不同糖耐量状态孕妇血清脂肪因子水平

目的　评估不同糖耐量状态孕妇的临床特征、胰岛素敏感性及血清脂肪因子水平,探索妊娠糖尿病的血清预测因子。方法　入选2009年1月至2012年6月在北京协和医院定期产前随诊的74例50 g葡萄糖负荷试验（GCT)阳性孕妇,记录临床资料,进一步在妊娠24~28周行100 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验,根据血糖值分为妊娠糖尿病（GDM）组25例、糖耐量异常（IGT）组25例、糖耐量正常（NGT）组24例。各组均用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测血清成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF）-19、FGF-21、内脏脂肪特异性丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂（vaspin）、瘦素、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-1（.IGFBP-1）和脂联素水平。并将3组资料对比,分析各种因子与患者基线资料和代谢指标的相关性。结果　GDM组GCT血糖值［(9.21±0.75)mmol/L］、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）［（5.39±0.34）%］显著高于NGT组［(8.52±0.50)mmol/L、（5.18±0.20）%;均P＜0.05］,但与IGT组［（9.14±0.64）mmol/L、（5.28±0.28）％;均P＞0.05］比较差异无统计学意义。各组孕妇在年龄、孕早期收缩压、孕早期舒张压、孕前体质量指数（BMI）、孕期BMI增加值、血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、C反应蛋白水平差异均无统计学意义（均.P＞0.05）。从NGT到IGT到GDM组,OGTT血糖曲线下面积（AUCBG）［(19.84±1.95)、(23.20±1.51)、(26.58±2.02)mmol/（L·h）］和胰岛素曲线下面积（AUCINS）［(1.84±0.91)、(1.85±1.15)、(2.49±1.36)×103pmol/（L·h）］均逐渐升高,GDM组胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）显著高于NGT组［3.0（1.5, 5.2）比2.5（1.5, 3.4）,.P＜0.05］,但胰岛β细胞功能指数（HOMA-β）低于NGT组［230.5（144.6, 311.6）比235.6（168.1, 350.0）,P＜0.05］。GDM组、IGT组、NGT组FGF-19［(284.42±78.16)、(268.17±72.97)、（283.86±79.74）ng/L］、FGF-21［(798.16±273.57)、(882.43±322.17)、(842.75±343.01)ng/L］、vaspin［（22.36±7.27）、（23.53±7.90）、（22.63±9.11）μg/L］、瘦素［（5.51±1.44）、（5.58±1.58）、（5.48±1.47）μg/L］、脂联素［（798.85±255.14）、(863.44±252.18)、(828.36±249.32)μg/L］和IGFBP-1［(40.44±16.41)、(49.57±12.60)、(43.80±16.58)μg/L］水平差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。结论　.妊娠期不同糖耐量状态下多种脂肪细胞因子水平均无显著差异,并未发现妊娠糖尿病的有效血清学预测因子,脂肪细胞因子在妊娠糖尿病发病中的作用还有待进一步研究。     

正常热量高蛋白饮食对肥胖和2型糖尿病患者代谢指标及胃肠激素的影响

目的 观察正常热量高蛋白饮食对肥胖和2型糖尿病患者代谢指标及胃肠激素的影响。方法 单纯性肥胖患者30例（OB组),2型糖尿病患者40例(T2DM组),均给予正常热量高动物蛋白饮食24周,观察两组患者治疗前后体重、体脂、血生化指标及100 g馒头餐前后血胃促生长素、胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）的变化。结果 OB组、T2DM组治疗24周后较治疗前体重 ［(78.23±7.51)kg与(80.83±8.13)kg,P=0.016;(80.45±7.48)kg与(83.26±9.35）kg,P=0.011］、体重指数［(31.03±2.72)kg/m2与(32.01±2.95)kg/m2,P=0.033; (32.63±2.81)kg/m2与(33.86±3.03)kg/m2,P=0.043］、腰围［(93.65±6.23)cm与(97.30±7.81)cm,P=0.041; (97.02±7.43)cm与(101.87±9.87)cm,P=0.034］、脂肪含量［(30.42±6.18)kg与(32.47±5.91)kg,P=0.022; (34.23±7.03)kg与(36.64±6.83)kg,P=0.032］、空腹胰岛素［FINS(10.81±3.69）mmol/L与(13.58±4.86)mmol/L,P=0.012;(9.58±3.51)mmol/L与(10.82±4.28)mmol/L,P=0.015］、胰岛素抵抗指数［HOMA-IR(2.42±0.83)与(3.16±1.21),P=0.019; (3.15±0.74)与(4.13±0.67),P=0.024］、甘油三酯［(1.24±0.32)mmol/L 与(1.49±0.52)mmol/L,P=0.046;(1.86±1.05)mmol/L与(2.46±1.85)mmol/L,P=0.034］ 均明显下降,T2DM组空腹血糖［(6.73±1.25)mmol/L与(8.63±2.81)mmol/L,P=0.010],糖化血红蛋白［(6.44±0.47)%与(7.38±0.33)%,P=0.031］亦显著降低。治疗24周OB组、T2DM组空腹及餐后2 h胃促生长素、GLP-1均高于0周［空腹胃促生长素：（4.98±0.89)μg/L与（3.95±0.98)μg/L,P=0.021;（4.23±1.67)μg/L 与（3.15±1.01)μg/L,P=0.025;餐后2 h胃促生长素：（2.98±0.96)μg/L与（2.56±0.83)μg/L,P=0.046;（2.83±1.03)μg/L与（1.95±0.92)μg/L,P=0.033;空腹GLP-1：（6.06±0.63)μg/L与（5.13±0.59)μg/L,P=0.041;（5.23±0.71)μg/L与（4.49±0.53)μg/L,P=0.039;餐后2 h GLP-1：（10.01±1.01)μg/L 与（7.68±0.94)μg/L,P=0.007;（8.87±0.94)μg/L与（6.59±0.87)μg/L,P=0.013］。结论 正常热量高蛋白饮食可有效减肥、降糖,GLP-1分泌增加可能是其减肥、降糖的主要作用机制之一。     

综合干预对食管癌放射治疗患者生活质量的影响

目的　探讨综合干预对接受放射治疗食管癌患者生活质量的影响。方法　选取2012年10月至2014年12月江苏省南通市肿瘤医院收治的100例食管癌首次放射治疗患者,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各50例。对照组采用常规的饮食指导、补液支持和症状干预,观察组在此基础上强化综合干预。比较两组患者放射治疗前后生活核心量表（QLQ-C30）评分和营养指标的差异。结果　放射治疗前两组患者生活核心量表（QLQ-C30）评分和营养指标差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。放射治疗后观察组患者躯体功能［（75.6±13.1）分比（63.8±12.4）分］、情绪功能［（61.9±14.3）分比（52.5±13.7）分］、疲劳［（36.6±13.2）分比（45.8±15.0）分］、疼痛［（34.8±16.1）分比（44.3±17.0）分］、失眠［（49.2±15.7）分比（57.2±14.3）分］、食欲不振［（50.2±16.2）分比（59.0±15.8）分］、恶心呕吐［（21.5±10.3）分比（29.9±11.3）分］、总体健康［（68.8±13.4）分比（58.2±12.8）分］评分优于对照组（均P＜0.05）;放射治疗后观察组患者体质量［（59.3±8.5）kg比（54.4±7.3）kg］、体质量指数［（21.9±2.1）kg/m2比（18.4±2.8）kg/m2］、血红蛋白［（125.9±8.9）g/L比（107.3±9.5）g/L］、血清白蛋白［（35.1±6.9）g/L比（29.0±5.3）g/L］、前白蛋白［（213.54±37.47）mg/L比（174.56±36.26）mg/L］水平优于对照组（均P＜0.01）。结论　对接受放射治疗的食管癌患者行综合干预,可改善营养不良状况,减轻食管炎、口干、疲乏、食欲不振等症状,改善生活质量,保证放射治疗的顺利完成。     

动态血糖监测在低血糖症诊断和鉴别诊断中的应用

目的　分析不同病因低血糖症患者的动态血糖谱特点,探讨动态血糖监测系统在低血糖症诊断和鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法　使用动态血糖监测系统对20例低血糖症患者进行3～6 d的动态血糖监测,其中胰岛素瘤6例、反应性低血糖7例、自身免疫性低血糖2例、胰岛细胞增生3例、药物相关性低血糖1例、先天性高胰岛素血症1例。分析不同病因低血糖症患者间的动态血糖谱差异。结果　每例患者平均监测（88.9±10.8）h,在有低血糖的患者中检测出38～936次低血糖。各组平均血糖由低到高分别为：先天性高胰岛素血症［(2.97±0.59）mmol/L］、胰岛细胞增生［(4.83±1.32）mmol/L］、胰岛素瘤［(4.87±1.37）mmol/L］、药物性低血糖［(5.98±0.8）mmol/L］、反应性低血糖［(6.38±1.99）mmol/L］、自身免疫性低血糖［(7.63±2.67）mmol/L］。低血糖的构成比由低到高分别为：自身免疫性低血糖和药物性低血糖（均为0）、反应性低血糖［0.5%（0,1.6%）］、胰岛素瘤［9.0%（5.2%,16.3%）］、胰岛细胞增生［9.5%（1.1%,14.2%）］、先天性高胰岛素血症（58.5%）。分析日夜血糖谱差异,胰岛素瘤［(5.16±1.37）mmol/L比（4.44±1.24）mmol/L）］、反应性低血糖［(6.93±2.19）mmol/L比（5.57±1.25）mmol/L）］、自身免疫性低血糖［(8.08±2.79）mmol/L比（6.95±2.31）mmol/L）］、胰岛细胞增生［(5.23±1.31）mmol/L比（4.11±1.00）mmol/L）］、先天性高胰岛素血症［(3.06±0.57）mmol/L比（2.83±0.59）mmol/L）］均以夜间血糖较低（P均＜0.05）;药物性低血糖以日间血糖较低［(5.90±0.81）mmol/L比（6.11±0.77）mmol/L,P＜0.05）］。胰岛素瘤和胰岛细胞增生患者分别62.2%和78.9%的低血糖发生在夜间,先天性高胰岛素血症患者43.2%的低血糖发生在夜间。自身免疫性低血糖患者的血糖标准差（2.67 mmol/L）、最大血糖波动幅度（9.2 mmol/L）、变异系数（35.0%）最高。反应性低血糖血糖极差最高（20.4 mmol/L）。变异系数（31.6%和22.4%）和血糖极差（20.4 mmol/L和6.8 mmol/L）均在反应性低血糖患者中日夜差异最大。结论　动态血糖监测系统的应用及对平均血糖、血糖谱组成、血糖变异性等参数的分析有助于低血糖症的定性诊断和不同病因的鉴别诊断。     

肝癌合并肝硬化患者术后不同剂型肠内营养的临床效果

目的 比较氨基酸型和整蛋白型肠内营养制剂用于肝癌合并肝硬化患者术后营养治疗的临床效果。方法　肝癌合并肝硬化术后患者207例,等热量等氮肠内联合肠外营养连续至少5 d,按肠内营养剂型分为氨基酸型制剂组（氨基酸为氮源,104例）和整蛋白型制剂组（整蛋白为氮源,103例）。观察肠道通气时间、术后住院时间、腹泻发生率、术后并发症发生率等临床结果,以及电解质、肝功能相关生化指标。结果　2组患者术前及术中资料差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;氨基酸型制剂组较整蛋白型制剂组腹泻发生率高（23.08%比8.74%,P=0.005）,肠道通气时间早［（55.87±10.12）h 比（68.27±9.07）h,P=0.000）］;两组患者腹胀发生率（10.58%比13.59,P=0.506）、术后住院时间［（10.30±3.50）d 比（10.12±4.26） d,P=0.738］、并发症发生率（43.27%比33.98%,P=0.170）及术后7 d钾［（4.02±0.50） mmol/L比（3.98±0.55） mmol/L,P=0.644］、钠［（136.29±3.55）mmol/L比（136.23±2.74）mmol/L,P=0.913］、丙氨酸氨基转移酶［（90.22±64.29）U/L比（96.01±59.74）U/L,P=0.556］、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶［（36.01±19.68）U/L比（39.00±18.88）U/L,P=0.329］、总胆红素［（15.39±8.64）μmol/L 比（15.43±8.33）μmol/L,P=0.978］差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;氨基酸型制剂组较整蛋白型制剂组白蛋白水平高［（32.87±3.54） g/L 比（31.37±3.50） g/L, P=0.008］、前白蛋白水平高［（11.41±4.32)mg/dl比（9.84±3.64）mg/dl,P=0.014］,但凝血酶原时间活动度水平低［（66.94±7.24） s比（70.63±8.49）s,P=0.017）］。结论　两种制剂均有利于肝癌合并肝硬化患者术后肝功能恢复,氨基酸型制剂更有助于肠功能恢复和蛋白质合成,整蛋白型制剂肠道耐受性较好并促进凝血功能恢复。     

全胃切除术后恢复十二指肠路径P型和功能性空肠间置代胃消化道重建术对患者远期营养状况的影响

目的比较全胃切除术后P型空肠间置代胃和功能性空肠间置代胃（FJI)两种恢复食物经十二指肠路径的消化道重建方式对患者远期营养状况和生活质量的影响。方法 2003年1月至2011年6月,50例胃癌患者在东华医院行全胃切除术,其中27例行P型空肠间置代胃消化道重建术,23例行FJI消化道重建术。术后第1天至第7天予以全肠外营养支持。观察患者围术期并发症情况。术后6个月和12个月分别监测两组患者体重、血清总蛋白、血清白蛋白、血红蛋白和反流性食管炎发生情况,计算营养评定指数（NAI）。结果 50例患者均未发生严重手术并发症,无围术期及化疗相关死亡。术后6个月P型组和FJI组的体重减轻量［（3.67±0.91)kg比(3.44±0.52)kg,P=0.28］、血清总蛋白［（52.62±1.67)g/L比(53.22±1.24)g/L,,P=0.16］、血清白蛋白［（31.26±1.29)g/L比(30.70±2.41)g/L,P=0.32］、血红蛋白［（118.01±5.96)g/L比(117.83±6.72)g/L,P=0.92］、NAI(P=0.39)和反流性食管炎发生率（11.1%比13.0%,P=1.00）差异无统计学意义。术后12个月两组的体重减轻量［（2.71±0.45)kg比(2.74±0.42)kg,P=0.77］、血清总蛋白［（53.93±1.66)g/L比(53.34±1.84)g/L,P=0.24］、血清白蛋白［（32.60±1.42)g/L比(30.76±2.10)g/L,P=0.23］、血红蛋白［（124.18±6.56)g/L比(119.99±6.13)g/L,P=0.16］、NAI(P=0.43)和反流性食管炎发生率（7.4%比8.7%,P=1.00）差异无统计学意义。结论 全胃切除术后P型和FJI这两种消化道重建方式对患者术后远期营养状况和生活质量的影响无差异。     

血清铁蛋白与肥胖儿童非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关系

目的　探讨血清铁蛋白（SF）与肥胖儿童非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关系。方法　以6～14岁肥胖儿童为研究对象，入选儿童均了解肥胖持续时间，进行体格检查（身高、体质量、腰围、臀围）、生物电阻抗法（体脂含量）、血清学指标（肝氨基转移酶、血脂代谢、空腹血糖、胰岛素、SF）以及肝脏超声检查。按稳态评估模型（HOMA）计算胰岛素抵抗（IR）指数。根据肝脏超声及肝氨基转移酶将所有研究对象分为单纯性肥胖（SOC）组、肥胖儿童伴非酒精性单纯性脂肪肝（NAFL）组和肥胖儿童伴非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH）组。结果　共纳入肥胖儿童86例，年龄（10.4±1.9）岁，其中SOC组26例、肥胖儿童伴NAFL组28例、肥胖儿童伴NASH组32例。肥胖儿童伴NASH组腰围-标准差分值（Z分值）、腰臀比、HOMA-IR指数、SF均明显高于肥胖儿童伴NAFL组［2.3±0.3比2.1±0.3，P=0.020；1.0±0.0比0.9±0.1，P=0.014；4.0±1.7比2.9±1.8，P=0.006；（104.1±49.6）μg/L比（68.4±22.7）μg/L，P=0.004］和SOC组［2.3±0.3比1.9±0.3，P=0.000；1.0±0.0比0.9±0.1，P=0.012；4.0±1.7比2.5±1.6，P=0.001；（104.1±49.6）μg/L比（59.2±28.9）μg/L，P=0.001］，体质量指数-Z分值差异无统计学意义(2.8±0.5比2.7±0.6，P=0.524；2.8±0.5比2.7±0.6，P=0.662)；肥胖儿童伴NAFL组和SOC组各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义［2.1±0.3比1.9±0.3，P=0.260；0.9±0.1比0.9±0.1，P=0.952；2.9±1.8比2.5±1.6，P=0.283；(68.4±22.7)μg/L比（59.2±28.9）μg/L，P=0.161］。控制年龄、体质量指数、腰围、腰臀比、三酰甘油、HOMA-IR指数影响，SF仍与肥胖儿童非酒精性脂肪肝病变程度呈正相关（r=0.335，P=0.002）。结论　血清铁蛋白可能是肥胖儿童NASH发生的独立危险因素。     

二甲双胍及吡格列酮对具有糖尿病的代谢综合征患者胰高血糖素水平的影响

目的　通过观察具有糖尿病的代谢综合征患者采用二甲双胍或吡格列酮治疗后血糖、胰岛素、胰高血糖素、胰岛β细胞功能和胰岛素抵抗的改变,探讨胰岛α细胞功能在以胰岛素抵抗为核心的2型糖尿病致病机制中的可能作用及其在药物治疗后的变化情况。方法　于2012年4月至2013年4月在北京市朝阳区糖尿病中心选取具有糖尿病的代谢综合征患者60例,按随机数字表法分为二甲双胍组（口服二甲双胍0.5 g/次,每日3次,n=30）和吡格列酮组（口服吡格列酮15 mg/次,每日1次,n=30）,治疗1年。同期选取年龄性别匹配的体检正常的健康人30例作为对照组。比较3组的一般资料及药物干预组治疗前后血糖、胰岛素、胰高血糖素、胰岛素敏感性指数、胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛β细胞功能指数、胰岛素分泌敏感性指数、第1时相胰岛素分泌指数及第2时相胰岛素分泌指数。结果　药物干预组治疗前与对照组比较,空腹胰高血糖素［（146.22±25.41）pmol/L比（21.31±7.85）pmol/L,P=0.002］及胰高血糖素曲线下面积均显著升高［（469.84±13.12）pmol/(L·h)比（100.94±7.73）pmol/(L·h),P=0.006］。二甲双胍组治疗后与治疗前比较,空腹血糖［（6.46±1.38）mmol/L比（7.54±0.43）mmol/L,P=0.031］、空腹胰岛素［（119.22±69.01）pmol/L比（139.38±71.13）pmol/L,P=0.042］、空腹胰高血糖素［（91.69±22.11）pmol/L比（142.81±24.56）pmol/L,P=0.029］、血糖曲线下面积［（25.19±1.31）mmol/(L·h)比（32.68±1.12）mmol/(L·h),P=0.043］、胰岛素曲线下面积［（468.65±20.10）pmol/(L·h)比（786.32±21.37）pmol/(L·h),P=0.017］和胰高血糖素曲线下面积［（280.60±8.26）pmol/(L·h)比（487.14±14.31）pmol/(L·h),P=0.032］均显著降低;吡格列酮组治疗后与治疗前比较,空腹血糖［（6.58±2.21）mmol/L比（7.68±0.59）mmol/L,P=0.028］、空腹胰岛素［（107.92±17.81）pmol/L比（144.66±74.43）pmol/L,P=0.033］、空腹胰高血糖素［（76.07±20.57）pmol/L比（148.34±28.94）pmol/L,P=0.025］、血糖曲线下面积［（25.58±1.22）mmol/(L·h)比（35.07±1.38）mmol/(L·h),P=0.038］、胰岛素曲线下面积［（435.54±19.30）pmol/(L·h)比（854.75±20.61）pmol/(L·h),P=0.013］和胰高血糖素曲线下面积［（223.43±5.83）pmol/(L·h)比（458.55±12.96）pmol/(L·h),P=0.026］也显著降低。二甲双胍组治疗前后空腹胰岛素差值［（20.16±2.98）mmol/L比（36.74±2.88）mmol/L,P=0.011］、空腹胰高血糖素差值［（51.12±3.67）pmol/L比（72.27±4.58）pmol/L,P=0.016］、胰岛素曲线下面积差值［（317.67±13.45）pmol/(L·h)比（419.21±15.44）pmol/(L·h),P=0.031］和胰高血糖素曲线下面积差值［（206.54±9.66）pmol/(L·h)比（235.12±10.29）pmol/(L·h),P=0.046］均显著低于吡格列酮组。结论　具有糖尿病的代谢综合征患者胰高血糖素水平高。二甲双胍及吡格列酮在改善此类患者血糖水平、胰岛β细胞分泌功能及胰岛素抵抗的同时,亦均可降低胰高血糖素水平,提示这两种药物有改善胰岛α细胞功能的作用,并且吡格列酮的作用更显著。     

单纯性肥胖及肥胖伴黑棘皮病患者肠道微生态的结构差异

目的　探索单纯性肥胖及肥胖伴黑棘皮病患者肠道菌群的分布特点。方法　选取131例肥胖患者及25名健康志愿者并分为肥胖伴黑棘皮病组(AN组)、单纯性肥胖组(OB组)及对照组(CON组)。收集所有人群的新鲜粪便、临床及生化指标,并采用焦磷酸测序技术对粪便标本的16s rRNA进行鉴定,分析各组的菌群分布特点。结果　AN组患者的体质量指数［(37.45±5.12)kg/m2比(33.34±2.54)kg/m2比（20.35±1.68）kg/m2,P=0.045,P＜0.001］、胰岛素［32.77(25.18)mU/L比20.73(9.30)mU/L比8.70(6.18)mU/L,P＜0.001,P＜0.001］、胰岛素抵抗指数［7.78(6.87)比4.71（2.88）比1.81（1.40）,P＜0.001,P＜0.001］及白细胞介素-6［(3.64±2.23)ng/L比（2.71±0.78）ng/L比（2.17±0.86）ng/L,P=0.040,P=0.009］水平均高于OB组和CON组。与OB组和CON组相比,AN组的菌群多样性显著下降,差异有统计学意义（P=0.015,P=0.001）,但3组之间的菌群丰度差异无统计学意义。在门水平,3组菌群均包括厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门和梭杆菌门,差异无统计学意义。在属水平,AN组和OB组均以拟杆菌属、巨单胞菌属、柔嫩梭菌属和埃希-志贺菌属为主。此外,与OB组和CON组相比,AN组的瘤胃球菌属显著下降（P=0.023,P=0.043）,而韦氏菌属显著增加（P=0.048,P=0.043）,OB和AN组的魏斯菌属均较CON组显著下降（P=0.045,P=0.025）。结论　肥胖伴黑棘皮病患者较单纯性肥胖患者有更严重的胰岛素抵抗及炎症状态,且两组的肠道菌群分布差异有统计学意义。     

超重及肥胖患者的饮食及人体成分

目的　分析北京医院减重门诊患者的饮食习惯、能量摄入及消耗、人体测量、人体成分的基本情况。方法　前瞻性选取2014年11月至2015年8月在北京医院内分泌营养减重联合门诊就诊的体质量指数（BMI）≥ 24 kg/m2的患者89例,平均年龄（45.8±16.4）岁,其中男性35例,女性54例,分为糖尿病组（n=35）和非糖尿病组（n=54）,比较2组患者的饮食习惯、能量摄入及消耗、人体测量以及人体成分的基本情况。结果　无论是否患有糖尿病,超重及肥胖患者(BMI≥24 kg/m2)的进餐速度都偏快,多在10 min内用餐完毕,偏爱中餐和肉食,不喜欢热食。非糖尿病组超重及肥胖患者的餐馆用餐频次（3~5次/周）高于糖尿病组（1~2次/周）。与糖尿病组比较,非糖尿病组超重及肥胖患者的脂肪供能比［（34.9±7.6）%比（30.8±5.9）%］更高,碳水化合物摄入量［（232.2±59.7）g比（283.6±89.5）g］、碳水化合物供能比［（47.9±8.3）%比（53.4±7.1）%］、静息代谢率/体质量比值［（66.9±9.6）kJ/(d·kg)比（71.1±7.9）kJ/(d·kg)］较低（均P＜0.05）,而两组间总能量、蛋白质、优质蛋白质、脂肪摄入量,蛋白质供能比以及静息代谢率比较差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。患者平均BMI（32.8±4.4）kg/m2,最高达53.5 kg/m2。与糖尿病组比较,非糖尿病组超重及肥胖患者的臀围［（117.15±9.9）cm比（111.1±8.2）cm］、上臂围［（36.4±3.8）cm比（34.0±3.3）cm］、三头肌皮褶厚度［（36.1±8.9）mm比（31.6±8.8）mm］较大（均P＜0.05）,年龄偏小［（41.7±16.9）岁比（52.9±13.1）岁,P=0.001］,而两组间体质量、BMI、腰围、颈围、双手握力比较差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。非糖尿病组超重及肥胖患者的体质量［（94.8±18.3）kg比（86.9±17.2）kg］、体脂肪［（39.7±11.3）kg比（33.5±8.9）kg］、体脂百分比［（41.7±6.5）%比（38.5±6.7）%］、内脏脂肪面积［（145.3±24.8）cm2比（130.7±27.5）cm2］均高于糖尿病组（均P＜0.05）,而BMI及骨骼肌重量比较差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。结论　与糖尿病组患者比较,超重及肥胖的非糖尿病患者年龄偏小,饮食习惯更差,体脂肪、体脂百分比、内脏脂肪面积更大。     

Heat-related illnesses, deaths, and risk factors--Cincinnati and Dayton, Ohio, 1999, and United States, 1979-1997

During the summer of 1999, a heat wave occurred in the midwestern and eastern United States. This period of hot and humid weather persisted from July 12 through August 1, 1999, and caused or contributed to 22 deaths among persons residing in Cincinnati (18 deaths) and Dayton (four deaths). A CDC survey of 24 U.S. metropolitan areas indicated that Ohio recorded some of the highest rates for heat-related deaths during the 1999 heat wave, with Cincinnati reporting 21 per million and Dayton reporting seven per million (CDC, unpublished data, 1999). This report describes four heat-related deaths representative of those that occurred in Cincinnati or Dayton during the 1999 heat wave, summarizes heat-related deaths in the United States during 1979-1997, describes risk factors associated with heat-related illness and death, and recommends preventive measures.     

International standards and international reference preparations: amphotericin B, vancomycin, capreomycin, cefalotin, demethylchlortetracycline, gentamycin, gramicidin S, kanamycin and kanamycin B, lincomycin, lymecycline, methacycline, paromomycin, rifamycin SV, ristocetin and ristocetin B, spiramycin, and triacetyloleandomycin

Each of the preparations described here was obtained and evaluated at the request of a WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Unless otherwise stated, a standard procedure was used to distribute the material into individual ampoules. The procedure was as follows. Upon receipt by the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, materials were stored temporarily in the dark at a temperature of -10°C or lower, and protected from moisture. At a convenient time they were brought back to room temperature, mixed, and distributed into individual neutral glass ampoules so that each ampoule contained 50-100 mg of powder. If it was known that the material was light-sensitive non-actinic glass ampoules were used. After exhaustive drying in vacuum over phosphorus(V) oxide, the ampoules were either constricted (up to 1963) or fitted with capillary leak plugs, dried for a further period under the same conditions, filled with dry nitrogen, and sealed by fusion of the glass. The total drying period varied from 8 to 38 days according to the nature of the material. After they had been tested for leaks, the ampoules were stored in the dark at -20°C.     

Planning,Design, Equipment,and Software

Abstract

Consumer Health Information [CHI]-the term can mean many things to many people and it can take many forms. Health information in layman's terms can be found in brochures, books, journals, videos, television programs, news reports and, of course, through the Internet. Current estimates differ widely as to the number of health-related sites on the Web. A November 1999 article in the British Medical Journalestimates that there are approximately 100,000 health-related sites in existence.¹ Health resources come in many forms and the technology and design of those sites can be just as varied. When viewed as an architectural structure, certain correlations can be drawn between the construction of a home and the building of a Web site. It can take a tremendous amount of effort and planning to build both. The following article describes the design process and technology behind the Arkansas Consumer Health Information Network's consumer health Web site, ARHealthLINK http://www.arhealthlink.org     

Zinc, copper, and magnesium and risks for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality

BACKGROUND: Experimental data suggest that zinc, copper, and magnesium are involved in carcinogenesis and atherogenesis. Few longitudinal studies have related these minerals to cancer or cardiovascular disease mortality in a population. METHODS: Data from the Paris Prospective Study 2, a cohort of 4035 men age 30-60 years at baseline, were used to assess the association between serum zinc, copper, and magnesium and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Serum mineral values measured at baseline were divided into quartiles and classified into low (1st quartile, referent group), medium (2nd-3rd quartiles), and high (4th quartile) values. During 18-year follow up, 339 deaths occurred, 176 as a result of cancer and 56 of cardiovascular origin. Relative risks (RRs) for each element were inferred using Cox's proportional hazard model after controlling for various potential confounders. RESULTS: High copper values (4th quartile) were associated with a 50% increase in RRs for all-cause deaths (RR = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.1), a 40% increase for cancer mortality (1.4; 0.9-2.2), and a 30% increase for cardiovascular mortality (1.3; 0.6-2.8) compared with low values (1st quartile). High magnesium values were negatively related to mortality with a 40% decrease in RR for all-cause (0.6; 0.4-0.8) and cardiovascular deaths (0.6; 0.2-1.2) and by 50% for cancer deaths (0.5; 0.3-0.8). Additionally, subjects with a combination of low zinc and high copper values had synergistically increased all-cause (2.6; 1.4-5.0) and cancer (2.7; 1.0-7.3) mortality risks. Similarly, combined low zinc and high magnesium values were associated with decreased all-cause (0.2; 0.1-0.5) and cancer (0.2; 0.1-0.8) mortality risks. CONCLUSIONS: High serum copper, low serum magnesium, and concomitance of low serum zinc with high serum copper or low serum magnesium contribute to an increased mortality risk in middle-aged men.     

Differences and disparities in seasonal influenza vaccine,acceptance, adverse reactions,and coverage by age,sex, gender,and race

BackgroundInfluenza is a significant threat to public health worldwide. Despite the widespread availability of effective and generally safe vaccines, the acceptance and coverage of influenza vaccines are significantly lower than recommended. Sociodemographic variables are known to be potential predictors of differential influenza vaccine uptake and outcomes.ObjectivesThis review aims to (1) identify how sociodemographic characteristics such as age, sex, gender, and race may influence seasonal influenza vaccine acceptance and coverage; and (2) evaluate the role of these sociodemographic characteristics in differential adverse reactions among vaccinated individuals.MethodsPubMed was used as the database to search for published literature in three thematic areas related to the seasonal influenza vaccine - vaccine acceptance, adverse reactions, and vaccine coverage.ResultsA total of 3249 articles published between 2010 and 2020 were screened and reviewed, of which 39 studies were included in this literature review. By the three thematic areas, 17 studies assessed vaccine acceptance, 8 studies focused on adverse reactions, and 14 examined coverage of the seasonal influenza vaccine. There were also two studies that focused on more than one of the areas of interest.ConclusionEach of the four sociodemographic predictors – age, sex, race, and gender – were found to significantly influence vaccine acceptance, receipt and outcomes in this review.     

Dietary,anthropometric, and biochemical factors influencing plasma choline,carnitine, trimethylamine,and trimethylamine-N-oxide concentrations

The objective of the study was to evaluate the nutritional, anthropometric, and biochemical factors that influence choline, l-carnitine, trimethylamine (TMA), and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) metabolism in elderly women. The volunteers’ diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were estimated using a self-established score method. Body mass index (BMI), serum glucose, total, HDL, LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, homocysteine (tHcy), free choline (fchol), L-carnitine, TMA, and TMAO were assessed. Higher concentrations of l-carnitine, fchol, and TMAO were found in those women who had more western-style dietary patterns. Nor choline or betaine intake affected plasma fchol, TMA, or TMAO. BMI was positively correlated with fchol and TMA. tHcy was positively correlated with fchol, TMA, and TMAO, while fchol was also positively correlated with TMA and TMAO. Dietary patterns and plasma tHcy concentration influence fchol, TMA, and TMAO plasma concentration. Plasma TMA and fchol may be associated with BMI.     

Psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine

This paper examines the relationship between psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. These countries have been subjected to highly stressful and extensive social change associated with the transition out of communism. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews (n = 10,406) in November 2001. Distress was measured by 12 psychological distress symptoms. Health lifestyles focused on measures of alcohol consumption, smoking and diet. We found that females carried a much heavier burden of psychological distress than males, but this distress did not translate into greater alcohol consumption and smoking for these women or for men. The greatest influence of distress on health lifestyle practices was on daily diets in that both less distressed females and males consumed a more balanced diet than more distressed persons. Our findings suggest that it is the normative demands of a particular lifestyle, rather than distress, that principally shapes the pattern of heavy male drinking. This is an important finding as some sources indicate heavy drinking is largely responsible for the health crisis in the former socialist states.     

Malaria epidemics and interventions, Kenya, Burundi, southern Sudan, and Ethiopia, 1999-2004

Quantitative data on the onset and evolution of malaria epidemics are scarce. We review case studies from recent African Plasmodium falciparum epidemics (Kisii and Gucha Districts, Kenya, 1999; Kayanza Province, Burundi, 2000-2001; Aweil East, southern Sudan, 2003; Gutten and Damot Gale, Ethiopia, 2003-2004). We highlight possible epidemic risk factors and review delays in epidemic detection and response (up to 20 weeks), essentially due to poor case reporting and analysis or low use of public facilities. Epidemics lasted 15-36 weeks, and patients' age profiles suggested departures from classical notions of epidemic malaria everywhere but Burundi. Although emergency interventions were mounted to expand inpatient and outpatient treatment access, we believe their effects were lessened because of delays, insufficient evaluation of disease burden, lack of evidence on how to increase treatment coverage in emergencies, and use of ineffective drugs.