绝经后女性骨密度调查及骨质疏松危险因素分析

目的探讨绝经后女性骨密度(BMD)情况以及骨质疏松的危险因素。方法选择2020年6月-2020年10月期间220例在台州恩泽医疗中心(集团)恩泽医院健康体检的绝经后女性为研究对象,记录患者的一般资料和血清25 (OH)D水平,采用双能X线吸收法测定骨密度水平,比较骨质疏松组与非骨质疏松组一般资料的差异,分析骨质疏松的危险因素。结果正常骨量者占20.00%,骨量减少者占39.09%,骨质疏松者占40.91%;骨质疏松组患者年龄≥60岁、维生素D缺乏、体质指数(BMI)24 kg/m~2、吸烟、饮酒、运动量不足及日照时间1 h/d患者的比例明显高于非骨质疏松组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、BMI、维生素D缺乏为骨质疏松的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。结论绝经后女性普遍存在骨密度降低,且骨质疏松发生率较高,年龄大、低BMI及维生素D缺乏为绝经后骨质疏松的独立危险因素危险。     

骨密度和血清中骨代谢指标水平与患者骨质疏松骨折的临床关系

目的研究骨密度和血清中骨代谢指标水平与患者骨质疏松骨折的临床关系。方法选择2014年9月-2016年9月在本院健康体检的70例老年人群作为研究对象,采用骨密度仪进行骨密度检测,所有患者均抽血检测患者骨代谢相关指标;根据随访期间患者是否发生骨质疏松性骨折,分为发生骨质疏松骨折的观察组(17例)和未发生骨质疏松骨折的对照组(53例),对比2组骨密度和骨代谢相关指标,采用Logistics回归模型探讨影响骨质疏松患者骨折的风险因素。结果观察组患者腰椎、股骨颈、股骨粗隆、Ward三角区骨密度均低于对照组患者,观察组患者甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、钙(Ca)、活性维生素D3[25(OH)D3]水平均低于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而磷(P)水平高于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic回归分析果提示PTH、维生素D3、股骨颈骨密度是骨质疏松骨折的独立风险因素(P0.05)。结论骨代谢指标和骨密度是骨质疏松骨折的独立风险因素。     

绝经后女性骨标志物与骨质疏松症的相关性研究

目的:探讨绝经后女性骨代谢标志物与骨质疏松之间的关系.方法:双能X线骨密度仪测定患者股骨的骨密度(BMD),计算其BMD与正常年轻人的骨峰值比值(以t值表示),并按照骨密度值将120例患者分为63例非骨质疏松组和57例骨质疏松组.选用瑞士罗氏诊断公司COBAS6000全自动电化学发光免疫分析仪,测定骨代谢标志物总骨I型前胶原N端肽(PINP)、血清骨钙素(N-MID)和β胶原特殊序列(β-crosslaps)的水平.结果:PINP、N-MID和β-crosslaps水平骨质疏松组均高于非骨质疏松组;两组患者的BMD、PINP、N-MID和β-crosslaps水平之间均具有统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论:绝经后女性的骨代谢标志物与骨质疏松的发生关系密切,血清中P1NP、N-MID、B-Crosslaps可作为诊断绝经后妇女骨质疏松症的理想生化指标.     

乙酰半乳糖氨基转移酶3和维生素D受体基因多态性与绝经后妇女骨质疏松的相关性研究

目的研究乙酰半乳糖氨基转移酶3(GALNT3)和维生素D受体(VDR)基因多态性与绝经后妇女骨质疏松的关联性。方法纳入50例绝经后骨质疏松患者作为观察组,50例绝经后无骨质疏松志愿者作为对照组,检测两组女性的腰椎L2~L4、近端股骨颈和全髋骨密度(BMD),采用Taq Man基因分型技术检测GALNT3和VDR标签单核苷酸多态性(tag SNP),比较骨转换标志物(BTM)、血钙和磷水平,采用多因素Logistic回归分析筛选骨质疏松的危险因素。结果观察组GALNT33个位点和VDR 1个位点tag SNP百分比均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。观察组血清25-羟维生素D3[25-(OH)-D_3]、Ⅰ型胶原交联C-末端肽(β-CTX)和血钙水平明显低于对照组,血磷水平高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。回归分析得出:4个tag SNP均是骨质疏松发生的独立危险指标。结论 GALNT3和VDR基因多态性与绝经后妇女骨质疏松密切相关。     

老年2型糖尿病患者骨代谢标志物与骨密度的相关性

目的探讨老年(60岁以上)2型糖尿病患者骨代谢标志物与骨密度的相关性。方法选取2017年6月至2018年12月本院收治的老年2型糖尿病患者185例,根据骨密度测定结果分为骨量正常组(T≥-1.0)68例、骨量减少组(-2.5T-1.0)70例和骨质疏松组(T≤-2.5)47例。采集患者空腹外周静脉血,电化学发光免疫法检测空腹C肽、甲状旁腺激素、25-羟基维生素D、骨钙素、总骨Ⅰ型前胶原N端肽及Ⅰ型胶原羧基末端肽水平;全自动生化分析仪检测空腹血糖、血清钙及24 h尿蛋白;高效液相色谱法测定糖化血红蛋白水平。结果 3组患者年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、24 h尿蛋白定量、空腹C肽、甲状旁腺激素及糖化血红蛋白水平差异均有统计意义(均P0.05);骨质疏松组和骨量减少组患者年龄、病程、24 h尿蛋白定量、甲状旁腺激素及糖化血红蛋白水平明显高于骨量正常组,BMI和空腹C肽水平明显低于骨量正常组(25.69±2.04)kg/m~2、(2.25±0.31)nmol/L,其中骨质疏松组变化更明显,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。3组患者25-羟基维生素D、骨钙素、总骨Ⅰ型前胶原N端肽及Ⅰ型胶原羧基末端肽水平差异均有统计意义(均P0.05);骨质疏松组和骨量减少组25-羟基维生素D、骨钙素及总骨Ⅰ型前胶原N端肽水平明显低于骨量正常组,Ⅰ型胶原羧基末端肽水平明显高于骨量正常组,其中骨质疏松组变化更明显,差异均有统计意义(均P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,25-羟基维生素D、骨钙素、总骨Ⅰ型前胶原N端肽与骨密度呈正相关(均P0.05);25-羟基维生素D、骨钙素、总骨Ⅰ型前胶原N端肽与Ⅰ型胶原羧基末端肽呈负相关(均P0.05)。结论老年2型糖尿病患者骨代谢标志物与骨密度明显相关,25-羟基维生素D、骨钙素及总骨Ⅰ型前胶原N端肽水平下降,Ⅰ型胶原羧基末端肽水平升高,提示骨密度降低。     

绝经后骨质疏松症妇女血清炎性因子及骨代谢指标水平变化分析

目的 探讨绝经后骨质疏松症妇女血清炎性因子及骨代谢指标水平的变化.方法 根据骨密度测定值,将进行腰椎骨密度扫描检查的80例绝经后妇女分为骨质疏松组(32例)、骨量减少组(25例)、正常组(23例).采集3组血液标本,测定并比较3组的血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(I...     

慢性肾病并发骨质疏松的危险因素探讨

目的探讨慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)并发骨质疏松的危险因素,为早期识别这些危险因素,早期预防及治疗提供依据。方法根据2002年美国肾病基金会(NKF)指南提出的CKD的定义及分期标准,选取236例CKD 3~5期非透析患者,记录患者的一般资料、实验室检查指标等,应用双能X线骨密度测量法测定ward’s三角区和股骨骨密度,根据患者的骨密度将CKD患者分为骨质疏松组(77例)和非骨质疏松组(159例),对比两组患者的年龄、性别等一般资料,体质指数(BMI)、血清骨钙素、甲状旁腺素(PTH)和维生素D等指标。应用SPSS 17.0统计软件包对数据进行χ2检验、Z检验和t检验,多因素分析用logistic回归分析。结果骨质疏松组绝经后女性较多,46例(59.74%),明显高于非骨质疏松组(52例,32.70%),骨质疏松组24例(31.17%)了解疾病知识,明显低于非骨质疏松组(100例,62.89%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。骨质疏松组BMI[(22.37±0.93)kg/m2]和维生素D水平[(9.98±5.74)ng/L]明显低于非骨质疏松组[分别为(24.54±1.13)kg/m2,(14.32±5.87)ng/L],血清骨钙素水平[15.87(11.20,19.18)ng/ml]高于非骨质疏松组[9.98(6.98,10.22)ng/ml],差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。绝经后女性、BMI、维生素D和血清骨钙素是慢性肾病并发骨质疏松的影响因素(OR值分别为11.569、0.872、0.763和1.698)。结论绝经后女性、BMI低、维生素D水平低和血清骨钙素水平高是慢性肾病并发骨质疏松的危险因素,对于此类人群,应加强防护,采取措施预防骨质疏松的发生。     

绝经前合理应用维生素D和钙剂与绝经后妇女骨密度的关系

目的:调查绝经前后妇女的体成分与绝经年龄、身高及应用维生素D和钙剂后骨密度的关系。方法:采用1∶1配对设计方法,将196例妇女分为绝经期前未用维生素D和钙剂者和用维生素D和钙剂者两组,采用米尺和磅秤测量两组妇女的身高和体重,采用双能X线骨密度仪检测两组妇女的骨质疏松值,采用超声骨密度仪检测两组妇女的左侧跟骨的超声速度、骨硬度指数和低骨量。观察两族妇女体内骨密度指标。结果:绝经前后不同年龄组妇女体质指数、超声速度、骨硬度指数、低骨量及骨质疏松值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。应用维生素D和钙剂的妇女骨密度较未应用维生素D和钙剂的妇女同年龄组相比,骨质疏松值有所下降。结论:绝经前后妇女合理应用维生素D和钙剂安全、有效,可早期预防骨质疏松,值得推荐,特别适用于绝经后妇女。     

绝经后妇女2型糖尿病肾病患者骨代谢指标变化分析

目的：了解绝经后妇女2型糖尿病肾病患者骨代谢指标变化。方法：2型糖尿病肾病患者依据骨密度分为36例合并骨质疏松的患者及34例骨密度正常患者,对照组为2型糖尿病未达到肾病诊断标准者,分别测定钙、磷、碱性ALP、PTH、PINP和β-CTX以及25-OHD。结果：糖尿病肾病合并骨质疏松组及糖尿病肾病骨量正常组的血ALP、PTH、PINP及β-CTX均明显高于糖尿病无肾病组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;糖尿病肾病合并骨质疏松组及糖尿病肾病骨量正常组的血25-OHD均明显低于糖尿病无肾病组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;血磷、血钙测定各组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论：绝经后妇女2型糖尿病肾病患者ALP、PTH升高,PINP、β-CTX为骨质疏松敏感指标。     

个体化维生素D补充治疗绝经后妇女骨质疏松症的临床应用

目的 探讨绝经后骨质疏松症患者血清25-羟维生素D的水平,在患者中进行个体化维生素D补充的临床应用价值与意义。方法 回顾性分析2021年6月至2023年6月于河南科技大学第一附属医院诊断为骨质疏松症并接受地舒单抗治疗的绝经后妇女患者的临床数据。86例初次诊断为绝经后骨质疏松症的患者纳入研究。根据维生素D补充方式将患者分为两组,对照组45例(固定剂量组)和观察组41例(个体化剂量组：依据患者血清维生素D水平,以≥30ng/mL为目标进行补充)。观察并对比两组患者骨密度值及骨代谢情况。结果 治疗前两组患者在年龄、身高、体重、血清25(OH)D浓度、BMI和腰椎股骨颈的骨密度方面均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。治疗后观察组β-1型胶原交联羧基端肽(β-CTX)、1型原胶原氨基端前肽(P1NP)水平降低较对照组更显著,25羟维生素D水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为2.052,2.608和9.167,P<0.05);观察组股骨颈、腰椎L2节段骨密度水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为2.275,2.560,P<0.05)。结论 接受地舒单抗药物治疗的绝经后...     

阿托伐他汀联合降钙素对绝经期女性骨质疏松患者骨代谢指标的影响

目的探讨阿托伐他汀联合降钙素对绝经期女性骨质疏松患者骨代谢指标的影响。方法选取2017年2月-2018年2月来温州市中西医结合医院就医的绝经期骨质疏松症患者126例随机分为研究组和对照组各63例,对照组采用降钙素、钙尔奇D3片及骨化三醇胶丸进行治疗,研究组在对照组基础上采用阿托伐他汀进行治疗,以此观察两组患者治疗后骨密度、骨代谢指标以及并发症的发生率。结果治疗前两组腰椎L2-4、FN及Ward三角区BMD动态水平差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05);治疗后两组腰椎L2-4、FN及Ward三角区BMD动态水平均高于治疗前,且研究组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。治疗前两组AKP、OC、TP1NP以及PTH的水平差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05);治疗后两组AKP、OC、TP1NP以及PTH的水平低于治疗前,且研究组低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。治疗后研究组不良反应发生率4. 8%低于对照组的15. 9%,差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。结论采用阿托伐他汀与降钙素联合治疗绝经期OP女性患者能有效对其骨吸收进行抑制,对骨形成具有一定的促进作用,从而达到临床治疗目的。     

骨化三醇和平衡训练及肌力锻炼对绝经后骨质疏松女性跌倒风险的作用

目的探讨绝经后骨质疏松妇女跌倒风险的干预效果。方法200例绝经后骨质疏松或骨量减少妇女,平衡测试提示跌倒中高风险,随机分成A、B两组进行跌倒风险干预。A组干预内容包括,骨化三醇0．25μg,1次／d;跌倒风险和骨质疏松教育;平衡训练;下肢肌力锻炼。B组,骨化三醇0．25μg／d。所有患者每天均补充元素钙600mg和维生素D125IU。评价指标包括跌倒指数、骨密度、血钙磷及不良反应观察。结果干预3个月后,两组患者跌倒指数较干预前自身比较均明显下降（A组t=2．16,P=0．03;B组t=2．08,P=0．04）,组间比较差异未见统计学意义;干预6个月后,两组患者跌倒指数继续下降,A组患者跌倒指数下降明显,与B组比较差异有统计学意义（t=2．07,P=0．04）;干预1年后,A组跌倒指数较B组进一步降低（t=2．66,P=0．01）。结论活性维生素D干预3个月即可有效地降低绝经后骨质疏松及其高危人群的跌倒风险,干预12个月可同时提高腰椎骨密度;联合定期的患者教育、平衡训练和肌力锻炼等健康管理措施,跌倒风险干预的有效性和依从性将进一步提高。     

Vitamin D and bone health in postmenopausal women

Osteoporosis, a disease of increased skeletal fragility, is becoming increasingly common as the U.S. population ages. Adequate vitamin D and calcium intake is the cornerstone of osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Age-related changes in vitamin D and calcium metabolism increase the risk of vitamin D insufficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Although longitudinal data have suggested a role of vitamin D intake in modulating bone loss in perimenopausal women, studies of vitamin D and calcium supplementation have failed to support a significant effect of vitamin D and calcium during early menopause. There is a clearer benefit in vitamin D and calcium supplementation in older postmenopausal women. Vitamin D intake between 500 and 800 IU daily, with or without calcium supplementation, has been shown to increase bone mineral density (BMD) in women with a mean age of approximately 63 years. In women older than 65, there is even more benefit with vitamin D intakes of between 800 and 900 IU daily and 1200-1300 mg of calcium daily, with increased bone density, decreased bone turnover, and decreased nonvertebral fractures. The decreases in nonvertebral fractures may also be influenced by vitamin D-mediated decreases in body sway and fall risk. There are insufficient available data supporting a benefit from vitamin D supplementation alone, without calcium, to prevent osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women.     

维生素D及钙营养缺乏对雏鸡骨骼发育影响

目的 建立ＶｉｔＤ缺乏、钙缺乏雏鸡动物模型,比较两种情况下骨生长情况。分析两种营养素对骨骼发育的影响。方法 建立动物模型。采用反相高效液相色谱法、离子电极测量技术、双维骨密度测定仪、原子吸收分光光度仪分别测血维生素Ｄ、离子钙、骨密度、骨钙含量等。结果 单纯钙缺乏和ＶｉｔＤ缺乏组雏鸡其骨密度、骨矿含量、骨含钙量、骨宽、骨长、骨重均低于正常组,以ＶｉｔＤ缺乏组降低尤为明显,且其生长板软骨明显增厚,软骨     

Long-term effects of nutrient intervention on markers of bone remodeling and calciotropic hormones in late-postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND: Adequate intakes of calcium and vitamin D reduce bone loss and fracture risk in the elderly. Other nutrients also affect bone health, and adequate intakes may influence bone turnover and balance. OBJECTIVE: We compared the long-term effects on bone turnover markers and calciotropic hormones of a multinutrient supplement, a calcium and vitamin D supplement, and dietary instruction aimed at increasing calcium intake through foods. DESIGN: Ninety-nine healthy postmenopausal women participated in a 3-y, randomized trial, receiving either 1) supplemental calcium (1450 mg/d) and vitamin D [10 microg (400 IU)/d], 2) calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients (multinutrient supplement), or 3) dietary instruction (dietary control group). Data are from 83 subjects who completed the trial. RESULTS: Increases over baseline in calcium intakes and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were sustained over 3 y in all treatment groups. Circulating parathyroid hormone concentrations were reduced at year 1 in all treatment groups but trended toward baseline thereafter. Bone turnover markers followed a similar pattern, and none of the changes in biochemical concentrations differed significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS: All 3 interventions offer long-term feasibility for increasing calcium intake and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. The dietary addition of micronutrients implicated in skeletal physiology confers no obvious bone-sparing effect in healthy postmenopausal women beyond that of calcium and vitamin D alone. The attenuation over time in suppression of parathyroid hormone and bone turnover might help explain why nutrient intervention tends to have less of a bone-sparing effect than do skeletally active medications such as estrogen or bisphosphonates.     

Changes in biochemical indexes of bone metabolism and bone mineral density after a 12-mo dietary intervention program: the Postmenopausal Health Study

BACKGROUND: In southern Europe, calcium supplementation alone is a common practice for osteoporosis prevention. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether calcium supplementation could be as effective in achieving favorable bone mass changes in postmenopausal women as is a holistic dietary approach including dairy products fortified with calcium and vitamin D3. DESIGN: A sample of 101 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to a dairy intervention group (n = 39) who received daily approximately 1200 mg Ca and 7.5 microg vitamin D3 via fortified dairy products and attended biweekly nutrition education sessions; a calcium-supplemented group (n = 26) who received a total of 1200 mg Ca/d; and a control group (n = 36). RESULTS: The increases observed in serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I were greater in the dairy intervention group than in the 2 other groups, especially during the first 5 mo of intervention (P = 0.034). The decreases and increases observed during 5 and 12 mo, respectively, in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were significant in all groups (P = 0.050). Serum parathyroid hormone increased only in the control group, and serum type 1 collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide decreased only in the dairy intervention group during both 5 and 12 mo of intervention (P = 0.035 and 0.047, respectively). The dairy intervention group had greater improvements in pelvis (P = 0.040), total spine (P = 0.001), and total-body (P = 0.001) bone mineral density than did the other 2 groups. CONCLUSION: The application of a holistic intervention approach combining nutrition education and consumption of fortified dairy products for 12 mo can induce more favorable changes in biochemical indexes of bone metabolism and bone mineral density than can calcium supplementation alone.     

1,25-二羟基维生素D3对原发性骨质疏松骨代谢的影响

目的探讨1，25-二羟基维生素D3[1，25（OH）2D3]对原发性骨质疏松骨代谢的影响。方法采用8月龄雌性新西兰兔，摘除双侧卵巢建立Ⅰ型骨质疏松模型，随机分为假手术组（Sham）、单纯去卵巢组（OVX）、葡萄糖酸钙组（OC）和葡萄糖酸钙＋1，25（OH）2D，组（OCR）。采用3岁龄新西兰雌兔和4岁龄新西兰雄兔，作为Ⅱ型骨质疏松动物模型，随机分为空白对照组（Control）、葡萄糖酸钙组（Calcium）、葡萄糖酸钙＋1，25（OH）2D3组（CR）。OC组和Calcium组单纯给予葡萄糖酸钙，OCR组和CR组给予葡萄糖酸钙和1，25（OH）2D3。给药8周后测定各实验组的骨代谢生化指标。结果给药8周后，在Ⅰ型骨质疏松模型中，OCR组的血钙、血磷、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）均较OVX组和OC组显著升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），OCR组的BGP、尿Ca／Cr较OVX组和OC组明显降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。在Ⅱ型骨质疏松模型中，雌、雄性兔CR组的血钙、BGP、ALP均较Control组和Calcium组有显著性升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），尿Ca／Cr较其他两组明显下降（P〈0.05或P〈0．01）。结论1，25（OH）2D3对Ⅰ型骨质疏松症有降低骨转换，促进骨形成，抑制骨吸收的作用；对Ⅱ型骨质疏松症有提高骨转换，促进骨形成，抑制骨吸收的作用。     

老年骨质疏松患者服用钙加维生素D后骨密度及生化指标的改变

目的了解补充钙和维生素D对骨丢失和骨转换的影响。方法对31例门诊原发性骨质疏松症和骨量减少患每日服用1片碳酸钙和维生素D复合剂(每片含元素钙600mg和维生素D125IU),连服6个月。治疗前后检测腰椎骨密度(BMD)、骨矿含量(BMC)及骨转换生化指标。结果碳酸钙和维生素D复合剂每日1片能明显改善骨质疏松引起的腰背疼和腿痛性痉挛,有明显疗效。可以维持腰椎骨密度,明显增加男性腰椎骨矿含量( 2．7％),与治疗前比较,明显提高血清250HD( 13．8％)和BGP(％29．5％),减少尿HOP／Cr比值(-17．5％)。结论老年人每天1片碳酸钙和维生素D复合剂对防止骨丢失,改善维生素D的营养状态,促进骨形成和抑制骨吸收有一定作用。     

Calcium from plant sources is beneficial to lowering the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal Korean women

Osteoporosis, which has become a serious public health concern, is influenced by diet, especially calcium intake. Dairy products are a good source of calcium, but plant calcium may also be important in populations that do not consume a large amount of milk. The purpose of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that calcium from vegetable sources is associated with osteoporosis risk and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Korean women with osteoporosis and age-matched controls (N = 144). The results of multivariate-adjusted regression analyses indicated that the intake of calcium, plant calcium, potassium, vitamin A, carotene, vitamin B₁, niacin, vitamin E, vitamin C, and vegetables was associated with significantly reduced risk of osteoporosis after adjusting for age, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy, and energy intake. In addition, intake of vegetables alone, as well as calcium, plant calcium, potassium, and antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene), which are abundant in vegetables, was significantly and positively associated with bone mineral density. However, in this population of low-dairy consumers, intake of calcium from meat and dairy products was not related to risk of osteoporosis and bone mineral density. Our results suggest that high dietary intake of calcium, especially plant calcium, reduces the risk of osteoporosis and increased bone mineral density in postmenopausal Korean women. Vegetables may be an important source of calcium and may also provide vitamins and minerals that exert additional beneficial effects on the bone.