上颈椎慢性损伤

上颈椎慢性损伤所致病症远较目前颈椎病诊断标准所分的几型多见。上颈椎应包括枕骨、环椎和枢椎，由环枕关节和环枢关节组成。上颈椎慢性损伤由上颈部软组织慢性劳损和关节半脱位引起。上颈椎慢性损伤的治疗可从治疗软组织劳损、无菌性炎症和复位环枕关节和环枢关节等脊柱关节半脱位两方面着手。将“上颈椎慢性损伤”确立为颈椎病的一种重要类型，对临床治疗有指导意义。     

颈部软组织病变在颈椎发病中的作用

退变是颈椎病发病的一大特征。追溯近年来对颈部软组织病变在颈椎发病过程中的研究轨迹 ,发现颈部软组织病变不但贯穿颈椎发病始终 ,而且是临床多种症状的主导性病因。颈椎骨病变可看作是软组织病变的结果 ,是颈椎病病程中从属于软组织病变的附属表现。1　颈部软组织病变的临床意义1 1　颈部肌群退变为前提　维持颈椎动力平衡的肌力是保持姿势的必需条件 ,而肌群力变化的直接体现就是头颈姿势的改变。为维持平衡 ,头颈在屈曲时颈肌拉力增强[1] ,长期的低头工作易使颈肌过劳 ,引起颈肌慢性劳损 ,久之颈肌肌力减弱 ,致使颈椎的动静力平衡失调[…     

综合康复治疗椎动脉型颈椎病的疗效观察

目的探讨综合康复治疗对椎动脉型颈椎病的疗效。将200例椎动脉型颈椎病患者随机分为颈椎牵引组(A组)、颈椎牵引加电疗综合治疗组(B组)每10次一个疗程,治疗20次后,进行比较。方法采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)、颈椎病临床评价量表(CASCS)分别对疼痛和颈部功能状态进行评分并进行比较。结果经统计学处理止痛效果和颈部功能改善与治疗前相比两组都有效,B组疗效明显优于A组(P<0.01)。结论颈椎牵引有较好疗效,如果颈椎牵引加上微波和中频电疗综合康复治疗椎动脉型颈椎病则疗效更好。     

轴性颈椎痛

颈椎病大致分为轴性颈椎痛、神经根型颈椎病、脊髓型颈椎病及三者混合型颈椎病。轴性颈椎痛主要由颈椎退变引起颈椎不稳及椎间盘退变产生炎性刺激所致,急慢性颈椎损伤也会加重退变而引起轴性颈椎痛。患者多数可出现颈肩部、枕部、后肩胛区慢性持续性钝痛,可扩散到上背部及上臂,常伴有头痛,可有颈部活动受限、颈后肌肉压痛、肩关节活动受限等表现。颈椎X线片和颈椎间盘造影等影像学检查可辅助诊断轴性颈椎痛,保守治疗一般可获得满意效果。轴性颈椎痛是临床最常见且最易治疗的一种颈椎病,但目前国内外对其研究报道较少,国内很多文献甚至对其无明确定义。该文回顾国外轴性颈椎痛相关文献,就发病机制、临床表现、影像学诊断和治疗作一综述。     

轴性颈椎痛

颈椎病大致分为轴性颈椎痛、神经根型颈椎病、脊髓型颈椎病及三者混合型颈椎病.轴性颈椎痛主要由颈椎退变引起颈椎不稳及椎间盘退变产生炎性刺激所致,急慢性颈椎损伤也会加重退变而引起轴性颈椎痛.患者多数可出现颈肩部、枕部、后肩胛区慢性持续性钝痛,可扩散到上背部及上臂,常伴有头痛,可有颈部活动受限、颈后肌肉压痛、肩关节活动受限等表现.颈椎X线片和颈椎间盘造影等影像学检查可辅助诊断轴性颈椎痛,保守治疗一般可获得满意效果.轴性颈椎痛是临床最常见且最易治疗的一种颈椎病,但目前国内外对其研究报道较少,国内很多文献甚至对其无明确定义.该文回顾国外轴性颈椎痛相关文献,就发病机制、临床表现、影像学诊断和治疗作一综述.     

颈椎病的临床特点和治疗

颈椎病(cervical spondylosis,CS)是较为常见的脊柱退行性疾病,我国颈椎病患病率为3.8%～17.5%[1],保守治疗无效者常需手术治疗,手术方式包括颈前路、颈后路及前后路联合等。随着各种内固定材料的发展,颈椎病的手术方式也有了不断革新。本文就颈椎病的临床表现和手术发展趋势作一探讨,以便更好地促进颈椎病诊疗水平的总体提高。1颈椎病的分型和临床表现1.1颈型颈椎病临床上以青壮年居多,多与长期低头工作,颈部长时间屈曲有关。主要表现为颈部酸、痛、胀等局部症状,部分患者颈部活动受限,X线片表现为颈椎生理曲度变直或反弓。1.2神经根型颈椎病因髓核突出、骨赘形     

对颈椎病性眩晕的临床认识

伴眩晕的颈椎病临床多被命名为交感型颈椎病、颈性眩晕、伴交感神经症状颈椎病,其发病机制包括交感神经激惹学说、本体感受器移位学说以及椎动脉扭转学说。诊断依靠临床症状体征和动态的影像学检查,颈椎重定位检查以及颈椎扭转检查是鉴别该疾病与良性阵发性位置性眩晕的重要检查方法。有针对性的保守治疗多有效,存在颈椎不稳或血管神经受压时,可以手术治疗,预后一般较好。     

交感神经型颈椎病与颈肌劳损的生物力学关系

交感神经型颈椎病的病因及病理机制的研究尚未完全明了;但其发病的几率却有增高的趋势,而且其发病的年龄有越来越趋向年轻化。近年来大量的研究证实:交感神经型颈椎病的发生发展与颈椎的稳定性改变有密切关系;而颈椎的稳定在结构与功能上尚与颈部肌肉的解剖生理特点及生物力学有关。当颈部肌肉发生劳损时,可致肌张力不平衡,产生颈椎动力及静力平衡失调;进而形成颈椎失稳。本文认为颈肌劳损产生的生物力学变化,也是交感神经型颈椎病发生发展及选择非手术疗法作用的关键之一。     

颈性眩晕的临床治疗体会

目的探讨颈性眩晕的发病机制及治疗效果。方法74例颈性眩晕患者中,62例行保守治疗,包括卧床休息及颈部围颈固定,星状神经节阻滞及颈部高位硬膜外封闭。对于非手术治疗无效、患者症状严重者采取手术治疗（12例）,行颈前路椎间盘及骨赘切除加椎间植骨融合术,包括颈椎病4例,下颈椎失稳6例,颈间盘突出症2例。结果疗效优49例,良14例,显效8例,无改善3例。结论颈椎病和颈椎失稳是颈性眩晕的主要病因,交感神经受刺激是主要的发病机制,颈性眩晕的综合治疗效果确切,保守治疗无效应以稳定颈椎为主要目的。     

交感型颈椎病的治疗进展

综合近年来国际国内所发表的各类期刊杂志,对交感型颈椎病的定义、发病机制及治疗方法作以概括、探讨.所有作者均认为Barre-Lieou提出的"颈后交感神经综合征",即本文所述的交感型颈椎病的定义,其发生机制主要为颈椎退变刺激或压迫颈部交感神经纤维,或导致椎动脉痉挛.其治疗方法主要为保守治疗及慎重手术治疗.交感型颈椎病主要发病原因为颈椎失稳,刺激交感神经纤维致椎动脉痉挛缺血.其治疗方法主要以保守治疗为主,手术为辅,但容易复发.手术治疗的方法主要是颈椎间盘摘除,融合植骨内固定,消除失稳因素,但其适应证相对较窄.     

中医综合治疗上颈段颈椎病65例疗效观察

目的探讨上颈段颈椎病中医综合治疗的临床疗效。方法从2008年4月至2009年3月,共治疗上颈段颈椎病患者65例,按就诊顺序随机分为三组,手法加牵引组、手法组和西药组分别进行治疗。治疗前、后对患者颈部疼痛、上肢痛麻、头痛头晕、交感神经症状及颈椎活动进行评分,对三组的疗效进行评价。结果手法加牵引组、手法组能显著改善颈部疼痛、上肢痛麻、头痛头晕、交感神经症状以及颈椎活动受限症状,而西药组能显著改善颈部疼痛、头痛头晕、颈椎活动受限症状,而对上肢痛麻、交感神经症状改善不明显。手法加牵引组总有效率87.5%,手法组总有效率78.2%,西药组总有效率72.2%。结论手法结合颈椎牵引治疗上颈段颈椎病,能明显改善颈部疼痛、头痛头晕和颈椎活动障碍,能纠正上肢疼痛麻木以及视力模糊、目胀、耳鸣、多汗、胸闷不适等交感神经症状,是防治颈椎病的有效手段。     

青年性颈椎病32例报告

本文报告采用中西医结合的综合非手术疗法162例18～35岁年龄组颈椎病的治疗效果,总有效率为96.8％。对本病的病因病理,诊断标准,治疗和预防进行了分析,提出了颈椎病与颈椎间盘突出不同的解剖学基础,认为颈肩背软组织病变将导致颈椎病的发生,因此应积极地尽早采取综合的非手术治疗。     

Surgery for cervical spinal cord compression in patients with multiple sclerosis

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate the clinical and paraclinical features, treatment, and outcomes of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and coexisting spinal cord compression secondary to either cervical spondylosis or cervical disc disease. Patients with MS commonly experience neurological disabilities that present as myelopathy associated with bladder dysfunction. For some patients with MS, however, this neurological deterioration may result from coexisting spinal cord compression attributable to either spondylosis or a herniated disc. Overlapping symptoms of the two conditions do not allow clear clinical determination of the underlying cause of worsening. METHODS: Patients with MS who underwent cervical decompression surgery were selected. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed, to collect data on their pre- and postoperative clinical courses. RESULTS: Nine women and five men with definite MS were selected for cervical decompression surgery to treat neurological deterioration considered to be at least partially attributable to spinal cord compression. The most common symptoms were progressive myelopathy (n = 13), neck pain (n = 11), and cervical radiculopathy (n = 10). Bladder dysfunction was notably absent among these patients with MS with moderate disabilities. Surgical intervention was frequently delayed because the neurological deterioration was initially thought to be attributable to MS. The majority of patients experienced either improvement or stabilization of their preoperative symptoms in the immediate postoperative period; three subjects (21%) maintained this improvement after a mean follow-up period of 3.8 years. No MS relapses, permanent neurological worsening, or serious complications resulting from surgery or general anesthesia were noted. CONCLUSION: Carefully selected patients with MS and cervical spinal cord compression secondary to either spondylosis or disc disease may benefit from surgical decompression, with minimal associated morbidity. Clinical features (especially neck pain and cervical radiculopathy) and magnetic resonance imaging may assist clinicians in differentiating between the two conditions and may guide appropriate treatment without undue delay.     

Chronic neck pain and masticatory dysfunction

Chronic nonspecific neck pain is a common problem in rheumatology and may resist conventional treatment. Pathophysiological links exist between the cervical spine and masticatory system. Occlusal disorders may cause neck pain and may respond to dental treatment. The estimated prevalence of occlusal disorders is about 45%, with half the cases being due to functional factors. Minor repeated masticatory dysfunction (MD) with craniocervical asymmetry is the most common clinical picture. The pain is usually located in the suboccipital region and refractory to conventional treatment. The time pattern may be suggestive, with nocturnal arousals or triggering by temporomandibular movements. MD should be strongly suspected in patients with at least two of the following: history of treated or untreated MD, unilateral temporomandibular joint pain and clicking, lateral deviation during mouth opening, and limitation of mouth opening (less than three fingerbreadths). Rheumatologists should consider MD among causes of neck pain, most notably in patients with abnormal craniocervical posture, signs linking the neck pain to mastication, and clinical manifestations of MD. Evidence suggesting that MD may cause neck pain has been published. However, studies are needed to determine whether treatment of MD can relieve neck pain.     

颈椎人工椎间盘置换术治疗颈椎病短期临床疗效

目的观察颈椎人工椎间盘置换术治疗颈椎病的短期临床疗效,评估该手术的有效性和安全性。方法对21例行人工椎间盘置换术的颈椎病患者进行2年以上的随访。分别在术前、术后3个月、术后6个月和末次随访时评价患者的功能和疼痛程度,测量颈椎手术节段活动度（range of motion,ROM）。结果术后不同时间点的功能和疼痛评分、颈椎节段ROM均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。术后不同时间点的功能和疼痛评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术后6个月和末次随访时的颈椎节段ROM较术后3个月有显著改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。有1例术后发生急性感染,无假体相关并发症发生。结论人工椎间盘置换术治疗颈椎病可显著改善患者的功能,维持颈椎节段的ROM,短期疗效满意。     

Cervicalgies chroniques et dysfonctionnement de l'appareil manducateur

Chronic nonspecific neck pain is a common problem in rheumatology and may resist conventional treatment. Pathophysiological links exist between the cervical spine and the masticatory system. Occlusal disorders may cause neck pain and may respond to dental treatment. The estimated prevalence of occlusal disorders is about 45%, with half the cases being due to functional factors. Minor repeated masticatory dysfunction (MD) with craniocervical asymmetry is the most common clinical picture. The pain is usually located in the suboccipital region and refractory to conventional treatment. The time pattern may be suggestive, with nocturnal arousals or triggering by temporomandibular movements. MD should be strongly suspected in patients with at least two of the following: history of treated or untreated MD, unilateral temporomandibular joint pain and clicking, lateral deviation during mouth opening, and limitation of mouth opening (less than three fingerbreadths). Rheumatologists should consider MD among causes of neck pain, most notably in patients with abnormal craniocervical posture, signs linking the neck pain to mastication, and clinical manifestations of MD. Evidence suggesting that MD may cause neck pain has been published. However, studies are needed to determine whether treatment of MD can relieve neck pain.     

近端肌萎缩型颈椎病11例的诊治分析

目的:探讨近端肌萎缩型颈椎病的临床特点、治疗方法及临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2016年9月至2020年12月治疗的11例近端肌萎缩型颈椎病患者,其中男7例,女4例,年龄38~68岁。分析其临床症状特点、MRI及神经电生理表现,分别采用保守治疗或颈椎前路减压融合手术进行治疗,治疗前后采用徒手肌力评定方法(manual muscle test,MMT)对患者进行疗效评价,同时随访患者满意度。结果:所有患者获得随访,时间6~19个月。11例均为单侧发病,主要表现以三角肌、冈上肌、冈下肌萎缩为主,早期可以伴有同侧颈肩痛;MRI显示以C_4,5、C_5,6节段病变多见,神经电生理检查表现为受累肌肉失神经支配,患侧支配神经复合肌肉动作电位(compound muscle action potential,CMAP)波幅较健侧降低。所有手术患者获得骨性融合,1例行颈椎体次切减压融合术(anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion,ACCF)术后出现对侧C₅神经根麻痹,经对症治疗10周后完全恢复。治疗后12个月时根据MMT疗效评估:保守治疗3例,优2例,良1例;手术治疗8例,优3例,良4例,可1例。结论:近端肌萎缩型颈椎病发病率低,表现为单侧近端肌肉萎缩,早期可以伴有同侧颈肩痛,结合MRI、神经电生理检查可以减少误诊。在发病早期尤其是髓核脱出导致神经压迫的可以采取保守治疗,当保守治疗无效或疼痛不能耐受时建议行前路减压手术,整体疗效满意。     

Anterior cervical interbody fusion with radiolucent carbon fiber cages: clinical and radiological results

The authors retrospectively evaluated 30 patients with an anterior cervical interbody fusion for cervical spondylosis or disc herniation. Open box carbon fiber cages were used at 45 levels. The visual analogue scales (VAS), respectively for neck and for arm pain, and the neck disability index (NDI) improved significantly (p < 0.001). Fusion occurred in 87% of the operated levels. Subsidence of the cages into the endplates was observed in 49% of the operated levels, which increased to 54% when more levels were fused. No correlation between subsidence of the cage and clinical outcome or radiographic fusion was established. The authors conclude that cervical discectomy and interbody fusion using an open box carbon fiber cage is a satisfactory treatment option for degenerative cervical disease causing neck pain and radiculopathy, despite the relatively high percentage of subsidence of this cage.     

Transforaminal steroid injections in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy. A prospective outcome study

Summary Background. The aim of this study was to assess if transforaminal steroid injections applied to cohort of patients waiting for cervical disc surgery, reduce the pain of cervical radiculopathy and hence reduce the need for surgical intervention. Cervical radiculopathy due to cervical disc herniation or spondylosis is a common indication for cervical disc surgery. Surgery is however not always successful, and is not done without risk of complications. Transforaminal injection of steroids has gained popularity due to the rationale that inflammation of the spinal nerve roots causes radicular pain, and therefore steroids placed locally should relieve symptoms. Methods. During a 12-month period, 21 secondary referral patients with unilateral cervical radiculopathy entered the study. Cervical disc herniation or spondylosis affecting the corresponding nerve root was demonstrated by appropriate investigation (MRI or myelography). The patients then received 2 transforaminal steroid injections, at 2 weeks interval, while waiting for operative treatment. The pain intensity (VAS), Odom’s criteria and operative indications were registered at 6 weeks and 4 months. Findings. After receiving injection treatment 5 of the 21 patients decided to cancel the operation due to clinical improvement. A statistically significant reduction (0.02) in radicular pain score was simultaneously measured. This corresponds well with the reduction in operative requirements since radicular pain is the main indication for operative treatment. The responders experienced a long-lasting effect. Those responding positively however improved neck pain to the same extent as radicular pain, and patients with cervical spondylosis responded as positively as those with disc herniation. Interpetation. This prospective cohort study indicates a reduction in the need for operative treatment due to injection treatment. The clinical effect is measurable, and a statistically significant improvement of the radicular pain is registered. Routine transforaminal injection treatment prior to surgery seems rewarding, but the complication risk must be taken into consideration.     

Adjacent segment disease after fusion for cervical spondylosis; myth or reality?

Cervical spondylosis is a common cause of radiculopathy and myelopathy, often treated by discectomy and interbody fusion. However, there has been a recent vogue for the use of artificial disc prostheses to decrease the risk of accelerated degenerative disease at adjacent levels. The short-term results of artificial disc replacements have been encouraging, but the long-term justification for using this new technology hinges on whether the incidence of adjacent segment disease decreases. It will also be necessary to demonstrate that movement at the operated levels is maintained and the incidence of device failure is low. We review the radiological, biomechanical and clinical evidence for adjacent segment disease, and the rationale for using artificial cervical disc replacements. There is presently insufficient evidence to justify the widespread use of artificial disc replacements in the treatment of cervical spondylosis, but neither is there sufficient evidence to criticize their use. Present evidence suggests that adjacent segment disease is partly due to the natural history of spondylotic disease and partly due to cervical fusion. Randomized trials are required to ascertain whether the incidence of adjacent segment disease changes with the use of artificial disc replacements in the long term. Indications for the use of artificial discs are presently unclear, but disc replacements might be recommended for 'young' patients who require an anterior cervical discectomy, with good ranges of neck movements, and an awareness of the satisfactory short-term results, but lack of long-term outcome data, preferably within the limits of a clinical trial.