肘外侧小切口手术治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折

目的探讨采用肘外侧小切口手术治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的疗效。方法对105例儿童肱骨髁上骨折采用肘外侧小切口入路,从肱骨外髁进针,行2枚克氏针交叉固定。结果本组获随访1~3年,骨折于术后4~6个月达到骨性愈合。术后发生肘内翻3例,按照Flynn临床功能评定标准评定肘关节功能:优83例,良14例,可5例,差3例,优良率92.38%。结论应用肘外侧小切口手术治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折,具有手术入路简单、骨折复位良好、固定可靠等优点。     

有限切开复位克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨外髁骨折

目的观察小切口有限切开复位克氏针内固定治疗儿童Ⅱ、Ⅲ型肱骨外髁骨折的疗效。方法2014年1月-2016年1月,应用小切口有限切开复位,克氏针内固定治疗儿童Ⅱ、Ⅲ型肱骨外髁骨折12例,均为闭合创伤性肱骨外髁骨折。术后屈肘90°,石膏托外固定3周,6周拔除克氏针。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间16~24个月,均达到骨性愈合,未发生骨筋膜室综合征、缺血性肌挛缩、肘外翻、神经损伤等并发症,肘关节功能恢复良好。Hardacre评分:优11例,良1例。结论急诊早期采用小切口有限切开复位克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨外髁Ⅱ、Ⅲ型骨折,可以减轻患儿骨折后的痛苦,利于早期恢复,是一种较好的治疗方法,其安全性和可靠性有良好的保证。     

肘部联合切口张力带治疗复杂性儿童肱骨髁上骨折

肱骨髁上骨折是儿童的常见骨折，占儿童四肢骨折的3％～7％，肘部骨折的55％～80％，据Gartland肱骨髁上骨折分型法：Ⅰ型骨折无移位；Ⅱ型骨折轻度移位，后侧有骨皮质相连；Ⅲ型骨折完全移位。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型骨折以保守治疗为主，而Ⅲ型肱骨髁上骨折在治疗上较难手法复位，复位后不稳定且常合并有血管神经的损伤。1998年3月-2004年2月采用肘部联合切口张力带治疗Gartland Ⅲ型肱骨髁上骨折39例，其中30例获得随访，疗效满意，报告如下。     

肘部外侧入路治疗儿童Ⅲ型肱骨髁上骨折

目的探讨肘部外侧入路克氏针交叉内固定治疗GartlandⅢ型肱骨髁上骨折的临床疗效。方法自2006年8月至2010年12月我科对216例GartlandⅢ型肱骨髁上骨折患者采用肘部外侧入路克氏针交叉内固定治疗。结果对216例患者随访1～5年（平均2.9年）,按Flynn评定标准评定,优169例,良37例,可8例,差2例,优良率95.4%。本组无切口感染、内固定移位、骨折不愈合、骨化性肌炎等并发症,出现肘内翻5例,切口均一期愈合。结论肘部外侧入路克氏针交叉内固定治疗GartlandⅢ型肱骨髁上骨折,创伤小,复位满意,固定牢靠,术后功能良好,疗效确切。     

低龄低位伸直型肱骨髁上骨折的切开复位及内外固定治疗体会

目的 手术切开复位内外固定治疗低龄低位伸直型肱骨髁上骨折的临床疗效.方法 采用肘外侧小切口及肘内侧微切口,克氏针交叉内固定,视具体情况采用可吸收螺钉加压内固定肱骨外髁骨折,并配合AGMA高分子矫形托外固定综合治疗45例肱骨髁上骨折.结果 按Flymn评定标准,总优良率97.8%.结论 对低龄低位伸直型肱骨髁上骨折,手术切开内固定合并矫形托外固定是一种有效、可靠的治疗方法.     

改良外侧交叉克氏针内固定治疗儿童移位肱骨髁上骨折

目的探讨改良外侧交叉克氏针内固定治疗儿童移位肱骨髁上骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2011-01—2013-12采用改良外侧交叉克氏针内固定治疗的165例儿童移位肱骨髁上骨折。采用闭合复位或切开复位外侧交叉克氏针内固定,以肱骨外髁为进针点分散置入2枚克氏针,以肱骨远干骺端外侧为进针点穿入1枚克氏针。结果本组手术时间20~50 min,平均35 min,无复位丢失。165例均获得随访12~18个月,平均14个月。骨折均获得骨性愈合,平均愈合时间3个月。无骨折再移位、针道感染、骨折畸形愈合等并发症。末次随访时Flynn功能评分:优138例,良27例。结论采用改良外侧交叉克氏针内固定治疗儿童移位肱骨髁上骨折术中操作方便,手术时间短,在保证稳定固定的同时不会损伤周围神经。     

改良穿针并外张力带固定治疗GartlandⅢ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折

目的:探讨改良穿针并外张力带固定治疗GartlandⅢ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折的临床疗效。方法:自2009年2月至2010年11月采用肘外侧切口、改良穿针(内外髁交叉并外髁辅助穿针)并外侧外张力带固定(交叉针尾相互钩绕)法治疗GartlandⅢ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折79例,其中男47例,女32例;年龄2.5～14岁,平均8.7岁。受伤至手术时间2h～8d。记录手术前后肘关节活动度及提携角,按照Flynn评定标准评定疗效。结果:61例获得随访(18例失访),时间6～30个月,平均13.5个月。根据Flynn评定标准:优53例,良7例,可1例。结论:采用外侧小切口复位后行改良穿针并外侧外张力带固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折具有固定牢固、恢复快、并发症少的特点,是治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折较理想的方法之一。     

双侧小切口复位经皮克氏针固定治疗严重移位肱骨髁上骨折

肱骨髁上骨折是儿童肘部最常见的损伤之一,尤其重度移位的肱骨髁上骨折并发症多,处理不当易导致诸多严重后果。自2001年1月~2005年6月,笔者对其中26例重度移位肱骨髁上骨折采用双侧小切口切开复位经皮克氏针交叉固定治疗,取得满意疗效,现报告如下。1临床资料1·1一般资料26例中     

克氏针治疗小儿肱骨外髁骨折疗效分析

目的：探讨克氏针治疗儿童肱骨外髁骨折疗效。方法：Ⅱ型骨折41例、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型骨折23例、陈旧性骨折8例,本组72例全部采用手术治疗。结果：2例Ⅱ型骨折病例出现肘内翻,1例轻度肱骨外髁隆凸,1例轻度肘关节功能受限,1例肱骨小头及滑车坏死,1例内固定感染骨髓炎,8例手术治疗的陈旧性病例,5例效果满意,2例肘关节功能受限,1例骨不连。结论：手术治疗儿童肱骨外髁骨折正确合理应用克氏针均能取得满意疗效。     

外侧小切口治疗儿童肱骨髁上Gartland Ⅲ型骨折

目的探讨经外侧小切口入路治疗儿童肱骨髁上GartlandⅢ型骨折的疗效。方法手术治疗36例GartlandⅢ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折,采用外侧小切口入路显露,手指伸入骨折前方协助复位后交叉克氏针固定。结果 36例均获得到随访,时间6~24个月。骨折均愈合。参照Flynn标准评定肘关节功能:优30例,良4例,可2例,优良率为94.4%。结论经外侧小切口入路治疗儿童肱骨髁上GartlandⅢ型骨折创伤小,出血少,术后并发症少,疗效满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.