内镜下65例鼻颅底肿瘤切除后颅底重建临床分析

目的 探讨鼻内镜下鼻颅底肿瘤切除后采用游离中鼻甲黏膜（FMT）、阔筋膜、鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣（HBF）行颅底缺损重建治疗脑脊液鼻漏的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析65例在鼻内镜下行鼻颅底肿瘤切除且行颅底重建治疗脑脊液鼻漏患者的病例资料。根据颅底缺损大小及部位选择修补材料,缺损<1.5 cm,均采用FMT（24例）;缺损≥ 1.5 cm,优先选择HBF（16例）,但当HBF无法获取或不适用（缺损位于额窦后壁）,选择阔筋膜（25例）。分析患者的修补效果并比较阔筋膜与HBF的修补结果。结果 采用FMT行颅底缺损重建治疗的患者有2例出现术后脑脊液漏,一次性修补成功率为91.7%;采用阔筋膜治疗的患者有1例出现术后脑脊液漏,一次性修补成功率为96%;采用HBF治疗的患者有1例出现术后脑脊液漏,一次性修补成功率为93.8%;总体成功率93.8%。采用阔筋膜行颅底修补的患者术后出现颅内感染2例、肺部感染0例、术后鼻出血2例,采用HBF行颅底修补的患者术后出现颅内感染1例、肺部感染2例、术后鼻出血2例,两种颅底修补方法术后并发症均无明显差异。结论 鼻内镜下采用HBF、阔筋膜或FMT行颅底重建治疗脑脊液鼻漏均可获得较为满意的结果。FMT对于较小（<1.5 cm）的缺损是可靠的修补材料;对于较大的缺损（≥ 1.5 cm）,HBF或阔筋膜均可以采用且获得相似的结果,当HBF无法获取或不适用（缺损位于额窦后壁）,选择阔筋膜是可行的。     

鼻内镜下额鼻联合入路多发脑脊液鼻漏修补术

目的 探讨鼻内镜辅助下额鼻联合入路行多发性脑脊液鼻漏修补术的方法、效果及可行性.方法 5例(7侧)多发件脑脊液鼻漏者均同时累及额窦后壁及筛顶、筛板交界区颅底,伴颅内积气,3例次(5侧)累及额隐窝一鼻额管后壁区,2例次(2侧)同时累及蝶窦顶壁,2例次(2侧)累及后筛顶壁区.手术先行额窦开放、额窦后壁骨折脑脊液鼻漏修补,再于鼻内镜下行蝶、筛顶区颅底骨折脑脊液鼻漏修补.对于额隐窝一鼻额管后壁区骨折而致脑脊液鼻漏者同时给予修补并置放引流管,其中2例(4侧)损伤较重者同期置入塑形钛网支架.结果 5例(7侧)均一次修补成功.其中1例术前颅内感染者,术后再次继发感染,行大脑池引流并给予药物治疗,控制感染后因脑积水行脑脊液腩室一腹腔分流术而治愈.余均无任何并发症.术后定期内镜下随诊1年以上.3例术后6个月CT扫描复查,见漏孔区软组织封堵,植入物在位,鼻额管欠通畅.结论 同时累及额窦后壁的多发性颅底骨折脑脊液鼻漏,行鼻内镜辅助下额鼻联合人路手术修补,方法简便、安全、成功率高,可获满意效果.     

经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术23例临床分析

目的 总结鼻内镜下23例脑脊液鼻漏修补术的方法和疗效.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2010年12月收治的脑脊液鼻漏23例的临床资料,分析其病史、手术方法及疗 效术前行高分辨率CT(HRCT)扫描及鼻内镜检查,根据漏口处黏膜的特点确定漏口的位置.术中根据漏口位置选用相应的手术方式.采用大腿阔肌筋膜作为修补材料,采用多层内置或外置法放置修补物.术后给予抗炎、止血及降颅压等对症治疗.结果 23例中,有明确外伤史15例,自发性不明原因3例,手术所致2例,伴脑膜脑膨出3例.外伤及手术损伤者17例中15例CT检查发现有明显的颅底骨质缺损(蝶窦区骨质缺损5例,额窦与筛板交界处骨质缺损3例,筛板骨质缺损7例).其余病例CT检查仅见颅底局部骨质变薄、部分骨质吸收或未见异常.随访4～72个月,22例一次修补成功,无再发脑脊液鼻漏.1例伴脑膜脑膨出者行第3次修复,术后无再发脑脊液鼻漏.术后出现并发症2例,1例为颅内感染,1例为脑积水,均治愈出院 结论 鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术是一种安全、有效和微创的手术方式.术前鼻内镜及HRCT等相关检查可帮助明确漏口位置,根据漏口位置选择相应的手术方式,指导术中修补漏口,是提高手术治疗成功率的关键.     

经鼻内镜额窦脑脊液鼻漏修补术初探

目的探索额窦脑脊液鼻漏修补术的进路、修补方法和手术技巧。方法对9例额窦后壁和4例额隐窝后外侧壁脑脊液鼻漏患者进行手术修补，其中首次手术行鼻内镜下修补术12例，联合进路1例；术后观察手术疗效及并发症情况。结果13例患者中12例一次修补成功，1例二次修补成功。出现并发症2例，其中1例为术后颅内感染，行鼻外引流、额窦填塞术治愈；另1例为阻塞性额窦囊肿，行鼻内镜下额窦开放术治愈。结论经鼻内镜可以成功修补可视的额窦后壁脑脊液鼻漏，但要注意额窦口及漏口大小，防止术后额窦阻塞，诱发阻塞性额窦囊肿、额窦炎和颅内感染；对于额窦内不可视的脑脊液鼻漏和额窦口扩大困难的病例，建议行联合进路修补术。     

经额经鼻内镜联合径路修补额窦脑脊液鼻漏

目的 建立一种治疗额窦脑脊液鼻漏的新技术。方法 7例额窦脑脊液鼻漏，5例行经额一鼻内镜联合径路额窦脑脊液鼻漏修补术，其余2例行单纯经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术。结果 4例一次手术修补成功：2例接受了二次手术，另1例三次手术才修补成功。平均随访3年。尽管7例脑脊液鼻漏最终都修补成功，但接受经额经鼻内镜联合径路手术的病人比单纯行经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术的病人术后恢复快得多。结论 经额一鼻内镜联合径路是额窦脑脊液鼻漏治疗的首选手术径路。     

自发性脑脊液鼻漏定位诊断的影像学征象分析

目的 通过总结自发性脑脊液鼻漏患者的影像学直接征象和间接征象,为脑脊液鼻漏修补术前瘘点的影像学定位诊断提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月—2021年3月中南大学湘雅医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科诊治的48例患者的临床资料,所有患者术前行鼻窦颅底高分辨CT(HRCT)和核磁共振(MRI)水成像检查。术前分析其影像学直接征象和间接征象,并结合术中情况证实其瘘点位置。结果 48例患者术前经影像学瘘点判断并经手术证实瘘点位于筛板20例(41.7%),蝶窦外侧隐窝16例(33.3%),筛顶8例(16.7%),额窦后壁2例(4.2%),斜坡2例(4.2%)。研究发现不同区域的自发性脑脊液鼻漏直接征象和间接征象存在明显不同,间接征象如左右侧不对称,引流通道水肿,窦腔黏膜增厚和积液征可以用于寻找瘘点。瘘口在影像学上根据直接征象颅底骨质缺损的诊断符合率为66.7%,而联合应用CT与MRI水成像根据直接征象和间接征象联合应用的诊断符合率为100%。结论 自发性脑脊液鼻漏患者影像学的间接征象对于术前准确判断瘘点具有重要价值。     

鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补方法的探讨

目的:探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液(CSF)鼻漏修补术中,由于漏口大小及部位的不同而采用的不同修补方 法对疗效的影响。方法:回顾性分析32例鼻内镜下CSF患者的漏口大小,修补方法及术后疗效。结果:①漏口 大小:1mm×1mm～20mm×20mm;②修补方法:浴缸塞法2例,外贴法10例,内贴法18例,筋膜加骨瓣钮扣 法1例。1次手术成功29例,2次成功1例,3次成功1例,1例修补失败由神经外科径口鼻蝶窦边路显微镜手术 成功。结论:①外贴法较为简便,适合较小的漏口;内贴法对抗颅内压较为理想,适合中等大小的漏口修补;浴缸 塞法对于中小漏口的修补疗效较可靠;“钮扣”法较适合修补较大的漏口。②鼻内镜下修补CSF鼻漏具有创伤 小、操作简单、视野清楚、成功率高、并发症少等优点。     

外伤性脑膜脑膨出诊断与经鼻内镜手术

目的：报告5例外伤性脑膜脑膨出脑脊液鼻漏的经鼻内镜下手术治疗结果，探讨诊断和手术方法。材料和方法：1998年9月至2002年3月诊断为外伤性脑膜脑膨出并行鼻内镜手术修补的5例患者病例资料，脑膜脑膨出定性和脑脊液漏出部位的定位诊断主要依靠高分辨鼻窦cT扫描、MRI检查和MR和CT脑池造影。结果：蝶筛交界处顶壁膨出1例，左侧筛窦顶壁中部膨出1例，右侧蝶窦外侧壁膨出，筛板中后部有2处脑脊液信号与鼻腔通1例，右侧额窦后壁近额窦底膨出，伴发鼻窦炎1例，右侧筛窦顶壁前部膨出1例。手术一期修补成功，随访4～38个月。无手术中和手术后并发症。结论：脑膜脑组织膨出和脑脊液漏出位置的确定可依靠MR和CT脑池造影等，首选CT脑池造影；内镜下经鼻切除膨出脑膜组织并修补颅底安全精确，镜下手术处理膨出脑组织的关键要使用双极电凝器。     

鼻内镜下修补脑脊液鼻漏19例并文献复习

目的探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术的瘘口定位、材料选择及修补方法。方法回顾性分析19例脑脊液鼻漏修补术病例资料,其中骨折发生在筛窦顶壁14例、筛顶和对侧额窦后壁1例、蝶窦4例,瘘口0.8～2.5cm,搔刮创面后用生物胶肌浆填塞瘘口,覆盖筋膜,再填塞鼻腔填充物。结果19例患者均在鼻内镜下一次手术修补成功,其中出现局限性脑膜炎1例、局部真菌感染1例。结论鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补方法简单,损伤小,成功率高,并发症少。     

鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术前漏口定位方法

目的 探讨经鼻内镜行脑脊液鼻漏修补术前准确定位漏口的方法。方法 16例脑脊液鼻漏患者采用术前鼻内镜检查、多层螺旋CT(MSCT)及其三维重建、SPECT/CT脑脊液断层显像等方法判断漏口位置,并与手术结果对比。结果 14例脑脊液鼻漏患者可于MSCT及三维重建中显示颅底骨质异常,15例经SPECT/CT脑脊液断层显像可见颅底至鼻部有异常放射性浓聚影,4例于术前鼻内镜检查中见有脑脊液漏出。有15例患者术前漏点定位与术中所见一致,1例与术中所见不符,手术修补失败后详细检查为脑脊液耳漏经鼻孔流出。结论 经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术前采用鼻内镜检查、MSCT及三维重建、SPECT/CT等多种方法对漏口进行综合定位分析,可为手术成功奠定基础。应警惕脑脊液耳漏漏液经鼻腔漏出的可能。     

Endoscopic management of frontal sinus CSF leaks

IntroductionEndoscopic management of frontal sinus cerebrospinal fluid leaks has become the gold standard of treatment, with high success rates and low morbidity. The aim of this study is to review our experience in managing this challenging condition.ObjectiveTo review our experience in treating frontal sinus cerebrospinal fluid leaks through an endonasal endoscopic approach.MethodsA retrospective evaluation of patients undergoing endoscopic surgery for frontal sinus cerebrospinal fluid leaks was performed. Demographics, defect location and etiology, surgical and reconstructive technique, complications, and postoperative followup were examined.ResultsTwenty-two patients with a mean age of 40.4 years were treated surgically by the senior author between 2015 and 2019. Cerebrospinal fluid leak was either traumatic (17) or spontaneous (5). Successful first-attempt endoscopic repair was accomplished in all cases. A combined endoscopic-trephination approach was necessary in 5 patients (22.8%). No serious complications were reported, and frontal sinus drainage pathway was patent in all our cases. Revision surgery was necessary in only 2 patients for synechia formation. The mean patient followup was 22.7 months (range: 7 ? 41 months).ConclusionProgress in the field of endoscopic surgery has shifted the paradigm, establishing endoscopic repair of frontal sinus leaks as the standard of care. A few remaining limits of this approach could be addressed by combining endoscopy with frontal trephination.     

The bath-plug closure of anterior skull base cerebrospinal fluid leaks

BACKGROUND: This study presents the technique and results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak closure by placement of a fat plug on the intracranial surface of the dura. A prospective cohort study of all consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic closure of an anterior skull base CSF leak using the bath-plug technique was performed at a tertiary care center. METHODS: Thirty-three patients presented with CSF leaks: 6 were traumatic, 7 were spontaneous, 9 were iatrogenic, and 10 were associated with a meningoencephalocele. The average age of the patients was 40 years and the male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1. All patients underwent the bath-plug technique for closure of CSF leaks. The surgical technique was presented. RESULTS: Thirty-one of the 33 patients had a successful primary closure of their CSF leak with 2 patients requiring a repeat procedure. After an average of 28 months follow-up, there were no recurrent leaks in any of the patients. This gives a primary closure success rate of 94% and a secondary closure rate of 100%. CONCLUSION: The bath-plug technique for closure of anterior skull base CSF leaks was a reliable technique for a large variety of causes.     

Integración de la cirugía endoscópica en una unidad de base de cráneo: experiencia en los primeros 72 casos

IntroductionA multidisciplinary team is essential to develop and expand the indications in endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery.The aim of this study was to present our experience in a group of patients with skull base lesions treated using endonasal endoscopic approach.MethodsFrom January 2008 to January 2012, 72 patients with skull base involvement were diagnosed and treated in our centre.ResultsThe mean patient age was 53 years. The different pathologies included 36 pituitary adenomas, 10 cerebrospinal fluid leaks and 5 inverted papillomas as the most frequent pathologies. We performed a transsphenoidal transellar approach in 45 cases, a transmaxillary transpterygoid approach in 4 cases and a transnasal expanded approach in 6 cases. We performed an ethmoidal/sphenoidal approach in 12 patients and a Draf IIb/III procedure in four cases. Total resection was achieved in 61% of patients with pituitary adenomas, subtotal in 22% and partial in 17%. Successful repair was achieved in 86% of CSF leaks. No recurrences were observed in patients with inverted papilloma. Complications were observed in 21 patients (29%), 6 being major complications.ConclusionsOur centre stresses the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery.     

Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks after neurosurgical procedures

OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks has proven to be effective and safe. CSF rhinorrhea is a well-known complication of neurosurgical procedures in the anterior cranial fossa. We present a series of endoscopic repairs of CSF rhinorrhea secondary to neurosurgical procedures. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of 13 cases. METHODS: Thirteen patients are included in the study. Eleven had CSF leaks after hypophysectomy, one after clipping of an anterior circle of Willis aneurysm, and one after posttraumatic frontal lobe debridement. Leaks were identified intraoperatively during the neurosurgical procedure (n = 8) or with intrathecal fluorescein injection during a separate procedure (n = 5). Repair was performed by exposing the skull base defect, debriding the defect margins, and sealing the defect with a free mucosal graft or abdominal fat. RESULTS: Leaks were identified in the sphenoid (n = 12) and posterior ethmoid (n = 1) sinuses. Nine patients had lumbar drains placed. One patient had recurrence of CSF rhinorrhea 2 months after initial repair requiring a revision procedure. No other recurrences were noted. One patient developed postoperative meningitis requiring intravenous antibiotics and a prolonged hospital stay. No other postoperative complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic repair is a safe and effective treatment for CSF rhinorrhea encountered as a neurosurgical complication.     

Endonasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks of the sphenoid sinus

BACKGROUND: Multiple reports have demonstrated the efficacy of the transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks of the anterior cranial base. The literature, however, lacks a comprehensive clinical study specifically addressing the transnasal endoscopic repair of CSF leaks of the sphenoid sinus. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the factors that significantly affect the surgical outcome after transnasal endoscopic repair of CSF leaks of the sphenoid sinus. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients who underwent an endoscopic transnasal repair of CSF leaks of the sphenoid sinus at our teaching hospitals. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients with CSF leaks of the sphenoid sinuses that were repaired by the transnasal endoscopic approach were included in our study. Causes of the CSF leaks included trauma, surgery, neoplasms, and idiopathic causes. Obliteration was the most common technique used to repair the CSF fistulas (used in 15 [58%] of 26 procedures). Grafting materials included banked pericardium, mucosa, turbinate bone, and mucoperichondrium placed by underlay or onlay grafting or abdominal fat used to obliterate the sphenoid sinus. Twenty-two patients were successfully treated on the first attempt. A persistent leak in 2 patients with previously unrecognized high-pressure hydrocephalus was repaired during a second endoscopic surgery, quickly followed by ventriculoperitoneal shunting. CONCLUSIONS: Assuming an adequate repair, other factors such as the cause, the size of the defect, the technique and material used to repair the defect, and perioperative management do not affect the surgical outcome significantly. Untreated high-pressure hydrocephalus can lead to a recurrence or persistence of the leaks and should be suspected in patients with posttraumatic, idiopathic, or recurrent CSF leaks.     

Determining leak locations during transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea

Objective

For transnasal endoscopic repair procedures to be successful, it is critical to identify leak locations during surgery. We aim to evaluate different methods to more accurately detect leak locations during the endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.

Materials and methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of 39 cases undergoing endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. The leak locations were determined using preoperative nasal endoscopy, radioisotope scanning, the intraoperative image-guided system, and intraspinal normal saline injection.

Results

The cerebrospinal fluid leak location was in the sphenoidal sinus in 9 cases, the ethmoid sinus in 17 cases, and in the frontal sinus in 1 case. The leak locations could not be determined in the remaining 12 cases using this method alone. For these 12 cases, after the ethmoid sinus was opened and the lateral wall of sphenoidal sinus was exposed with the aid of the intraoperative image-guided system, outflow of cerebrospinal fluid was present on the lateral wall of sphenoidal sinus (in 1 case) and on the ethmoid roof (in 3 cases). Furthermore, using intraspinal saline injection (20-30 ml), leak locations were detected in the sphenoidal sinus (2 cases) and in ethmoid sinus (6 cases) of the remaining cases.

Conclusion

For cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea patients whose leak locations are difficult to determine, surgeons can increase their operative success rates by performing radioisotope scanning and intraspinal saline injections and by using image-guided surgical systems. These safe and effective methods can be used to successfully detect leak locations during transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks.     

Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leak in paediatric patients

BackgroundIn scientific literature exist fewer case series regarding endoscopic treatment of paediatric cerebrospinal fluid fistulas. Compared to craniotomy endoscopic repair does not reach wider consent even if craniotomy carries higher complications rate.ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to report our institutional experience on paediatric cerebrospinal fluid leak to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the endoscopic approach in a variety of cases.MethodsClinical records of all paediatric patients who underwent endoscopic repair of anterior and middle fossa skull base defects are reviewed for several parameters.Results10 patients were enrolled, 6 males and 4 females with a mean age of 10 years. The aetiology of the leak was congenital in 2 cases, trauma-induced in 6 cases and iatrogenic in 2 cases. In all the cases the defect was localized by computed tomography. Remedial was obtained using multiple grafts technique with autologous materials during a single procedure in all but one case, this one case requiring a second operation for delayed recurrence. The mean follow-up duration is 36 months.ConclusionCSF fistulas can be approached in paediatrics of any age with high success and low complications rate using the endonasal technique.     

Management of coexistent sinonasal pathology in patients undergoing endoscopic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea repair

IntroductionPatients who undergo endoscopic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea repair may occasionally present with coexistent sinonasal pathology which may or may not need to be addressed prior to surgical repair. Some patients may develop new onset nasal morbidity related to endoscopic repair.ObjectiveTo study the prevalence and management of additional sinonasal pathology in patients who undergo endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrheaMethodsA retrospective review of patients who underwent endoscopic cerebrospinal fluid leak repair was conducted to note the presence of coexistent sinonasal morbidity preoperatively and in the followup period.ResultsOf a total of 153 patients who underwent endoscopic closure of cerebrospinal fluid leak, 97 (63.4%) were female and 56 (36.6%) males. Most patients (90.2%) were aged between 21 and 60 years, with a mean of 40.8 years. Sixty-four patients (41.8%) were found to have coexistent sinonasal morbidity preoperatively, the commonest being symptomatic deviated nasal septum (17.6%), chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps (11.1%) and chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps (3.3%). Rare instances of septal hemangioma (0.7%) and inverting papilloma (0.7%) were also seen. Postoperatively, there was cessation of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in 96.7% which rose to 100% after revision surgery in those with recurrence. Resolution of coexistent sinonasal pathology occurred in all patients with followup ranging from 10 to 192 months. New onset sinonasal morbidity which developed postoperatively included synechiae between middle turbinate and lateral nasal wall (5.9%) and sinonasal polyposis (1.3%).ConclusionPatients who undergo endoscopic cerebrospinal fluid leak repair may have coexistent sinonasal pathology which needs to be addressed prior to or along with repair of the dural defect. New onset sinonasal morbidity, which may arise in a few patients postoperatively, may require additional treatment. A protocol for the management of coexistent sinonasal conditions ensures a successful outcome.