咪达唑仑和艾司唑仑治疗高血压患者长期失眠的临床疗效

目的 比较咪达唑仑（midazolam）和艾司唑仑（estazolam）治疗高血压患者长期失眠的疗效和安全性.方法 采用多中心、开放、随机对照临床试验,高血压140 mm Hg（ 1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa）≤收缩压＜180 mm Hg,舒张压＜110 mm Hg或在治疗中的高血压患者伴有长期失眠,入选217例患者随机分成2组,咪达唑仑组（113例）睡前口服咪达唑仑片7.5～15 mg.艾司唑仑组（104例）睡前口服艾司唑仑片1～2 mg.均按需服用,第2天起床后15 min内完成睡眠日记的记录.完成8次睡眠日记（在1个月内）的记录或1个月后结束随访.研究者收集患者的病史日记,并对患者再次进行疗效评估,测量血压和心率,记录不良事件.疗程为期4周.结果 （1）两组治疗后血压均较治疗前下降,咪达唑仑组血压下降11.8/7.3 mm Hg,艾司唑仑组血压下降9.1/5.6 mm Hg, 两组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,而组间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.（2）两组治疗后睡眠评估总得分均较治疗前减小,各组内与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,咪达唑仑组治疗后在入睡时间、觉醒次数、睡眠评价、日间困倦方面均优于艾司唑仑组, 总得分前者小于后者, 两组间相比差异有统计学意义.但在睡眠时间和做梦程度组间比较差异无统计学意义.（3）主要不良反应：头晕、头痛和恶心, 咪达唑仑组发生率小于艾司唑仑组,分别为3%和7%,但组间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 按需服用咪达唑仑和艾司唑仑治疗高血压长期失眠安全,且可能有辅助降压疗效;但咪达唑仑在入睡时间,觉醒次数,睡眠评价,日间困倦等改善优于艾司唑仑.     

七氟烷复合咪达唑仑麻醉对老年大鼠认知功能的影响及其机制

目的探讨七氟烷复合咪达唑仑麻醉对老年大鼠认知功能的影响及其机制。方法将64只SD大鼠随机分为对照组(C组)、七氟烷组(S组)、咪达唑仑组(M组)、七氟烷复合咪达唑仑组(S+M组),每组大鼠16只,处理后采用Morris水迷宫实验检测各组大鼠认知功能的变化以及各组大鼠海马N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NR)1、NR2B mRNA表达情况、各组大鼠海马神经型一氧化氮合酶(n NOS)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)-3蛋白表达。结果 Morris水迷宫实验训练1 d,各组大鼠潜伏期比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),训练3 d、5 d,各麻醉组大鼠潜伏期均显著高于C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且S+M组大鼠潜伏期明显高于S组及M组(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义;将平台撤除后,各麻醉组大鼠60 s内穿过平台次数明显低于C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且S+M组大鼠穿过平台次数明显低于S组及M组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);各组大鼠海马NR1 mRNA相对表达量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),S组与S+M组大鼠海马NR2B mRNA相对表达量较C组、M组显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),M组与C组大鼠海马NR2B mRNA相对表达量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与C组比较,各麻醉组大鼠海马n NOS蛋白表达降低,差异有统计学意义,且S+M组大鼠海马n NOS蛋白表达量最低,而各组大鼠海马caspase-3蛋白表达情况无明显变化,差异有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论七氟烷复合咪达唑仑可引起大鼠认知功能的降低,其机制可能与抑制NR2B、NOS表达有关,而与神经细胞凋亡无明显关系。     

槲皮素对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠模型学习记忆及脑内炎症的影响

目的探讨槲皮素对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠模型学习记忆能力及脑内炎症通路的影响。方法将昆明小鼠32只随机分为对照组(NC组)、模型组(M组)、Q1治疗组(Q1组)、Q2治疗组(Q2组),每组8只。M组、Q1组及Q2组小鼠皮下注射D-半乳糖100 mg/(kg·d)建立小鼠衰老模型,NC组给予等量生理盐水。Q1、Q2组造模同时给予不同剂量槲皮素5、10 mg/(kg·d)灌胃干预,NC组和M组给予相同剂量生理盐水灌胃处理,干预8周。Morris水迷宫评价逃避潜伏期、穿越平台次数及平台象限滞留时间,Western blotting检测小鼠脑内高级糖基化终末产物(AGEs)及其受体(RAGE)、核转录因子(NF-κB)和其下游炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)表达水平。采用SPSS 20.0统计软件对数据进行分析。组间比较采用完全随机设计的单因素方差分析或t检验。结果与NC组比较,M组小鼠逃避潜伏期延长、穿越平台次数及在平台所在象限滞留时间降低,脑内AGEs、RAGE、NF-κB及炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、COX-2水平显著升高(P0.05)。与M组比较,治疗组小鼠逃避潜伏期缩短、穿越平台次数及在平台所在象限滞留时间延长,脑内炎性因子水平减少(P0.05)。与Q1组比较,Q2组小鼠逃避潜伏期缩短、穿越平台次数及在平台所在象限滞留时间延长,RAGE、IL-1β和COX-2表达水平显著降低。结论槲皮素能够有效改善衰老小鼠学习记忆功能障碍,抑制AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB炎症通路,降低脑内炎性因子的生成,具有抗衰老潜力。     

长期饮酒对咪达唑仑在无痛气管镜检查中镇静作用的影响

目的 探讨长期饮酒对咪达唑仑在无痛气管镜检查中镇静作用的影响.方法 176例无痛气管镜检查患者根据是否有饮酒史分为非饮酒组(A组)、饮酒组(B组);B组患者依据咪达唑仑用量随机分为B1组和B2组.A组和B1组在复合麻醉中咪达唑仑的剂量为0.08 mg/kg;B2组的咪达唑仑剂量为0.1 mg/kg.对患者进行Ramsay镇静分级,观察患者声门开放情况、呛咳、心率变化、血氧饱和度变化、血压变化、术后不良记忆等.结果 各组间在Ramsay镇静分级中差异无统计学意义;B1较A组在检查过程中声门开放更差、心率改变更大、血压变化更大、不良记忆更多;B1组较B2组在检查过程中声门开放更差、心率改变更大、血压变化更大;A组和B2组在所有的观测指标上差异均无统计学意义.结论 长期饮酒可使咪达唑仑在无痛气管镜检查中的镇静作用降低;对长期饮酒患者咪达唑仑用量应增加至0.1 mg/kg.Ramsay镇静分级不适用于无痛气管镜检查中镇静状态的评估.     

右美托咪定与咪达唑仑预处理对麻醉诱导期依托咪酯所致肌阵挛的影响

目的观察右美托咪定与咪达唑仑预处理对麻醉诱导期依托咪酯所致肌阵挛的影响。方法将120例择期全麻手术者随机分为D、M、C组,每组40例。麻醉诱导前D组静脉泵注右美托咪定1μg/kg,M组静推咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg,C组静注同等剂量0.9%氯化钠溶液,然后每组均静注依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg。记录三组预给药前(T0)、给依托咪酯前(T1)及给依托咪酯后1 min(T2)、2 min(T3)的HR、MAP、SpO2;观察并记录静注依托咪酯后2min内肌阵挛发生情况。结果 D、M组肌阵挛各级发生率均较C组降低(P均<0.05),且D组1级肌阵挛发生率较M组更低(P均<0.05)。D、M组HR、MAP、SpO2在T1、T2、T3较T0降低(P均<0.05),C组T2、T3较T0降低(P均<0.05);D、M组HR、MAP在T1、T2、T3较C组降低(P均<0.05),且D组较M组下降更显著(P均<0.01)。M、D组SpO2在T1、T2、T3时点较C组降低(P均<0.05),且M组较D组下降更明显(P均<0.05)。结论右美托咪定与咪达唑仑预处理,均可明显减少麻醉诱导期依托咪酯诱所致肌阵挛的发生;与咪达唑仑相比,右美托咪定可为此过程提供更稳定的血流动力环境。     

咪达唑仑对大鼠离体胸主动脉环的舒张机制研究

目的 观察咪达唑仑对大鼠离体胸主动脉环张力的影响,并探讨其作用机制.方法 采用离体血管张力试验方法.观察咪达唑仑在3×10-6t mol/L、1×10-5 mol/L,3×10-5 mol/L、1×10-4 mol/L浓度时,对去甲肾上腺素(NE,1×10-6 mol/L)、氯化钾(KCI,60mmol/L)诱发大鼠离体胸主动脉环收缩的影响.观察Na+/Ca2+交换体阻断荆KB-R7943(1×10-5 mol/L)、Kv通道阻断剂4-AP(4-AP,1×10-3 mol/L)、KATP通道阻断剂格列苯脲(Gli,1×10-5 mol/L)、KCa通道阻断剂四乙胺(TEA,1×10-2 mol/L)、K1R通道阻断剂氯化钡(BaCl2,1×10-3 mol/L)对咪达唑仑作用的影响.结果 各浓度咪达唑仑对预收缩的大鼠离体胸主动脉环有舒张作用.用KB-R7943、4-AP、TEA及BaCl2预处理的血管环对咪达唑仑的舒张反应与未经处理时比较无统计学意义(P>0.05).Gli可减弱咪达唑仑对血管环的舒张作用(P<0.05).结论 咪这唑仑对大鼠胸主动脉环具有浓度依赖性的舒张作用,其舒张反应与Na+/Ca2+交换体、Kv通道、KCa通道和K1R通道无关,可能与KATP通道有关.     

右美托咪定在神经安定镇痛麻醉中的观察

目的:比较右美托咪定和咪达唑仑两种药物,了解右美托咪定对机体作用效果。方法:将选定日期进行下肢或中下腹部手术60位患者分为3组,待一切准备就绪,在术前20 min分别注射右美托咪定、咪达唑仑、生理盐水,记录观察患者体征。结果:右美托咪定的各项数据监测都优于咪达唑仑,但遗忘效果评估差于咪达唑仑。结论:右美托咪定更适用临床上安定镇静。     

咪达唑仑与右美托咪定在急性困难气道患者纤维支气管镜插管术中应用效果的对比研究

目的比较咪达唑仑与右美托咪定在急性困难气道患者纤维支气管镜(FOB)插管术中的应用效果。方法选取2014年3月—2015年6月于海南省农垦那大医院行FOB插管术的急性困难气道患者58例,随机分为咪达唑仑组26例与右美托咪定组32例。两组患者均予以常规麻醉,咪达唑仑组患者5 min内静脉推注咪达唑仑,右美托咪定组患者10 min内静脉泵注右美托咪定。比较两组患者麻醉前(T_0)、插管前(T_1)、插管即刻(T_2)、插管后1 min(T_3)、插管后3 min(T_4)、插管后5 min(T_5)心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、血氧饱和度(SPO2)、Ramsay镇静评分和末梢灌注指数(TPI),T_0、T_3、T_5去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)、皮质醇(Cor)水平,不良反应发生情况。结果时间与方法在HR、MAP、SPO_2、Ramsay镇静评分、TPI上无交互作用(P0.05);时间在HR、MAP、SPO_2、Ramsay镇静评分、TPI上主效应显著(P0.05);方法在HR、MAP、SPO_2、Ramsay镇静评分、TPI上主效应显著(P0.05);T_0两组患者HR、MAP、SPO_2、Ramsay镇静评分、TPI比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);T_1咪达唑仑组患者HR低于右美托咪定组(P0.05);T_3咪达唑仑组患者MAP低于右美托咪定组(P0.05);T_2、T_3、T_4、T_5咪达唑仑组患者Ramsay镇静评分低于右美托咪定组(P0.05)。时间与方法在NE、E、Cor水平上无交互作用(P0.05);时间在NE、Cor水平上主效应显著(P0.05),时间在E水平上主效应不显著(P0.05);方法在NE、Cor水平上主效应显著(P0.05),方法在E水平上主效应不显著(P0.05);T0两组患者NE、E、Cor水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);T_3咪达唑仑组患者NE水平高于右美托咪定组(P0.05);T_3、T_5咪达唑仑组患者Cor水平高于右美托咪定组(P0.05)。两组患者不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论咪达唑仑在急性困难气道患者FOB插管术中的镇静效果优于右美托咪定,可有效抑制应激反应,且不良反应少。     

右美托咪啶与咪达唑仑在电子支气管镜检查中随机双盲研究

目的 评估右美托咪啶联合芬太尼与咪达唑仑联合芬太尼在电子支气管镜镇静中的临床应用价值比较.方法 选择年龄在18～70岁、美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级1～3级的电子支气管镜检查患者52例进行前瞻性双盲研究,随机分为右美托咪啶组(右美托咪啶十芬太尼,D组)26例和咪达唑仑组(咪达唑仑十芬太尼,M组)26例.记录患者一般资料,麻醉前(T0)、进鼻腔时(T1)、过声门时(T2)、过声门后1 min (T3)、3 min (T4)、5 min (T5)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和Sp()2,镜检中情况、镜检时间及复苏时间,术后调查患者满意度.结果 D组HR在T1、T2、T3、T4、T5低于M组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),T0两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);D组Sp()2在T1、T2、T3、T4、T5高于M组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),T0两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).镜检过程中D组追加芬太尼人次、出现低氧血症人次均少于M组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);使用阿托品或异丙肾上腺素人次两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).D组患者镜检过程满意度较M组高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);镜检时间、复苏时间两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 右美托咪啶合并芬太尼在电子支气管镜检查中相比咪达唑仑合并芬太尼具有呼吸抑制不明显,患者舒适度高的优点,而对镜检和复苏时间影响不明显.     

鼻内给予右美托咪定与静脉注射咪达唑仑在患儿CT检查中镇静效果比较

目的比较鼻内给予右美托咪定与静脉注射咪达唑仑在患儿CT检查中镇静的有效性和安全性。方法选择接受CT检查需实施镇静的患儿60例(ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,年龄2～7岁),将患儿随机分为咪达唑仑组(M组)和右美托咪定组(D组),每组30例。于CT检查前M组患儿静脉注射咪达唑仑0.2 mg/kg,D组患儿鼻内给予右美托咪定2μg/kg。比较两组患儿给药后起效时间、检查时间、苏醒时间、镇静疗效及不良反应。结果与M组患儿比较,D组患儿苏醒时间短(P0.05),舌后坠、烦躁及呼吸抑制等不良反应发生率明显降低(P0.05)。两组患儿给药后起效时间、检查时间、镇静疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论鼻内给予右美托咪定与静脉注射咪达唑仑均可在患儿CT检查镇静中有效应用,鼻内给予右美托咪定患儿苏醒时间短,不良反应少,更适合临床应用。     

Adverse effects of direct current cardioversion on cardiac pacemakers and electrodes Is external cardioversion contraindicated in patients with permanent pacing systems?

Use of pacing in sick sinus syndrome and recent developments in pacemaker therapy for intermittent atrial fibrillation raise the question of whether external electrical cardioversion should be used for termination of atrial fibrillation. This paper analyzes three cases of pacemaker and/or electrode dysfunction appearing after direct current (DC) cardioversion for termination of atrial fibrillation. Despite similar conditions during cardioversion in all cases, different dysfunctions reflecting damage to the pulse generator and/or a rise of the stimulation threshold in both, atrial and ventricular leads, have been observed. The possible mechanisms for these effects are discussed and recommendations for the management of cardioversion in patients with permanent pacemaker systems are given.     

Management strategies for gastrointestinal,erectile, bladder,and sudomotor dysfunction in patients with diabetes

There are substantial advances in understanding disordered gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction in diabetes. It occurs frequently. The underlying pathogenesis is complex involving defects in multiple interacting cell types of the myenteric plexus as well. These defects may be irreversible or reversible. Gastrointestinal symptoms represent a major and generally underestimated source of morbidity for escalating health care costs in diabetes. Acute changes in glycaemia are both determinants and consequences of altered gastrointestinal motility. 35–90% of diabetic men have moderate‐to‐severe erectile dysfunction (ED). ED shares common risk factors with CVD. Diagnosis is based on medical/sexual history, including validated questionnaires. Physical examination and laboratory testing must be tailored to patient's complaints and risk factors. Treatment is based on PDE5‐inhibitors (PDE5‐I). Other explorations may be useful in patients who do not respond to PDE5‐I. Patients at high cardiovascular risk should be stabilized by their cardiologists before sexual activity is considered or ED treatment is recommended. Estimates on bladder dysfunction prevalence are 43–87% of type 1 and 25% of type 2 diabetic patients, respectively. Common symptoms include dysuria, frequency, urgency, nocturia and incomplete bladder emptying. Diagnosis should use validated questionnaire for lower urinary tract symptoms. The type of bladder dysfunction is readily characterized with complete urodynamic testing. Sudomotor dysfunction is a cause of dry skin and is associated with foot ulcerations. Sudomotor function can be assessed by thermoregulatory sweat testing, quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test, sympathetic skin response, quantitative direct/indirect axon reflex testing and the indicator plaster. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Syndrome of Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Diseases: A Comprehensive Overview of Open Artery Ischemia

Syndromes of cardiac ischemia with nonobstructive coronary arteries have been increasingly recognized as a clinical entity with heterogeneous clinical presentations, commonly encountered in women. Knowledge of pathophysiology and clinical risk factors is key to ensuring appropriate diagnostic evaluation and management for these often-neglected patients. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical presentations of these syndromes. We provide algorithms for diagnosis and management of these entities based on current scientific knowledge and highlight some of the key knowledge gaps and ongoing trials in this emerging field.     

三种微颗粒水平在糖尿病血管病变中的意义

Objective To investigate the levels of mieropartieles originated from platelet (PMP),endothelium (EMP),and tissue factor-bearing microparticles (TF+ MP) in diabetes mellitus and to analyze its relationship with diabetic angiopathy.Methods PMP,EMP or TF+ MP were measured in 106 cases of diabetes mellitus and 50 controls by flow eytometry.The differences of EMP between groups of diabetic macrovascular disease and diabetic microvascular disease were determined.Results The levels of EMP in diabetic patients were higher than that in the control(164.20±128.88 vs 63.81±40.84,P<0.05).Diabetic cases with complication showed higher expression level of EMP than those without complications(184.12±152.77,188.21±149.55 vs 138.53±99.87,both P<0.05).However,no distinct increase was observed in PMP and TF+ MP level in diabetes groups compared with control group.Conclusions Endothelial dysfunction,may contribute to the increased level of EMP in patients with diabetes,especially those complicated with vascular diseases.EMP level may be used to evaluate the status of endothelial function and the development of diabetic angiopathy.     

三种微颗粒水平在糖尿病血管病变中的意义

Objective To investigate the levels of mieropartieles originated from platelet (PMP),endothelium (EMP),and tissue factor-bearing microparticles (TF+ MP) in diabetes mellitus and to analyze its relationship with diabetic angiopathy.Methods PMP,EMP or TF+ MP were measured in 106 cases of diabetes mellitus and 50 controls by flow eytometry.The differences of EMP between groups of diabetic macrovascular disease and diabetic microvascular disease were determined.Results The levels of EMP in diabetic patients were higher than that in the control(164.20±128.88 vs 63.81±40.84,P<0.05).Diabetic cases with complication showed higher expression level of EMP than those without complications(184.12±152.77,188.21±149.55 vs 138.53±99.87,both P<0.05).However,no distinct increase was observed in PMP and TF+ MP level in diabetes groups compared with control group.Conclusions Endothelial dysfunction,may contribute to the increased level of EMP in patients with diabetes,especially those complicated with vascular diseases.EMP level may be used to evaluate the status of endothelial function and the development of diabetic angiopathy.     

围产期心肌病9例临床分析

目的:总结围产期心肌病的发病、危险因素、疗效及预后,为围产期心肌病的诊治提供循证医学证据。方法:入选2010年7月至2013年7月在我院心内科治疗的心肌病患者768例,其中围产期心肌病患者9例,回顾性分析其一般临床资料、发病率、危险因素、治疗效果及预后。结果:9例患者占单中心同期心肌病患者的1.2%(9/768),占40岁以下女性心肌病患者的31.0%(9/29)。年龄(27±4)岁。以双下肢水肿或腹水为主要表现的右心室功能不全者5例。超声示左心室收缩功能不全8例,胸片检查心胸比增大8例。患者常规接受抗心力衰竭、营养心肌等治疗,症状及体征好转后出院。随访12个月,8例患者左心室收缩功能均恢复。结论:围产期心肌病在40岁以下女性心肌病患者中发病率较高,以左心室功能不全为主要特征,超声心动图及胸片可评价患者心功能及有无心影增大,协助诊断。常规抗心力衰竭及营养心肌治疗有效,预后较好。     

Sexual evaluation and treatment of ageing males with haemophilia

Summary. Sexual dysfunction is common in ageing men and may be exacerbated by the special medical issues and psychological problems associated with haemophilia. Sexual healthcare for men with haemophilia (MWH) requires a background understanding of common patterns of sexual function and dysfunction in the ageing male, expectable sexual complications of haemophilia and related comorbidities, and of sexually related psychological issues. Healthcare providers who treat MWH must be able to elicit a sexual history sufficient to differentiate problems involving a loss of sexual desire from ejaculatory difficulties and erectile dysfunction (ED). Other necessary skills include evaluating patients with ED for treatable causes, distinguishing organic from psychogenic ED, using phosphodieterase‐5 inhibitors as first‐line treatment for ED, and referring to specialized sexual urology and mental health professionals when appropriate.