手牵膝顶法治疗肩关节前脱位

外伤性肩关节前脱位临床上较为多见，复位方法亦很多。自2000年3月，在传统手法整复基础上，采用手牵膝顶法治疗肩关节前脱位47例，效果满意，报告如下。临床资料本组47例，男31例，女16例；年龄21～68岁，平均35岁；跌伤25例，殴伤12例，投掷伤6例，车祸伤4例。就诊时间伤后30min-5d；左侧20例，右侧27例；喙突下脱位25例，盂下脱位17例，锁骨下脱位5例，     

后伸外展牵引法治疗肩关节前脱位

肩关节脱位临床较为常见,前脱位较多,有多种闭合复位方法。自1996年8月以来,采用后伸外展牵引复位法治疗肩关节前脱位20例,取得良好的效果,现报告如下。1临床资料本组20例,男18例,女2例;年龄22⁶6岁,平均36岁。脱位类型:锁骨下脱位2例,盂下脱位8例,喙突下脱位10例。就诊时间为伤后2¹8h。2复位方法臂丛麻醉,患者取俯卧位,术者立于患侧,靠近患者一侧的足跟置于患者腋下,将患肢逐渐后伸30°、外展60°,牵引3⁵min,并内收内旋即可达到关节复位。复位后用肩肘固定带固定3周,行肩关节功能锻炼。3结果本组20例,复位均1次成功,无并发肱骨外科颈骨折。随访0·5³年,按疗效评定标准     

足蹬外旋复位法治疗肩关节前脱位的病例对照研究

目的：介绍足蹬复位法（Hennipen）外旋治疗肩关节前脱位的特点及其临床疗效。方法：2007年3月至2010年3月采用Hennipen外旋法治疗肩关节前脱位28例（Hennipen组）,男17例,女11例;年龄21-72岁,平均（39．2＋5．1）岁;其中喙突下脱位8例,盂下脱位16例,锁骨下脱位4例。同期采用足蹬法复位法治疗肩关节前脱位44例（Hippocratic组）,男32例,女12例;年龄15-68岁,平均（36．8＋3．4）岁;其中喙突下脱位12例,盂下脱位29例,锁骨下脱位3例。所有患者均根据临床表现和肩关节X线片确诊,手法复位后行搭肩位肘胸绷带固定3～4周。比较两组患者复位过程、并发症及功能恢复情况（采用UCLA肩关节功能评分标准）。结果：Hippocratic组复位操作在2-5min完成[平均（3．9＋1．2）rain],其中32例接受静脉麻醉;Hennipen组复位操作在0．5-2rain完成[平均（1．3±0．7）min],3例患者需在麻醉下复位;两组复位时间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Hippocratic组1例老年患者复位过程中发生肱骨大结节撕脱骨折,1例发生肋骨骨折;Hennipen组无明显并发症发生。复位3-4周后随访,Hippocratic、Hennipen组患者肩关节UCIA评分分别为（34．2±2．1）分和（33．8±1．6）分,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：足蹬法复位法和Hennipen外旋法治疗肩美节前脱位均能获得良好的疗效．但HenniDen外旋法操作简单．并发症少．尤其适干急诊寅位操作。     

肩关节脱位复位方法的改进(附24例)

肩关节是全身关节脱位中最常见的部位之一 ,其中以创伤性前脱位最为多见 ,其治疗原则是尽早复位。复位方法很多 ,如悬吊复位法 (Stimson法 ) ,足蹬复位法 (Hippocratic法 )、Kocher复位法 ,及切开复位法。在临床实践中 ,作者在足蹬复位方法的基础上 ,在牵引上臂的同时 ,于肩峰下向内推挤肩胛盂 ,取得了满意疗效 ,报告如下。一、临床资料　本组 2 4例 ,男 16例 ,女 8例 ,年龄 18～5 4岁 ,平均 3 8岁 ,均为单侧肩关节脱位 ,其中 3例合并肱骨大结节撕脱骨折 ,1例合并腋神经损伤 ,就诊时间 1～ 3 h。除 2例是习惯性脱位 ,余均为新鲜脱位。二、…     

自体牵引自主复位治疗肩关节前脱位

自2004年2月至2007年10月应用自体牵引自主复位治疗肩关节前脱位39例,效果满意,现报告如下。 1临床资料 本组39例中男26例,女13例;年龄22～67岁,平均42．1岁,20-50岁31例,50岁以上8例;车祸伤11例,跌扑伤26例,习惯性脱位2例;左侧21例,右侧18例。受伤至治疗时间1h-2d。脱位分型：盂下型12例,喙突下型25例,锁骨下型2例,合并肱骨大结节骨折8例。     

Kocher法治疗肩关节前脱位19例

作者自1997年来利用Kocher法复位肩关节前脱位19例,效果良好,报告如下. 1 临床资料 本组19例患者,男11例,女8例,共20个肩关节前脱位;年龄26～65岁,平均37.2岁,左9例,右11例;脱位时间3～36小时,平均10小时;盂下脱位9例,喙突下脱位11例,无锁骨下及胸腔内脱位;合并肱骨大结节撕脱骨折2例.     

不同整复方法在肩关节后脱位治疗中的运用

2005年8月至2011年5月,对9例肩关节后脱位患者,根据脱位的不同情况采用了不同的整复方法,疗效满意。1临床资料本组9例,男7例,女2例;年龄31～92岁,平均51.6岁;左肩4例,右肩5例。致伤原因:摔伤7例,电击伤2例。合并伤:单纯后脱位4例,合并大结节骨折2例,合并肱骨近端骨折3例。受伤至就诊时间0.5h～1d,伤后至整复治疗的最长时间为14d。主要症状为:肩关节肿痛、活动受限,喙突突出明     

FARES法治疗肩关节前脱位60例

目的探讨采用FARES法治疗肩关节前脱位的临床治疗效果。方法回顾分析了采用FARES法治疗的60例。肩关节脱位的临床资料，其中男38例，女22例；年龄18—65岁，平均年龄42岁。原发脱位52例，习惯性脱位8例。60例均为前脱位，其中喙突下脱位31例，盂下脱位22例，锁骨下脱位7例。结果60例脱位患者，59例非麻醉下一次复位成功，1例失败后经麻醉下闭合复位成功，所有病例均未发生并发症。结论FARES法具有安全、有效、可靠、舒适等特点，是治疗肩关节前脱位的有效治疗方法，值得临床推广及应用。     

上举牵引内收复位法治疗肩关节脱位的临床分析

[目的]探讨上举牵引内收复位法治疗肩关节脱位机制和效果.[方法]回顾性分析1997年1月～2007年8月期间治疗的68例肩关节脱位患者:男51例,女17例,年龄最小16岁,最大82岁,平均49岁.右肩关节脱位40例,左肩28例.均为外伤所致.其中车祸15例,跌伤32例,运动伤21例,分型为喙突下脱位40例,盂下脱位17例,锁骨下脱位6例,后脱位5例.其中复发性脱位17例,合并肱骨大结节撕脱骨折13例,臂丛神经损伤2例,肱骨外科颈骨折3例.伤后至整复时间最短30 min,最长10 d,平均2.1 d.采用上举牵引内收复位法对肩关节脱位患者进行复位.[结果]全部病例牵引时间30 s～5 min,均一次复位成功,经X线证实复位满意.本组中64例获得了6～24个月的随访,并进行疗效评定,治愈61例,好转3例.[结论]上举牵引内收复位法治疗成人肩关节脱位简便、易行,能有效避免继发性损伤,且符合肩关节解剖及生物力学原理,值得推广.     

肩关节前脱位的外展复位法

外伤性启关节前脱位为骨科临床常见病、多发病。我们于1991年2月～1994年12月用外展复位法治疗肩关节前脱位40例，效果满意，兹报告如下：一般资料本组40例。男性28例，女性12例；年龄以17岁～71岁；伤后来院就诊时间，24小时内30例，25小时至48小时6例，48小时以上4例，最长为74小时；入院前曾在外院或本院行传统手法复位次数，未治疗26例，复位1次失败8例，2次失败5例，3次失败1例；合并肱骨大结节撕脱骨折9例；合并肱骨外科颈骨折1例。治疗前后均有X线片证实。治疗方法与结果患侧肩关节一般不需麻醉或为了减轻疼痛可行血肿内麻醉或臂丛…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.