腹腔镜在脾脏外伤保脾治疗中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜在脾脏外伤保脾手术的可行性。方法采用腹腔镜脾破裂止血术治疗外伤性脾破裂15例,24例患者行开腹手术,对比2组治疗效果。结果 13例顺利完成腹腔镜下手术,手术时间(108±31)min。2例因损伤大血管导致术中出血过多中转开腹。平均住院时间(6.5±2.2)d;术后无1例发生再出血,无脾窝脓肿和切口感染。结论遵循腹腔镜保脾术的原则,腹腔镜下行脾脏外伤保脾治疗对无严重并发症的患者切实可行,值得推广。     

Spleen Preservation in Radical Surgery for Gastric Cardia Cancer

Background In gastric cardia cancer (GCC), the spleen is usually removed when the tumor is resected. This allows thorough lymph node dissection in the splenic hilus. However, the long-term effect of splenectomy on patient survival is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spleen preservation on survival following radical resection for gastric cardia cancer. Methods We reviewed the records of 116 GCC patients (Siewert types II and III) who underwent radical resection with D2 or D3 lymphadenectomy between July 1994 and December 2003. Survival status was ascertained in December 2004 and data from 108 patients were analysed. Of these 108 patients, 38 underwent splenectomy and 70 had splenic preservation. Clinicopathological features and prognostic data of the splenectomy(+) and splenectomy(−) groups were compared. Results Seventy-four patients (68.5%) had lymph node involvement; 18 (16.7%) had involvement of nodes in the splenic hilus. Postoperative morbidity in the two groups was similar. Overall 5-year survival was higher in the splenectomy(−) group than the splenectomy(+) group (38.7% versus 16.9%, P =.008). Multivariate regression indicated that tumor invasion (P =.009) and lymph node metastasis (P = .001) were independent prognostic factors – they predicted decreased survival – with or without splenectomy. Although splenectomy was be associated with lower survival, it was not an independent prognostic factor (P =.085). Conclusions Splenectomy does not improve survival of patients who undergo curative resection for gastric cardia cancer. Thus, the spleen should be preserved in patients without direct cancer invasion of the spleen. Supported by the Project of 211 from Chinese Education Ministry, No.98087.     

腹腔镜脾脏手术成败因素分析

目的分析影响腹腔镜脾脏手术成败的各种因素,并总结应对这些因素的经验。方法对2001年9月至2012年11月共开展的183例腹腔镜脾脏手术进行统计,分析影响腹腔镜脾脏手术成败的各种因素,并总结应对这些因素的经验。结果所有病例由普外科不同医疗组操作完成。183例腹腔镜脾脏手术中,149例手术成功（成功率81.4％）,30例中转开腹（中转率16．4％）,4例出现术后并发症（并发症发生率2．2％）。结论多种因素共同决定了腹腔镜脾脏手术是否能够成功开展。充分术前准备,加强对这些因素的认识,能够确保腹腔镜脾脏手术的成功。     

Ultrasound of the Spleen

Ultrasound (US) is a very useful means of noninvasively examining the spleen. Imaging is generally achieved via an intercostal approach using gray scale US supplemented by color flow to assess vasculature. Normal spleen appears uniform with vessels radiating and converging at the hilum. US readily identifies accessory spleens, a common congenital variation. Splenomegaly can be identified by US, however, it is not useful in differentiating the many causes of an enlarged spleen. Focal splenic masses are identified as cystic or solid by US, and features such as calcification, wall thickening, internal debris, and gas may be demonstrated in cystic type masses. Granulomatous calcification may be seen with US and cavernous hemangiomata typically have a characteristic US appearance. US can demonstrate typical features of splenic infarction. Splenic injury can be detected with US, however, whether US is the most appropriate first line investigation for suspected splenic injury is yet to be determined. It is a very useful follow-up modality for monitoring splenic injuries detected by either US or computed tomography which are treated conservatively.     

Inflammatory Pseudotumor of the Spleen

Background and Aims

Evaluation of effectiveness in the differential diagnosis of the very rare entity of inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the spleen, with presentation of its pathology and pathogenicity.

Methods

The case is presented of a 60-year-old female who underwent ultrasound (US) examination of the upper abdomen, after an accidental fall from a height, which revealed a splenic mass. Meticulous clinical and laboratory examination and imaging confirmed the presence of the splenic mass, which mimicked malignant lymphoma.

Results

Splenectomy was performed and the histopathology report revealed a tumor consisting of inflammatory cells intermingled with spindle and mast cells, consistent with the diagnosis of IPT.

Conclusions

IPTs are very rare benign tumors which mimic other benign or malignant tumors. The clinical diagnosis is difficult, but they have a very good prognosis. Surgeons should be aware of the condition in order to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment.

     

Injuries to the Spleen

Background  Intra-abdominal organs, most commonly the spleen and liver, are injured in 40–50% of polytraumatized patients. Because of its important immunological functions, preservation of the injured spleen is of paramount importance. Methods  There are both conservative and surgical approaches to preservation of the spleen in trauma cases. Of the techniques available for this purpose, tissue adhesives, coagulation, partial resection, and mesh splenorrhapy are the most suitable. Results  Nonoperative management is a worthwhile option in hemodynamically stable patients. The decisive factor for successful conservative management is the degree of injury. We find that the manner in which heparin is administered plays an important role. Tissue adhesives are commonly used with good success with superficial lacerations. Coagulation techniques are also suitable for organ conservation with grade I and II injuries. Splenorraphy with resorbable mesh is the method of choice with the deep lacerations as it permits rapid and permanent hemostasis. If an injury only involves one pole or one half of the spleen, resection of that part of the organ is an option. Partial resection with a stapler is advisable for speed and effectiveness. Total fragmentation or separation of the hilus is treated with an immediate splenectomy, saving the tail of the pancreas. Conclusion  In trauma cases, every attempt should be made to save the spleen. If splenectomy cannot be avoided, the splenectomized patient should be immunized against pneumococcus and be informed of his/her resultant immune deficiency.     

The Italian Registry of Laparoscopic Surgery of the Spleen (IRLSS) A retrospective review of 379 patients undergoing laparoscopic splenectomy

In December 2000, the Italian Registry of Laparoscopic Surgery of the Spleen (IRLSS) was formally launched under the auspices of the Italian Society for Endoscopic Surgery and New Technologies (SICE). The aim of this multicentre study was to analyse various aspects of the treatment that are still under discussion, such as the extension of the laparoscopic indications in cases of malignancy, independently of the associated splenomegaly, patient selection and operative techniques. A retrospective review of 379 patients undergoing laparoscopic splenectomy for haematological diseases from February 1, 1993, to September 15, 2005, was conducted. Data were collected from the 18 italian centres participating in the IRLSS. The mean length of surgery was 140 minutes (range: 25-420). Conversion was necessary in 25 cases (6.6%), and at least one accessory spleen was found in 30 patients (8%). The mean spleen weight was 1200 g (range: 85-4500). Perioperative death occurred in two cases (0.5%). There were no complications in 312 patients (82.3%), with a mean hospital stay of 5.5 days (range: 2-30). Morbidity occurred in 67 patients (17.8%), mainly consisting in transient fever (n = 22), pleural effusions (n = 16), and actual or suspected haemorrhage (n = 14), requiring re-intervention in 7 patients. This first study carried out on the IRLSS data shows that laparoscopic splenectomy may constitute the gold standard for haematological diseases with a normal-sized spleen. The low morbidity and mortality rates suggest that laparoscopic splenectomy can be successfully proposed also for splenomegaly in haematological malignancies.     

Laparoscopic splenectomy for hematologic diseases: a preliminary analysis performed on the Italian Registry of Laparoscopic Surgery of the Spleen (IRLSS)

BACKGROUND: The Italian Registry of Laparoscopic Surgery of the Spleen (IRLSS) was developed to provide at the national level an informative tool useful for performing multicenter studies in the field of spleen laparoscopic surgery. In this first study analyzing the IRLSS data, a cohort of patients with hematologic diseases was retrospectively investigated for potential predictive parameters that could affect the outcome of laparoscopic splenectomy. METHODS: A total of 309 patients who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy for hematologic diseases in 17 Italian centers (between February 1, 1993, and September 30, 2004) were entered in the IRLSS. Their records were analyzed retrospectively by the Student's t-test, chi-square, and logistic regression. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 141 min (range, 30-420 min). Conversion was necessary in 21 cases (7%), and approximately 1 accessory spleen in 25 patients (9%) was found. The mean spleen weight was 1191 g (range, 85-4,500 g). Perioperative death occurred in two cases (0.6%). No complications were experienced by 253 patients (81.9%), who had a mean hospital stay of 5.4 days (range, 2-30 days). Overall morbidity occurred in 56 patients (18.1%), mainly associated with transient fever (n = 22), pleural effusion (n = 13), and actual or suspected hemorrhage (n = 12), requiring a reintervention for 7 patients. Multivariate analysis found that body mass index (p = 0.024) and clinical indication (p = 0.004) were independent predictors for surgical conversion. The clinical indication was almost significant as an independent predictor for the occurrence of postoperative complication (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This first study analyzing the IRLSS data shows that laparoscopic splenectomy may represent the gold standard treatment for hematologic diseases with normal-size spleen. The low morbidity and mortality rate suggests that laparoscopic splenectomy can be successfully proposed also for splenomegaly in hematologic malignancies.