体感诱发电位对亚低温治疗重型颅脑创伤临床疗效的评估

目的 探讨体感诱发电位对亚低温治疗重型颅脑创伤患者临床疗效的评估价值。方法55例经手术治疗后的重型颅脑创伤患者,随机分为亚低温治疗组和对照组。亚低温治疗组于手术后施以亚低温治疗,直肠温度降至33℃～35℃;对照组体温维持在36.5℃～37.5℃。共治疗3～7d,分别于术后第1d及第8d对两组患者进行GCS疗效和体感诱发电位评估;6个月后进行GOS预后评估。结果 亚低温组患者经治疗后,GCS评分及体感诱发电位测定结果均优于对照组(均P<0.05);随访6个月亚低温组患者GOS预后评估也优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 亚低温是治疗重型颅脑创伤的有效手段之一,而体感诱发电位是评估颅脑创伤预后的客观指标之一。     

亚低温治疗弥漫性轴索损伤的临床研究

目的 观察亚低温治疗弥漫性轴索损伤患者的疗效。方法 36例GCS≤8分的弥漫性轴索损伤患者,于创伤后24h内接受亚低温治疗。直肠温度控制在32℃～34℃,当颅内压降至正常范围后再维持低温治疗24～48h,然后缓慢复温;监测和记录治疗前后的脑组织氧分压、颅内压、血气及重要脏器功能指标,于伤后3个月根据GOS标准进行评估,并与对照组比较。结果 亚低温治疗后,患者脑组织氧分压增高(P<0.05),颅内压降低(P<0.05),对创伤后早期发生的高血糖反应具有抑制作用(P<0.05)。GOS评估结果显示,亚低温组患者恢复良好率为52.78％,病死率27.78％,与对照组相比差异有显著性意义(均P<0.05)。结论 采用持续24～48h亚低温治疗弥漫性轴索损伤患者安全、有效,无严重并发症,可降低病死率、改善预后。     

亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤病人治疗机理及临床疗效研究

目的研究亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤病人的治疗机理及临床效果.方法164例病人,随机分为亚低温治疗组和对照组.亚低温治疗组82例,均于伤后24小时内行亚低温治疗,直肠温度(RT)控制在32.0℃～35.0℃;脑温为32.5℃～35.0℃,持续1～7天,平均60.2±28.0小时.同时监测病人的生命体征、颅内压(ICP)、血糖、血乳酸、血气、血电解质以及脑组织氧分压(PbrO2)和脑组织温度(BT)、脑微循环血流(LDF血流值)和颈静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO2).对照组82例,直肠温度控制在36.5℃～37.0℃,其他治疗同亚低温组.两组病人均于伤后3个月时根据GOS评估法判定疗效.结果与对照组相比,亚低温治疗组病人伤后早期的高ICP、高血糖、高乳酸血症分别显著下降(P＜0.05);严重的低PbrO2迅速上升并维持在正常水平;脑血供得到改善;生命体征、血气及血电解质无显著差异;无严重并发症;死亡率降低,恢复良好率提高,预后显著改善.结论亚低温具有肯定的脑保护作用,临床上用于治疗急性重型颅脑损伤病人,安全有效,可降低死亡率,提高生存质量,无严重并发症.直接监测PbrO2、BT、LDF血流值和SjvO2,对亚低温治疗更有指导意义.     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤中脑组织氧分压的临床意义

目的观察亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤过程中患者颅内压及脑组织氧分压的变化及临床意义。方法将80例急性重型颅脑损伤患者,随机分为亚低温治疗组(40例)和对照组(40例)。亚低温组入院后或术后立即给予亚低温治疗,保持肛温在32~34℃,持续24h~5d;对照组给予常规治疗。两组均观察颅内压(ICP)和脑组织氧分压(PbtO2)变化。结果亚低温组治疗后,ICP明显下降,PbtO2逐渐升高,与对照组相比有显著性差异。结论亚低温治疗能降低脑外伤后增高的ICP,提高PbtO2;伤后24h内持续PbtO2<5mmHg预示患者预后不良。     

亚低温对动物急性颅内高压时脑组织氧代谢的影响

目的 观察亚低温对动物急性颅内高压时脑组织氧代谢的影响。方法 20只健康小猪分为常温组(10只)和亚低温组(10只),按照微量泵注射自体股动脉血方法建立猪急性颅内血肿模型,在此期间动态监测平均动脉压、颅内压及脑灌注压。血肿形成后,亚低温组动物利用冰袋使体温降至亚低温水平33℃～35℃,维持2h。采用Neurotrend系统观察脑组织氧分压、脑组织二氧化碳分压、脑组织pH值、HCO_3~-和脑温的变化。结果 颅内注血后两组动物颅内压急剧升高;亚低温组降温前后脑组织氧分压无明显变化(P>0.05);但降温后脑组织二氧化碳分压下降(P<0.05),脑组织pH值显著升高(P<0.05),降温前后相比差异有显著性意义(均P<0.05)。结论 颅脑创伤后亚低温治疗并不会降低脑组织氧分压,但可抑制脑组织氧代谢,同时可降低脑组织中的CO_2蓄积,从而减轻组织酸中毒。     

亚低温治疗急性重型颅脑损伤的临床疗效

目的　研究亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤病人的治疗作用及临床效果。方法　共 87例病人 ,随机分为亚低温治疗组和对照组。亚低温治疗组 43例 ,均于伤后 2 4小时内行亚低温治疗 ,直肠温度 (RT)控制在 31 5～ 34 9℃ ,脑温为 32 0～ 35 0℃ ,持续 1～ 7天 ,平均 5 7 7± 2 8 4小时。同时监测病人的生命体征、颅内压 (ICP)、血糖、血乳酸、血气、血电解质以及脑组织氧分压 (PbrO2 )和脑组织温度 (BT)。对照组　 44例 ,直肠温度控制在 36 5～ 37 5℃ ,其他治疗同亚低温组。两组病人均于伤后 3个月时根据GOS评估法判定疗效。结果　　与对照组相比 ,亚低温治疗组病人伤后早期的高ICP、高血糖、高乳酸血症分别显著下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ;严重的低PbrO2 迅速上升并维持在正常水平 ;生命体征、血气及血电解质无显著差异 ;无严重并发症 ,死亡率降低 ,恢复良好率提高 ,预后显著改善。结论　亚低温具有肯定的脑保护作用 ,临床上用于治疗急性重型颅脑损伤病人 ,安全有效 ,可降低死亡率 ,提高生存质量 ,无严重并发症。直接监测PbrO2 和BT ,对亚低温治疗更有指导意义     

亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压及脑温影响的研究

目的研究亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压及脑温的影响。方法选择52例急性重型颅脑损伤患者进行颅内压及脑温监测的同时,将患者随机分为亚低温组和对照组进行研究。结果亚低温组颅内压降低。伤后早期脑温比肛温高,但二者均高于正常值,在亚低温治疗过程中脑温和肛温均下降,但二者的差距逐渐增大,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。亚低温组病人死亡率低于对照组,而恢复良好率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论亚低温能降低颅内压及脑温,改善预后。     

半球颅骨骨瓣减压术亚低温辅助治疗重型颅脑创伤临床疗效与预后观察

共1626例重型颅脑创伤患者,分别接受半球颅骨骨瓣减压术辅助亚低温治疗和传统额颞顶叶大骨瓣减压术治疗。与传统减压术组比较,骨瓣减压术辅助亚低温治疗组患者术后第1、3、5和7天时颅内压显著降低(均P<0.05)、意识恢复快(均P<0.05),且术后3个月时预后良好(均P<0.05)。表明半球颅骨骨瓣减压术辅助亚低温治疗可以显著降低重型颅脑创伤患者病残率和病死率,提高术后生活质量、改善预后。     

亚低温对重型颅脑损伤后葡萄糖代谢影响的实验研究

目的研究亚低温治疗对重型颅脑损伤大鼠血糖的影响。方法25只雄性SD大鼠随机分为三组:假手术组、常温组和亚低温治疗组。采用硬膜外自由落体打击法制作颅脑损伤模型。监测直肠温度,亚低温治疗组保持大鼠体温在33.0±1.5℃。常温组维持大鼠通常体温(为38.0±0.5 ℃)。分别于术前、术后3、8、24和48 h取血,检测血糖含量,测定其基础值及伤后动态变化。结果实验性颅脑损伤后血糖明显升高,于伤后24 h达到最高水平。常温组伤后各时段血糖值与基础值比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。亚低温治疗组伤后各时段血糖值与基础值比较无显著差异(P>0.05),但其伤后各时段血糖值与常温组各时段血糖值比较有显著差异(P<0.05),表明亚低温治疗可抑制重型颅脑损伤后高血糖反应。结论亚低温治疗可抑制颅脑损伤后高血糖反应,这有利于减轻颅脑损伤后糖代谢障碍所致脑组织的继发性损害。抑制颅脑损伤后高血糖反应可能是亚低温脑保护机制之一。     

颅内压监测下亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床研究

目的研究颅内压监测下亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤患者的临床效果。方法将100例重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)患者按随机数字表法分为对照组与亚低温组,每组各50例。两组患者入院后均予以常规对症治疗;亚低温组患者加用亚低温治疗,控制直肠温度(RT)为32℃~34℃;对照组患者控制RT在36℃~37℃;均监测患者的脑组织氧分压(PbtO_2)和颅内压(ICP)。比较两组患者入院时、入院24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的ICP、脑组织PbtO_2及血乳酸、脑源性神经细胞营养因子(BDNF)水平的变化;治疗前、后给患者进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分;统计两组并发症发生率。结果 (1)入院时,两组ICP、PbtO_2比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);入院24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h,两组ICP均降低、PbtO_2均升高,亚低温组入院不同时间点ICP均低于、PbtO_2均高于对照组(均P0.05)。(2)入院时,两组血乳酸、BDNF水平比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);入院24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h,两组的血乳酸水平降低,BDNF水平上升;亚低温组入院后各时间点血乳酸水平低于、BDNF水平高于对照组(均P0.05)。(3)治疗前,两组NIHSS、GOS评分的差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);治疗后3个月时,两组的NIHSS评分均降低,GOS评分均上升,但亚低温组的NIHSS评分低于、GOS评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。(4)亚低温组的并发症发生率略低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ICP监测下亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤可快速降低患者的ICP,改善其神经功能及预后。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.