创伤性颞下颌关节强直

颞下颌关节（TMJ）强直是一种严重影响下颌运动的疾病,创伤是其常见的病因,但创伤如何引起TMJ强直的发生,目前尚未完全阐明,本文就创伤性颞下颌关节强直危险因素、发病机制假说进行综述。     

翼外肌在创伤性颞下颌关节骨强直中的病理性作用

目的:创伤性颞下颌关节强直病理学机制仍不清楚,本研究目的是验证翼外肌在创伤性颞下颌关节骨性强直病理学机制中的作用.方法:7只6个月大的雄性绵羊,双侧颞下颌关节模拟髁突矢状骨折,关节盘外侧1/3切除建立创伤性颞下颌关节骨强直绵羊动物模型.左侧颞下颌关节作为实验组,切断左侧翼外肌;右侧关节作为对照组,保留右侧翼外肌.所有绵羊均在术后12周实施安乐死.所有颞下颌关节复合体通过大体解剖、螺旋CT、显微CT、组织病理学等检查进行评估.结果:大体解剖发现,对照组颞下颌关节发生了骨强直,而实验组颞下颌关节只发生纤维粘连;螺旋CT和显微CT检查发现,与实验组比较,对照组颞下颌关节间隙可见钙化影像,上下关节面可见新骨长入关节间隙的不规则钙化影像,对照组的髁突最大内外径及最大前后径明显大于实验组;显微CT显示,两组所有显微结构参数均有统计学差异(P<0.05),对照组髁突新生骨小梁总体表达方向与翼外肌的牵拉方向一致,而实验组髁突骨折区新生骨小梁的主要方向与翼外肌的牵拉方向不一致;组织病理学检查发现,对照组关节发生了骨强直,但实验组无骨强直发生.结论:当髁突发生矢状骨折时,翼外肌对骨折块有牵拉(类似牵张成骨)的病理性作用是创伤性颞下颌关节骨强直发生的重要因素.     

髁突矢状骨折继发颞下颌关节强直31例临床分析

目的:探讨髁突矢状骨折继发创伤性颞下颌关节强直的临床特点。方法:回顾性分析2001～2010年武汉大学口腔医院口腔颌面外科收治的31例、48侧继发于髁突矢状骨折的颞下颌关节强直患者的相关临床资料。结果:31例颞下颌关节强直患者平均外伤年龄15.6岁,其中23例(74.2%)外伤年龄小于16岁。病程3月~20年,平均病程6.5年。42侧强直关节的关节盘发生移位,6侧强直关节的关节盘完全破坏。强直关节标本镜下观察:内侧髁突骨折块发生废用萎缩性改变,外侧骨球区见软骨细胞呈灶性增生成骨,关节盘纤维结构紊乱、玻璃样变性。结论:青少年髁突矢状骨折易发生颞下颌关节强直,关节盘的移位损伤是颞下颌关节强直发生的重要条件。创伤性颞下颌关节强直首先发生在关节外侧,融合骨赘的组织病理学表现为软骨化生、成骨。     

翼外肌在创伤性颞下颌关节强直中的作用机制研究

目的 揭示翼外肌在创伤性颞下颌关节（temporomandibular joint, TMJ）强直发病中的作用机制。 方法 本研究纳入6个月大的雄性绵羊8只,双侧髁突均通过手术建立复合创伤继发TMJ强直动物模型,即手术造成双侧髁突矢状骨折、关节盘移位及关节窝损伤。此外,左侧切除部分翼外肌作为实验组,右侧保留翼外肌作为对照组。术后12周,通过用大体观察、螺旋CT扫描、Micro-CT扫描、组织学观察等方法对TMJ样本进行评估与分析。 结果 肉眼观察可见：对照组发生了TMJ骨性强直而实验组仅仅是纤维强直。螺旋CT和Micro-CT结果显示：与实验组相比,对照组关节面粗糙、有新骨形成并突入到关节腔内,且关节腔内有钙化的骨痂形成;对照组髁突的最大内外径和前后径均明显大于实验组（P＜0.05）;Micro-CT扫描结果还显示：对照组新生骨小梁的方向与翼外肌牵拉方向一致,而实验组无此特征。组织学结果也印证了对照组关节内发生了纤维-骨性强直,而实验组仅为纤维强直。 结论 在髁突矢状骨折的愈合过程中,翼外肌发挥了类牵张成骨的作用,从而参与创伤性TMJ强直的发生。     

牵张成骨在颞下颌关节强直及其继发畸形矫治中的应用

儿童时期发生的颞下颌关节强直可以导致不同程度的颌面部骨骼发育障碍,并引起自卑、社交障碍等一系列心理问题,其矫治是口腔颌面外科医生面临的一大挑战. 牵张成骨( distraction osteogenesis,DO)一直被国内外学者用于颞下颌关节(temporomandibular joint,TMJ)强直及其继发畸形的矫治,并取得了良好的临床效果.笔者所在科室每年大概收治50~60例TMJ强直患者,对DO技术在TMJ强直及其继发畸形矫治中的应用积累了较为丰富的临床经验. 本文中,笔者对DO技术在TMJ强直及其继发畸形矫治中的优缺点及相关问题进行述评.     

牵引成骨和正颌外科技术在TMJ强直继发OSAS治疗中应用

目的　 30例 TMJ强直伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (OSAS)患者 ,单侧 TMJ强直 18例 ,双侧强直 9例 ,TMJ强直术后 3例。患者均有严重的小下颌畸形并伴轻度的上颌后缩畸形 ,睡眠呼吸暂停指数 AI>5 ,且睡眠时血氧饱和度都有不同程度的降低。方法　应用术前后临床检查、头影测量分析和夜间多导睡眠检测筛选患者和评价治疗效果。采用电脑辅助的诊断和手术模拟及预测系统 ,获得充分扩展口咽和纠正颌面畸形的最佳手术方案 ,以 TMJ重建、牵引成骨和正颌外科方法治疗患者。结果　本研究有 15例患者接受患侧下颌升支倒置 TMJ重建、植骨前移 ,健侧升支矢状劈开、下颌前移和颏前移成形术 ;其中有 3例行二期的上颌的 L e Fort 截骨术。 6例行双侧 TMJ重建、植骨前移下颌和颏成形术。 3例施行同期双颌截骨前移和颏成形术 ;6例行单或双侧 TMJ重建、牵引成骨术。全部病例创口均正常愈合 ,无一例感染。术后复查 (平均 5 .2 5年 ,最短 1年 ,最长 8年 ) :1例术后 TMJ强直复发 ,余张口度均在 3cm以上 ;术后颌面形态获得明显改善 ;2 9例患者眠眠呼吸障碍解除和睡眠质量获得提高 ;1例 AI>5 ,睡眠呼吸障碍改善不明显。结论　 TMJ强直继发 OSAS的治疗既要兼顾关节强直的解除 ,又要矫正牙颌面畸形 ,更不容忽视睡眠呼吸障碍的治疗 ;     

创伤性颞下颌关节强直不同手术方法的比较研究

目的 探讨创伤性颞下颌关节强直伴内侧髁突残存的不同手术方法及疗效.方法 遵义医学院附属口腔医院2008年～2013年收治的创伤性颞下颌关节强直伴内侧髁突残存的患者18例,其中10例行关节间隙成形+喙突游离移植+颞肌筋膜瓣治疗,8例行外侧成形+颞肌筋膜瓣治疗.通过临床及CBCT随访比较两种方法的临床治疗效果,对术后复发率、咬合、面型的影响以及最大开口度变化进行统计学分析.结果 术后随访12～24月,关节间隙成形+喙突游离移植+颞肌筋膜瓣组术后复发患者2例(2/10),外侧成形术+颞肌筋膜瓣组术后无复发病例.外侧成形术+颞肌筋膜瓣组术后患者咬合、面型及最大开口度与关节间隙成形+喙突游离移植+颞肌筋膜瓣组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 在内侧残存的髁突及关节盘可保留的情况下,采用外侧成形术+颞肌筋膜瓣是治疗创伤性颞下颌关节强直的理想术式.     

三维头颅模型在双侧颞下颌关节强直伴小颌畸形牵引成骨治疗中的应用

牵引成骨治疗颞下颌关节(TMJ)强直伴小颌畸形的报道已不少见,治疗中关键的术前设计参考X线头影测量和口腔曲面断层X线片[1-4].在确定TMJ骨粘连范围、设计截骨部位和形成间隙的宽度、骨传送盘的设计、牵引器的位置和牵引方向、确定下颌体部的截骨线及体部牵引器的位置等诸多方面,存在不尽人意的地方.     

创伤性颞下颌关节强直的分类和治疗-84例临床资料分析

目的:探讨创伤性颞下颌关节强直以冠状CT为基础的分类和治疗方法。方法:选择2001—2009年上海交通大学口腔颌面外科关节组收治的创伤所致颞下颌关节强直84例(124侧)患者作为研究对象,所有患者术前、术后均进行CT扫描,关节区冠状重建,据此提出创伤性关节强直的4型分类,即A1～A4型。根据分类进行相应的治疗。A1型,纤维组织松解或髁突切除+肋骨移植+颞肌筋膜瓣修复;A2和A3型,切除外侧融合骨球,保留内侧髁突和关节盘+颞肌瓣或咬肌瓣外侧间隙填塞(外侧成形术),如果内侧髁突残余较小不能负重,骨球切除后用肋骨移植+颞肌瓣或咬肌瓣修复;A4型,切除全部骨球,肋骨移植关节置换+颞肌瓣或咬肌瓣修复。对治疗结果进行CT和临床随访评价。结果:84例124侧创伤性关节强直中,A1型14侧,占11.3%;A2型43侧,占34.7%;A3型46侧,占37.1%;A4型21侧,占16.9%。其中部分A1型,全部A2和A3型有内侧移位的髁突残余,占75%(93/124)。根据分类采用的治疗方式包括外侧成形术82侧,占66.1%;肋骨移植重建33侧,占26.6%;其他9侧,占7.3%。48例68侧关节强直术后随访10个月～4a,占57%。其中,48侧行外侧成形术的关节中有7侧复发,占14.6%;17侧行肋骨移植的关节中有4侧复发,占23.5%。结论:基于冠状CT的关节强直新分类对于临床治疗有重要指导意义。外侧成形术+颞肌瓣修复是治疗A2和部分A3型关节强直(内侧有足够承重的髁突和关节盘残余)的理想方法,肋骨移植+颞肌瓣修复治疗完全骨性强直效果良好。     

治疗颅下颌关节强直的新观点

治疗颅下颌关节强直有多种方法,但任一治疗方式都不能令人完全满意。作者基于强直骨块的形成是病理性反应结果,它不是新生物,无持续生长的能力,解除关节强直不一定要去除强直骨块,而提出了治疗颅下颌关节强直的新观点。 材料和方法 采取向颞部延伸之耳前切口,沿整个升支的宽度,显露强直骨块的侧面及正下方,在强直骨块下正常骨块区行水平截骨。剥离附于下颌升支上的翼肌一嚼肌链,拉开截骨之断端形成间隙,使下颁活动自如,被动开口度不少于3cm。以颞肌     

Pathological changes after the surgical creation of a vertical intracapsular condylar fracture

The aim of this study was to create in a sheep model an intracapsular oblique vertical split fracture, and observe the histopathological changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condylar head. In 10 sheep, the right TMJ was operated through the preauricular region. The anterior and posterior attachments of the disc were cut; an oblique vertical osteotomy was made from the lateral pole of the condyle to the medial side of condylar neck. The condylar fragment was pushed anteriorly, inferiorly and medially together with the disc. The non-operated left TMJ served as control. Two sheep were killed at 1 week and four at both 4 and 12 weeks. Computed tomography scans were taken and histopathological changes of the joint observed. There was severe bone erosion and a new bony outgrowth on the lateral side of the condylar stump and temporal bone. The joint spaces were filled with fibrous tissue, cartilage tissue and bone in the 4 and 12 weeks operated groups. These results show that an oblique vertical intracapsular fracture through the lateral condylar pole, combined with an anteriorly and medially displaced condylar fragment and disc and damaged lateral capsule, are likely to result in the pathological changes of osteoarthritis, and the progressive development of ankylosis in a sheep TMJ.     

Clinical investigation of early post-traumatic temporomandibular joint ankylosis and the role of repositioning discs in treatment

This study investigated the development of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis after condylar fracture and the functional results of surgery that included repositioning of the articular discs. In a total of 18 patients, there were 13 cases of fibrous ankylosis (type I) and 11 of partial bony ankylosis (type II). CT scans for both groups and MRI scans for type I patients were analysed. Intraoperative inspection of the damaged disc, the sites of adhesion or bony fusion, and remaining intra-articular movement was recorded. After release arthroplasty and repositioning of discs, follow-up was for 1 to 3.5 years (mean 2.2 years). Post-traumatic TMJ ankylosis was highly associated with sagittal and comminuted condylar fractures. Type I ankylosis usually formed in the 4th to 5th month post-trauma with mean interincisal opening distance of 18.3+/-5.5mm. Progression from type I to II ankylosis occurred 1 year post-trauma and caused a reduction of 5mm in the range of mouth opening. The disc was displaced for each of the involved joints, and intra-articular adhesions or ossification initiated at the site where there was no intervening disc present. After surgical repositioning of the disc, stable joint function and mouth opening from 30 to 45 mm were obtained in all patients but one (recurrence due to dislocation). Sagittal and comminuted condylar fractures predispose the TMJ to ankylosis, and the displacement of the articular disc plays a critical role. Early surgical intervention to reposition the disc was successful for early trauma-induced TMJ ankylosis.     

髁突矢状骨折动物模型的实验研究

目的：建立髁突囊内矢状骨折动物模型,观察髁突骨折后不同时间的病理形态改变。方法：对10只绵羊进行实验,右侧关节为手术侧,从耳前区切开皮肤,到达颞下颌关节,切断关节盘前后附着,从髁突外侧嵴到内侧髁颈锯开髁突,建立斜形矢状骨折。髁突碎片和关节盘推向前下内侧,左侧关节为对照侧。分别于术后1周、4周和12周处死2只、4只和4只动物。记录术前和术后每组动物的体质量、最大开口度、侧方活动度,进行X线、CT和组织病理学观察。采用SPSS12.0软件包对数据进行统计分析。结果：各手术组体质量、左侧向活动度未发现显著差异,但是在4周和12周组中,最大开口度和右侧向活动度明显减小。在这2组中,X线检查发现髁突残端外侧有新骨生成,并向外侧生长,同时关节间隙变狭窄和模糊。三维CT检查发现,髁突残端、髁突碎片和关节结节均发生改建。组织病理学观察发现,在4周和12周组动物,关节腔充满纤维组织、软骨和骨组织。结论：该研究表明,此类骨折可以导致髁突骨关节病理改变,颞下颌关节有发展为关节强直的可能。     

导致颞下颌关节强直的成人髁突骨折类型分析

目的: 回顾分析导致颞下颌关节强直的成人髁突骨折类型。方法：回顾口腔外科关节组2010—2012年收治的由髁突骨折保守治疗导致颞下颌关节强直,从损伤到发生强直有完整CT资料的成人病例,按照下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系,将髁突骨折分为3级,0级为下颌支残端位于关节窝内,与之无接触;1级为下颌支残端位于关节窝内,与之有接触;2级为下颌支残端外上方脱位出关节窝。结合髁突骨折类型、骨折块移位程度和关节盘的位置、下颌骨其他部位骨折情况等,分析关节强直形成的原因。结果：13例(24侧)导致关节强直病例的髁突骨折有完整的CT资料,导致关节强直的髁突骨折类型均为囊内骨折,其中B型占70%。下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系中,0级0侧;1级10侧,占41.7%;2级14侧,占58.3%。0级和1级的关节盘均伴髁突骨折块移位,后外侧带断裂。形成关节强直的髁突骨折中,77%伴颏部骨折,导致牙弓增宽。结论：下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系对于预后判断有重要作用,其中0级不易引起关节强直;1级较容易引起关节强直,是手术的相对适应证;2级最容易引起关节强直,是手术的绝对适应证。其他危险因素还有髁突囊内B型骨折和合并牙弓增宽的下颌骨骨折。     

无髁突骨折颞下颌关节急性创伤后的变化:影像学和手术所见

目的:通过CT、MRI及手术探查观察无髁突骨折颞下颌关节急性创伤后的变化,为该疾患的早期诊治提供依据。方法:上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面外科关节组2009—2010年收治的无髁突骨折颞下颌关节急性创伤患者7例11侧关节纳入研究。所有患者伤前均无关节症状,但在伤后出现长时间的关节区疼痛和开口受限,其中6例合并面部骨折,曾在其他医院或由其他医师手术治疗。所有患者均进行了关节区的MRI检查,对受伤后即刻和再次就诊的CT进行比较。所有病例进行了手术探查,术中所见进一步证实影像学的变化。结果:CT显示,87.5%(7/8)的髁突在受伤即刻表面骨质"完好",而伤后1个月至1a出现骨质破坏。伤后1个月至1a的MRI检查显示,所有11侧关节均出现盘前移位,90.9%(10/11)的髁突伴骨质破坏。手术探查显示,2侧关节出现骨性黏连,3侧关节髁突表面骨质破坏与关节窝纤维性黏连,5侧关节髁突表面软骨变性伴黏连,1侧关节髁突表面软骨无明显破坏,关节盘前移位但形态尚可。结论:无髁突骨折的颞下颌关节急性创伤如伴关节盘前移位,可导致骨关节病和(或)关节强直。     

Induction of traumatic temporomandibular joint ankylosis in growing rats: a preliminary experimental study

Abstract –  There are many reports on the management of pediatric temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis. However, few authors have investigated the etiology of this disease in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of damage to both the condylar cartilage and disk in the induction of traumatic TMJ ankylosis during the growth period. The study was performed in growing rats by a common condyle fracture model. Intentional damage was performed to both the disk and condylar cartilage in the experimental group ( n  = 12), while the disk and condylar cartilage in the control group was left untouched ( n  = 12). Sham-operated growing rats were deemed the blank group ( n  = 10). Two rats from the experimental group and two from the control group were killed 24 h after the operation, and the result following surgical intervention was observed. Each rat's body weight in the three groups was monitored and recorded at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after surgery. Twelve weeks after the operation, all animals were killed. The prognosis was compared by mandible deviation measure, body weight evaluation, and histological observation. Animals from the experimental group presented a slow body weight increase and obvious mandible deviation while all involved TMJs showed fibrous ankylosis in various degrees. The damage to both the condylar cartilage and disk in the condylar fracture might play a vital role in traumatic TMJ ankylosis development during the growth period. The results of this study suggest that more attention should be paid to condylar fractures in children that are accompanied with severe cartilage and disk damage, which is a matter of significance for pediatric TMJ ankylosis prevention.     

颞颌关系X线影像特征及其解剖学测量结果相关性分析

目的：探讨颞颌关关节X线影像特征与解剖结构的相关关系。方法：对18具具有稳定咬合关系的36侧颞颌关节颅骨标本分别拍摄TMJ的内,中外1／3的正矢状位片和正后前位片,采用电子测量尺分别测量其显示的髁突内外径,前后径及关节前,上,后间隙值,用游标卡尺测量颅骨标本的髁突内外径和内,中外,1／3的前后径;用印模料取得牙尖交错位时关节间隙厚度,测量内,中,外1／3的层面的前,中,后1／3处印模厚度（关节间隙值）,将X线测量值与解剖测量值进行相关性分析。结果：颞颌关节髁突内外径,中,外1／3的前后径及中,外1／3上间隙值均有显著相关（P＜0．01）,而其它值则无明显相关（P＞0．05）。结论 ：颞颌关节后前位和中1／3正矢状位X线片有实际诊断意义。     

A sheep model for temporomandibular joint ankylosis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop an animal model for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five sheep had removal of the temporal and condylar articular surface plus discectomy in the right TMJ; the left side was used as a control. One sheep was killed just after operation and four at 3 months. The joints were examined histologically, and a scoring system was developed to evaluate the extent of the ankylosis. The range of jaw movement was compared between preoperatively and 3 months. RESULTS: Two sheep lost 4% of their body weight by 3 months. The range of jaw movement, particularly to the left, decreased at 3 months (P < .001). The joint spaces were filled with fibrous tissue and cartilage-like tissue. Development of new bone from the damaged temporal and condylar surfaces was seen, but full bony fusion did not occur. The average histologic score of a zone was 4.9 on the degree-of-ankylosis scale and 1.7 on the degree-of-calcification scale. There were statistically significant differences between the operated and control TMJs for both changes (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Fibrous ankylosis occurs rapidly after removal of the TMJ articular surfaces and the disc. This model can be further developed to isolate relative factors in the development of ankylosis and in evaluation of different treatment methods.     

Temporomandibular joint ankylosis: an Indian experience.

Seventy-five condylectomy and coronoidectomy specimens of temporomandibular joint ankylosis in 61 patients were studied. Fourteen patients had bilateral ankylosis, six of whom had fibrous ankylosis on one side. There were two types of ankyloses: intra-articular and juxta-articular. Intra-articular ankylosis was seen only in reankylosis or in postinfective cases. Sixty-six cases were posttraumatic juxta-articular ankylosis. A rudimentary temporomandibular joint with an atrophic condylar articular surface was found in all juxta-articular ankyloses. The size of new bone in the specimens varied from 0.5 to 3 cm. Fusion of the extra-articular bone mass with tympanic plate was also observed. Contracture of temporalis muscle was noted in all the cases, which made excision of the coronoid processes mandatory in all the arthroplasties. Arthroplasty early in childhood did not hamper growth; instead, facial remodeling was enhanced.     

A pilot trial on the molecular pathophysiology of traumatic temporomandibular joint bony ankylosis in a sheep model. Part II: The differential gene expression among fibrous ankylosis,bony ankylosis and condylar fracture

ObjectiveThe purpose of the study was to preliminarily explore the differential expressions of a series of genes regulating bone formation in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) fibrous ankylosis, bony ankylosis and condylar fracture healing.MethodsThe cDNA from either the bony ankylosed callus or fracture callus of the 6 sheep, as described in the part I, were both used in the study. The differences of gene expressions between bony ankylosis and condylar fracture at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively were measured by real-time PCR, with 2 samples at each time point. In addition, another 2 sheep were added to have fibrous ankylosis induced on the right TMJ, and 1 sheep was sacrificed at 3 and 6 months after surgery, respectively. The differences of gene expressions between fibrous and bony ankylosis at 3 and 6 months postoperatively were measured by real-time PCR.ResultsBony ankylosis showed higher mRNA expression trends in Wnt2b, Wnt5a, β-Catenin, Lef1, CyclinD1, Runx2, Osterix, Sox9, Col10a1, Alp, Ocn, Bmp2, and Bmp7 compared to fibrous ankylosis, although no statistical analysis was performed due to the very small sample size. Whereas bony ankylosis showed a significant lower expression of Wnt5a, β-Catenin, Lef1, Runx2, Osterix, Sox9, Col10a1, Alp, Ocn and Bmp4 compared to condylar fracture at several time points (P < 0.05).ConclusionOur data provided a preliminary molecular evidence for the hypothesis that the development of traumatic TMJ bony ankylosis was the course of delayed bone healing or hypertrophic nonunion, and deserved to be further studied.