经皮椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床效果。方法 对20例老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折病人的27个椎体，经皮经椎弓根向椎体内穿刺并注入聚甲基丙烯酸甲醇(PMMA)，测量并计算术前和术后椎体前／后缘高度比值。结果 20例病人平均每个椎体注入量为5．8ml，经x线检查骨水泥充盈良好。术后4—6h疼痛开始缓解，无显危害性并发症发生。术前和术后椎体前／后缘高度比值无显性差异。对19例病人随访3-8个月，疗效评价按WHO标准CR PR率为100％。结论 经皮椎体成形术是一种有效的微创治疗技术。能迅速缓解老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折所致的疼痛，加固椎体。增强脊柱稳定性。     

经皮穿刺椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折

目的 研究经皮穿刺椎体成形术在治疗疼痛性骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折中的效用。方法 2年内15例有1－6个月背部、腰部疼痛伴行动障碍需止痛药治疗患（男5人、女10人），年龄58－81岁，经临床、CT及MRI评价为骨质疏松椎体压缩且近期有进展，在CT引导下完成经皮穿刺椎体成形术22例次。治疗效果采用Huskisson止痛视觉评分法评估。结果 13例患（86．7％）在24h内疼痛缓解，12例停用止痛药，余下的2例有轻微疼痛好转（13．3％）。1例患3个月后由于相邻椎体出现新的压缩而疼痛复发，二次治疗好转。结论 经皮穿刺椎体成形术用于骨质疏松椎体压缩是一种微创操作，可以立即缓解疼痛并使患很快恢复运动，是一种有价值的治疗骨质疏松压缩骨折的方法。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗老年性骨质疏松性椎体骨折所致腰背疼痛

目的：评价经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty，PVP)治疗老年性骨质疏松性椎体骨折所致疼痛的效果。方法：32例(67个压缩性椎体)行经椎弓根路径PVP治疗。压缩椎骨注射骨水泥量为4～12ml。结果：全组得到随访，随访时间为3～9个月。疼痛范围仅限于压缩椎体部位者15例，其中11例术后疼痛消失，4例疼痛缓解，有效率100％；压缩椎体部位同时伴非压缩椎体部位疼痛者17例，其中术后疼痛消失6例，减轻4例，无效7例，有效率58．8％。总有效率为78．1％。并发骨水泥外漏9例(椎旁漏5例、椎管内静脉丛漏3例、椎间盘内漏1例)，但未出现不良后果。结论：PVP治疗老年性骨质疏松性椎体骨折所致腰背疼痛尤其是一种疗效较好的方法。     

经皮椎体强化成形术在治疗中的应用

目的利用经皮穿刺椎体强化成形术治疗椎体肿瘤及骨质疏松性所致椎体压缩骨折引起的脊柱不稳及疼痛。方法在C臂X光机监视下定位，采取空芯穿刺针导入管注入调配好比例的骨水泥强化椎体。结果1例C3椎体转移瘤、病理骨折、畸形、颈椎活动受限者，术后第1天颈痛消失，25例39个椎体骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折，22例注射后疼痛即刻缓解，1～6个月后复查无疼痛，1例出现椎管内渗漏致截瘫。结论经皮穿刺椎体强化成形术是治疗椎体肿瘤、骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折引起脊柱不稳缓解疼痛症状的有效方法之一，但骨水泥向椎管内外渗漏是其严重并发症，值得进一步探索。     

PVP 结合抗骨质疏松综合治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折简

目的探讨和评估经皮椎体成形术（PVP）结合抗骨质疏松综合治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效。方法采用C型臂X线机监控下行PVP治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折22例,术后对患者予以抗骨质疏松综合治疗。结果所有患者获6—24个月的随访,22例术后胸腰背部疼痛立即消失,JOA腰痛评分由术前的（6．23±0．05）分提高到术后第2天的（22．91±0．14）分;术后第2天总改善率约（73．1±0．02）％。结论采用PVP术后抗骨质疏松综合治疗,对治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折、预防术后临近椎体再骨折减轻患者疼痛具有良好的效果。     

PVP治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折致腰背疼痛疗效分析

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP）治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折致腰背疼痛的临床效果。方法回顾分析2006年5月至2010年9月经椎弓根路径经皮椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折共67例86个椎体,男25例,女42例;年龄58～93岁,平均75.2岁。观察患者手术前后视觉模拟疼痛评分（visualanalogue scale,VAS）、术中及术后并发症（包括骨水泥渗漏、肺栓塞、脊髓及神经根损伤、感染）的发生情况。结果 20例术后1d疼痛明显缓解或消失,37例术后1周内疼痛明显缓解,9例术后2周内疼痛缓解,1例疼痛缓解不明显。VAS评分术前（8.6±0.83）分、术后3d（2.2±1.1）分（P〈0.01）。有骨水泥外漏15例,无骨水泥毒性反应、肺栓塞、感染和神经损伤等并发症发生。复查X线片显示椎体高度无进一步丢失。2例PVP术后随访发现其他部位椎体骨折再次行PVP术。结论椎体成形术是治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折所致腰背疼痛的一种安全性高、操作简便、显效的微创治疗方法。     

经皮椎体强化成形术在椎体病理骨折治疗中的应用

目的利用经皮穿刺椎体强化成形术治疗椎体肿瘤及骨质疏松性所致椎体压缩骨折引起的脊柱不稳及疼痛.方法在C臂X光机监视下定位,采取空芯穿刺针导入管注入调配好比例的骨水泥强化椎体.结果 1 例C3椎体转移瘤、病理骨折、畸形、颈椎活动受限者,术后第1天颈痛消失,25 例39个椎体骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折,22 例注射后疼痛即刻缓解,1～6个月后复查无疼痛,1 例出现椎管内渗漏致截瘫.结论经皮穿刺椎体强化成形术是治疗椎体肿瘤、骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折引起脊柱不稳缓解疼痛症状的有效方法之一,但骨水泥向椎管内外渗漏是其严重并发症,值得进一步探索.     

经皮椎体成形术在老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折中的应用

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的早期临床疗效.方法 采用PVP技术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折95例.结果 本组获5～36个月的随访,80例疼痛完全缓解,10例部分缓解,5例无缓解,有效率为94.74％.结论 PVP能迅速稳定伤椎,具有显著的止痛效果和创伤小的优点,是治疗老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩骨折安全有效的方法.     

骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的微创治疗

骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折常导致患者疼痛、活动受限，特别是随着老龄人群的增加，其发病率逐渐升高。传统采用保守治疗或者手术治疗效果不理想。近年采用椎体成形术(PVP)或后凸成形术(PKP)微创治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折，经皮穿刺椎体内注入骨水泥或先用球囊撑开压缩的椎体后再注入骨水泥进行椎体强化，可以达到稳定骨折、恢复椎体力学强度和缓解疼痛的目的=本文就有关这种微创治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的最新进展加以综述。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折的临床效果。方法应用PVP治疗29例35个胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折患者,并观察疗效。结果手术成功率100％,X线检查骨水泥充填良好,骨折复位满意,术后疼痛明显减轻或消失。29例经平均8．8个月随访,疼痛未见明显加重,椎体高度无继续丢失。结论PVP是一种微创治疗方法,用于治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折疗效明显,可在短时间内解除患者痛苦,恢复正常活动。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.