深圳口岸出入境人员HIV感染者的流行病学调查

目的了解深圳口岸出入境人员HIV感染的特点,为口岸艾滋病监测工作以及加强对艾滋病高危人群的行为干预提供科学依据。方法初筛试验采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、明胶颗粒凝集试验(PA法)、胶体硒法;阳性标本采用免疫蛋白印迹法(WB)确认。对HIV抗体确认阳性者进行流行病学调查,并对流行病学调查资料进行统计分析。结果2002-2005年共对229 969名出入境人员进行艾滋病血清学检测,检出HIV抗体阳性者28例,总检出率为0．12‰。28例HIV感染者中外籍人员占60．7％,感染率为0．4‰;30-39岁为高发年龄组,占42．9％;男性感染者明显高于女性感染者;未婚感染者高于已婚感染者;从职业分布看技术人员、商务人员和驾驶员比例最大;并且以不洁性行为为主要传播方式。结论中国艾滋病传入的风险高于传出的风险。应加强口岸高危人群的艾滋病监测力度,加强对出入境人员艾滋病防治知识的宣传教育和行为干预,防止艾滋病在国际间的传播。     

福建口岸艾滋病流行状况分析与应对策略研究

〔目的〕了解福建口岸艾滋病流行状况和趋势,为制定预防与控制措施提供依据。〔方法〕对1991￣2005年福建口岸地区艾滋病监测资料进行统计分析,对119例艾滋病感染者进行流行病学调查。〔结果〕福建口岸地区HIV流行近年来呈上升趋势;HIV感染者以回国劳务人员和交通员工为主;入境人群高于出境人群和境内人群;以异性接触为主要传播途径。〔结论〕福建口岸地区艾滋病流行速度明显加快,必须加强对口岸出入境人员的艾滋病监测、健康教育和行为干预,防止艾滋病从高危人群向一般人群传播。     

福州空港口岸出入境人员HIV监测结果分析

〔目的〕通过对5年多来福州空港口岸出入境人员HIV抗体检测结果的分析,了解福州空港口岸出入境人员HIV感染情况,为福州空港口岸艾滋病监测工作提供科学依据。〔方法〕对福州空港口岸2001年1月￣2006年1月间19956名出入境人员进行HIV快速抗体检测,阳性标本进行初筛,初筛阳性标本再进行确认试验。〔结果〕检出8例HIV感染者,感染率为0.40‰;男性感染者居多,占75.00%;职业分布商人和出国劳务人员各占50.00%;地区分布主要是南部非洲国家,占62.50%,东南亚国家占25.00%,中东国家占12.50%;感染途径主要为性传播。〔结论〕监测结果提示来自南部非洲、东南亚、和中东国家的中青年商务人员和出国劳务人员为口岸HIV监测的重点人群,要加强对他们的健康教育和实施预防干预措施,防止艾滋病在国内的传播蔓延。     

浙江口岸出入境人员HIV感染监测结果的流行病学分析

〔目的〕探索浙江口岸出入境人员中HIV感染的流行状况和趋势,为艾滋病的口岸监督与控制提供依据。〔方法〕收集1988—2007年浙江口岸艾滋病监测资料,进行统计学分析,并对HIV抗体阳性者进行流行病学调查。〔结果〕浙江口岸20年共检出HIV感染者107例,总检出率为0.18‰;以中青年男性为主;男女性别比为4.35：1;3/4以上是已婚者;以商务、劳务人员和船员居多;异性性接触为主要传播途径。〔结论〕浙江口岸HIV感染的流行状况依然严峻,必须加强对重点人群的监测与干预,防止艾滋病从高危人群向普通人群传播。     

福州口岸出入境人员HIV感染者流行病学调查

目的了解福州口岸出入境人员HIV感染特点、流行状况和趋势,为加强口岸艾滋病监测工作提供依据。方法用ELISA方法对2013—2016年福州口岸出入境人员进行HIV抗体检测,用免疫印迹法确认,对确认阳性者进行流行病学调查。结果 2013—2016年,对福州口岸的38 444名出入境人员进行HIV抗体检测,确认阳性26例,总检出率为0.68‰;外国籍人员感染率为0.82‰;20~39岁为高发年龄组,占65.4%;男性感染率明显高于女性,未婚者高于已婚者;劳务人员、交通员工和学生所占比例较高;不洁性行为是感染者的主要传播途径。结论 HIV感染者呈年轻化趋势,性传播成为最主要传播途径,应加强对出人境人员的艾滋病监测、健康教育和行为干预。     

乌鲁木齐口岸出入境人员70例HIV感染者的流行病学调查

〔目的〕了解乌鲁木齐口岸出入境人员中HIV流行的现状和传播途径,以便提出防治建议。〔方法〕对2002￣2005年乌鲁木齐口岸出入境人员传染病监测体检中发现的70例HIV感染者进行流行病学调查分析。〔结果〕乌鲁木齐口岸地区HIV流行近年来呈上升趋势,感染者以青壮年为主,男性多于女性,传染途径以性接触为主,同时通过吸毒途径传播的危害不容忽视。〔结论〕必须加强对口岸高危人群和吸毒人群的HIV监测与健康教育以及行为干预措施研究,加强对HIV流行的综合防治能力,防止艾滋病在出入境人员中传播,保护人体健康。     

伊犁口岸1997～2001年出入境人员HIV感染监测结果分析

〔目的〕掌握伊犁口岸出入境人员中HIV感染情况。〔方法〕建立HIV初筛实验室,对1997～2001年8月经伊犁口岸出入境的人员实施HIV感染情况监测。〔结果〕共监测出入境人员18378人次,检出HIV感染者26例,感染率为1.42‰。在检出的26例感染者中,男性占96.15％,女性占3.85％;从年龄分布来看,20～30岁年龄组人员所占比例最高,为88.46％;从职业分布来看,个体商贩占92.31％,居第1位;感染者中有20例为伊宁市人,占总例数的76.92％,感染者全部为少数民族。〔结论〕从流行病学调查结果来看,静脉吸毒人员是HIV感染的高危人群;家庭中预防和控制艾滋病是一个值得研究的课题;出入境检验检疫机关应加强对出入境人员的HIV感染情况的监测,防止艾滋病的传入传出。     

云南口岸1623例出入境人员HIV感染者分析

〔目的〕了解云南口岸出入境人员HIV感染的流行分布情况及趋势,为艾滋病监测工作提供科学依据。〔方法〕对云南口岸2000～2006年1623例出入境人员HIV抗体阳性者的资料进行统计分析。〔结果〕云南口岸出入境人员中HIV感染者的数量呈逐年上升趋势;HIV感染者以瑞丽口岸检出的较多,占感染者总数的51.32%;从国籍分布来看,以外国人为主,外国人中缅甸籍人员最多,占64.51%;感染者中,男性多于女性,男性占79.67%;年龄以青壮年较多,20～49岁年龄段占92.91%;职业分布以驾驶员最高,占45.22%,其次是商务人员。〔结论〕驾驶员、商务人员是云南口岸出入境人员中HIV感染的高危人群,必须加强重点监测。     

云南国境口岸98例HIV感染者检测结果分析

〔目的〕对2001年云南各国境口岸艾滋病监测工作进行总结,以了解云南国境口岸艾滋病流行规律。〔方法〕对2001年云南各国境口岸检测出的98例艾滋病感染者进行流行病学调查。〔结果〕云南国境口岸HIV感染者的流行分布相当广泛;HIV感染者主要集中于性活跃人群,男性多于女性,在职业分布上,以边民、劳务人员为主,外籍人员HIV感染率显著高于中国籍人员,入境人群HIV感染率高于出境人群。〔结论〕云南省面临着输入性艾滋病病例传入后艾滋病大流行的危险,出入境检验检疫部门应加强对高危人群的监测。     

从边贸人员中检出首例HIV感染者的报告

〔目的〕了解艾滋病在广西边贸经商人员中的流行情况。〔方法〕对2001年9月10日在出入境人员健康体检中发现的1例HIV感染者进行了血清学检测和流行病学调查。〔结果〕采用免疫层析法进行初筛试验和采用蛋白印迹法进行确认试验,结果HIV-1抗体均为阳性。经流行病学调查和对其夫进行血清学检测,确认其夫也为HIV感染者。〔结论〕出入境检验检疫机关应将在艾滋病高发边境地区从事边贸经商人员做为艾滋病的重点监测人群,加强对该人群预防艾滋病知识的宣传教育工作。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.