腓肠肌血管在小腿严重创伤感染性皮肤缺损游离皮瓣移植中的应用研究

目的 探讨腓肠肌血管作为受区血管供养游离皮瓣的临床应用价值. 方法 2005年6月至2011年7月,观察20侧成人下肢标本腓肠肌血管的起始、走行、分支、吻合情况,测量其外径和血管蒂长度,进行手术模拟.通过16侧新鲜成人下肢标本CT影像资料观察一侧血管结扎后对腓肠肌血供影响.以腓肠肌血管供血的小腿严重创伤游离皮瓣移植52例,其中男47例,女5例.年龄23～47岁,平均27岁.结果 腓肠肌主要由腓肠内、外侧血管保证血供.腓肠内侧、外侧动脉由腘动脉发出后在腓肠肌深面入肌.腓肠内侧动脉血管蒂长度为8.0 ～ 13.8 cm,平均11.1 cm,动脉外径在入肌处为(1.8±0.3) mm.腓肠外侧动脉血管蒂长度为5.4～12.3 cm,平均8.8 cm.腓肠内、外侧动脉的伴行静脉均为2支,入肌点处外径(2.0±0.4) mm.结扎一侧腓肠动脉后,该侧腓肠肌可以通过交通支获得足够的血液供应.52例游离组织瓣移植全部成活.随访1～2年,患肢创面愈合好,无感染复发,膝关节屈伸活动未受影响. 结论 腓肠肌内、外侧血管蒂长,口径较粗,作为伤肢受区血管用于游离皮瓣移植,对伤肢血供影响小,临床应用可靠,大大简化了手术.     

游离股后侧穿支动脉皮瓣的解剖学研究及临床应用

目的 通过研究股后侧区的穿支动脉解剖特点和分布规律,设计切取以该区域穿支血管为蒂的游离皮瓣. 方法 利用新鲜尸体8具乳胶加铅灌注标本对股后侧区域内血管解剖结构尤其是穿支血管走行及分布进行研究,筛选口径、长度及走行适合做吻合血管蒂的穿支.临床上实际应用7例,均为穿支游离皮瓣,皮瓣大小:3 cm×8 cm～8 cm×16 cm,第一穿动脉皮瓣3例,第二穿动脉皮瓣2例,第三穿动脉皮瓣1例,第一穿动脉上无名穿支皮瓣1例. 结果 解剖研究发现,该区域适合做游离皮瓣的穿支有4～5条,平均外径0.4～2.8 mm;平均长度2.2 ～9.0 cm.7例穿支皮瓣均成活,随访5～11个月,穿支皮瓣修复创面后皮肤弹性好,皮瓣薄,外形美观. 结论 股后侧区的穿动脉分布较多、口径长度适宜,以该区域设计切取穿支血管游离皮瓣部位隐蔽、可直接缝合供区,临床应用效果满意.     

股前外侧区穿支动脉的形态学研究及皮瓣设计

目的探讨以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的皮瓣设计方法，以便增加术前多普勒定位的准确性。方法6具动脉灌注明胶-氧化铅混悬液的新鲜成人整尸标本，解剖观测股前外侧区穿支，通过血管造影术和拍摄X线片测量其直径、行程、分支和定位。用3D—doctor和Scion Image软件分别测量穿支供血的趋向性、三维重建和单穿支供血面积。结果股前外侧区共有外径大于0．5mm穿支16支，平均外径0．8mm，平均供血面积45．61cm^2，其中20％为肌间隙穿支，80％为肌皮穿支。平均蒂长为（3．15±1．43）cm。自旋股外侧动脉降支发出的穿支在浅筋膜中的平均长度为2．63cm。结论改良的氧化铅-明胶灌注技术可以为皮动脉和穿支皮瓣的研究提供高质量的血管造影图像。本研究发现股前外侧单穿支皮瓣的最大供血面积是30cm×20cm。以股前外侧区穿支设计的穿支皮瓣可以移植到下肢或身体其他部位。     

足底内侧皮瓣的应用解剖及修复足跟组织缺损的临床应用

目的 报道带神经血管蒂足底内侧皮瓣的解剖特点及修复足跟缺损的应用效果.方法 10具成年人体标本(20侧下肢),解剖观测其足底内侧动脉起源、分支、走行和分布以及该皮瓣的支配神经情况.临床应用带神经血管蒂足底内侧皮瓣修复同侧及对侧足跟皮肤缺损8例,供区植皮.结果 足底内侧动脉深支平均长度(8.9±0.2)cm,3～5条皮支.足底内侧神经的分支5～8支.它包含分布足底皮肤直接皮支3～5支和分布足趾皮肤的趾底固有神经2～4支.8例共用8个皮瓣.皮瓣大小为4 cm×3 cm～5 cm×6 cm,6例带蒂转移修复,2例游离移植.8个皮瓣完全成活,所有病例获随访1个月～1年,皮瓣功能、外形良好.结论 足底内侧皮瓣解剖变异少,血供可靠,不牺牲主要血管,转移后能恢复较好的感觉,是修复足跟皮肤缺损的理想皮瓣     

腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管长轴皮瓣的应用解剖及其临床应用

目的 报道吻合血管的腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管长轴皮瓣的应用解剖及其临床应用效果.方法 10侧下肢标本采用有色乳胶经腘动脉灌注,解剖观测腓动脉穿支血管的分布、走行及管径,寻找适合用于吻合血管的穿支血管.2007年4月至2010年1月,采用吻合血管的腓动脉穿支蒂腓神经营养血管长轴皮瓣游离移植修复前臂及手部大面积软组织缺损6例.缺损范围15 cm × 6 cm～45cm×10 cm.皮瓣面积为16 cm×8 cm～30 cm×10 cm,血管蒂长4～6 cm.结果 腓动脉沿途平均发出5.3支穿支血管,在腓骨中下1/3交界处存在恒定的适合用于吻合血管的穿支血管,血管外径为(1.21±0.13)mm,血管蒂长(4.6±0.8)cm.6例皮瓣完全存活,随访3～12个月,皮瓣质地优良,外形与功能恢复满意.结论 以腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓肠神经营养血管长轴皮瓣切取范围大,穿支血管蒂长,管径适中,血供可靠,对小腿功能影响小,是临床修复前臂及手部大面积软组织缺损的良好选择.     

耳后动脉在乳突区分支的解剖学研究

目的研究耳后动脉在乳突区血管分支的走行、管径、分布、变异，以及对于乳突区筋膜的血供范围。方法本组样本共10具尸体（20例）耳后动脉标本。其中，10例新鲜尸体的耳标本进行耳后动脉红色乳胶灌注固定后，解剖观察血管分布；10例陈旧尸体耳标本直接行解剖观测。结果耳后动脉在乳突区有上支、中支和下支支配耳后乳突区皮肤及筋膜的血供。其中。20例标本中支和下支均可见，15例标本存在上支。耳后动脉支配的耳后筋膜宽度为5．5～7cm，长度为8～9．6cm。结论耳后动脉在乳突区的分支为耳后筋膜提供了可靠的血供，耳后筋膜可利用的范围可以满足颅耳角成形术中对于筋膜的需求。     

肩胛上血管肩峰支肩胛冈骨瓣的应用解剖学研究

目的为带血管蒂肩胛冈骨瓣的临床应用提供应用解剖学基础.方法在40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体标本上,解剖观测肩胛上血管肩峰支的走行、分支及分布;另在4侧标本上摹拟手术设计.结果肩峰支自肩胛上动脉背段发出后,向外走行于斜方肌、冈上肌之间,穿斜方肌在肩峰处的附着点达肩峰,并与胸肩峰动脉的肩峰支吻合构成肩峰动脉网.肩峰支长度为(4.6±1.1)cm、外径(1.7±0.4)mm,其主要分支肩胛冈支外径(0.8±0.1)mm、长度(2.0±0.5)cm.结论以肩胛上血管肩峰支为蒂的肩胛冈外侧段骨瓣移植术具有可行性.     

腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣小隐静脉的应用解剖

目的研究腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣小隐静脉营养血管的来源。方法30侧动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,以外踝尖为观测指标点,在其上10cm范围内,显微解剖观测远端蒂中的小隐静脉营养血管来源、分布与皮肤血管的关系,以及小隐静脉浅深交通支。结果由远及近,远端蒂部的小隐静脉营养血管来源于跟外侧动脉穿支、外踝后动脉穿支和腓动脉肌间隔穿支。上述动脉穿支2～5支,外径0.6～1.0mm,发深筋膜支、神经静脉营养支和皮支,形成深浅筋膜血管网、腓肠神经干血管链、小隐静脉旁血管链以及静脉壁血管网。小隐静脉浅深交通支1～2支,外径1.7±0.5mm,距外踝尖上3.4±0.9cm,汇入腓静脉。结论远端蒂的腓肠神经、小隐静脉筋膜及皮肤的营养血管同源。外踝尖上3～4cm处存在小隐静脉浅深交通支,远端蒂皮瓣旋转点设计于此处,有助于改善皮瓣静脉回流。     

跗外侧动脉蒂小腿前外侧皮瓣的解剖基础与临床应用

目的 探讨跗外侧动脉蒂小腿前外侧皮瓣的解剖特点,以及修复足前部缺损的可行性.方法取20条经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢尸体标本,解剖观察其跗外侧动脉、腓动脉外踝上穿支、腓浅动脉等血管的分支、走行和吻合.据此设计跗外侧动脉蒂小腿前外侧皮瓣,对8例足前部组织缺损患者进行带蒂皮瓣转移修复.足背皮肤软组织缺损5例,足底皮肤软组织缺损3例.足前部缺损范围5 cm×4 cm ～ 9 cm×5 cm.供区游离植皮或直接缝合.跗外侧动脉、腓动脉穿支、胫前动脉穿支、腓浅动脉相互吻合,在足外侧、外踝前、小腿前外侧形成一条纵行血管轴.皮瓣范围6 cm×4 cm ～ 10 cm×6 cm.结果 术后8块皮瓣全部成活.所有患者均获随访,随访6～12个月,平均8个月,皮瓣色泽、质地、外形良好,皮瓣无溃疡发生.患者能自由行走.结论 以跗外侧动脉为蒂切取小腿前外侧皮瓣,皮瓣血运可靠,血管蒂长,可修复足前部任何区域,供区损伤小.     

第二跗跖部分关节移植重建拇腕掌关节的应用解剖

目的 为第二跗跖部分关节移植重建拇腕掌关节提供解剖学基础。方法 30侧红色乳胶灌注的成人下肢标本，解剖观测第二跗跖关节背侧血供起源、走行、分支分布及吻合。结果 第二跗跖关节有明显的多源性供血特点，其背侧血供源于以下动脉：足背动脉2～6支，第一跖背动脉1～3支，第二跖背动脉3～6支，弓状动脉3～7支，跗外侧动脉2～5支。上述动脉的骨膜支外径在0．1～1.0mm之间，在第二跗跖关节周围吻合成骨膜动脉网。结论 吻合血管的第二跗跖部分关节移植的设计具有可行性，依据血管的分布规律，可设计4种不同血管蒂的第二跗跖部分关节移植，用于重建拇腕掌关节。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.