工具,不仅能提高手术的安全性,减少出血,还可大幅度降低手术操作难度,缩短手术时间,值得推广应用.     

Surgical robotic applications in otolaryngology

OBJECTIVES: To explore the feasibility of performing endo-robotic neck surgery in a porcine model and to compare the results of robotically enhanced endoscopic surgery with those from a conventional endoscopic technique. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, nonrandomized experimental investigation in a porcine model. METHODS: We performed a consecutive series of endoscopic neck surgeries using the daVinci surgical system (Intuitive Surgical Inc.). The length of time required to establish the operative pocket and to assemble the robotic components, as well as the total duration of each operation, was recorded. The animals were continuously monitored for heart rate, blood pressure, and end-tidal CO(2) pressure, and evaluation for presence of pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema was undertaken postoperatively. The specimens were examined histologically. RESULTS: Four different types of neck surgery were successfully performed on both sides of the neck of four animals using the daVinci surgical system. Creation of the operative pocket took, on average (+/-SD), 18.1 +/- 11.9 minutes, and assembly of the robot required 12.5 +/- 9.9 minutes, resulting in a mean preparation time for all procedures of 30.6 +/- 21.0 minutes. The mean operative time for submandibular resection (n = 3) was 19.0 +/- 6.6 minutes, with a total procedure time of 39.0 +/- 10.2 minutes. Selective neck dissections (n = 3) required a mean operative time of 66.0 +/- 18.5 minutes and a total procedure time of 85.7 +/- 16.7 minutes. One partial parotidectomy and one thymectomy were also performed. The median estimated blood loss was 0 mL (range, 0-10 mL). The end-tidal CO(2) pressure fell from the start to the end of the procedures by a mean of 4.4 +/- 7.9 mm Hg. The blood pressure fell by a mean of 1.9 +/- 7.5 mm Hg. There was one case of modest subcutaneous emphysema, and there were no cases of pneumothorax or air embolism. No conversions to open resection were necessary. CONCLUSIONS: Robotically enhanced endoscopic surgery in the neck is feasible and offers a number of compelling advantages over conventional endoscopic neck surgery. Clinical trials will be necessary to determine whether these advantages can be achieved in clinical practice.