颞骨火棉胶切片原位杂交技术及线粒体基因缺失定位研究

目的 发展基于颞骨火棉胶切片的突变基因定位方法。方法 选取5例PCR证实具有线粒体DNA(mtDNA)4977缺失的老年性聋颞骨切片,5例对照颞骨切片无mtDNA4977缺失。应用作者首先发展的颞骨火棉胶切片原位杂交技术进行mtDNA4977缺失的定位研究。结果 5例PCR证实具有mtDNA4977缺失的老年性聋颞骨切片中,3例经原位杂交获得代表mtDNA4977缺失的阳性信号,分布于耳蜗、内听道的神经细胞及神经纤维中。5例对照颞骨中未见阳性杂交信号。结论 耳蜗是由多种不同形态、功能的细胞组成,火棉胶切片的原位杂交技术可以定位特殊基因或基因变化于耳蜗内特定的细胞群,为在分子细胞水平研究聋病的发病机制提供了有力的工具。     

颞骨矢状位组织切片与CT图像对照研究

目的制作颞骨矢状位数字化火棉胶薄层断层数据集,CT片与HE染色照片进行对照观察,为临床影像学诊断及手术入路设计提供参考。方法用2例尸头标本进行螺旋CT扫描后制作侧颅底区标本,火棉胶包埋后,用大型轮式切片机沿矢状位切片,厚度100μm,每切一片均采用SonyF-717数码照相机(500万像素)摄影并保存在计算机。选取代表性层面的切片进行HE染色。将断层数码照片与HE染色照片和CT片进行对照观察,对代表性层面结构特点进行描述,包括鼓窦入口层面、面神经锥曲层面、前庭窗层面、蜗窗层面、内耳道底层面。结果获取颞骨完整矢状位数字化薄层断层数据集2套。火棉胶断层照片与CT图像有良好的对应关系,连续观察可以对结构毗邻关系深入理解。火棉胶组织学断层切片为影像学断层片结构的识别提供重要参考。矢状位可以较好显示面神经垂直段行程以及面神经锥曲段与水平半规管之间的关系,对锤砧关节、前庭导水管、颈静脉窝、颈内动脉、内耳道内神经等的显示有优势。结论矢状位组织切片与CT对照研究有助于颢骨三维立体结构和中耳乳突手术入路的理解,HE染色照片可以帮助火棉胶断层图像结构的准确识别,二者结合可以指导CT读片,为影像诊断和手术定位提供有价值的参考。     

颞骨组织连续切片三维重建的临床意义

本文复习了近年来有关颞骨组织连续切片三维结构重建的文献，重点阐述三维重建在耳显微外科，电子耳蜗植入，某些先天性疾病研究等方面的临床意义。     

圆窗区颞骨切片和CT对照观察

目的明确圆窗区及其相关结构在耳的横断薄层和在CT上的定位及毗邻关系,为该区域病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学参考.方法外观无异常的经10%甲醛固定的成人头颅标本15例(30侧),以眦耳线为基线,用高分辨率CT扫描,获得间隔为1.00 mm,厚度为1.00 mm的CT图像,扫描后的颅脑标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块,常规脱钙、脱水、火棉胶浸胶,包埋并按标记切制成厚为1.00 mm的连续横断薄层切片,肉眼和手术显微镜下观察切片的下表面并扫描照相.标本切片与CT图像对照,逐一辨识颞骨内听小骨、骨性半规管、前庭、圆窗、圆窗龛、耳蜗、锥隆起、内耳道、耳蜗水管等结构.结果颞骨横断CT扫描,有18～22个层面,圆窗和圆窗龛出现层面多为第10层(右侧)和第11层(左侧),圆窗龛前壁厚度平均为右侧0.92 mm和左侧0.90 mm,龛深平均为右侧1.89 mm和左侧2.04 mm,龛与颈静脉窝间骨壁的平均距离为右侧2.10 mm和左侧2.39 mm.龛前壁厚度、龛深、龛与颈静脉窝骨壁的距离左、右侧差异无显著性 (P>0.05).结论耳颞区火棉胶薄层断面标本能良好显示圆窗区及其周围结构的解剖位置和毗邻关系,可直接与高分辨率CT扫描图像进行对照研究,其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗有参考价值.     

超声骨刀应用于颞骨外科的实验研究

目的探索超声骨刀应用于颞骨外科的可行性。方法利用超声骨刀Misonix BonescalpelTM E-DC06在颞骨上模拟完壁式乳突根治术,根据不同的骨质调整刀头,轮廓化乳突;模拟切除部分骨质,暴露硬脑膜和乙状窦血管壁,显微镜下观察脑膜和乙状窦血管壁的完整性;记录操作时间。结果应用超声骨刀可以顺利完成乳突轮廓化,未造成面神经、乙状窦血管壁、中颅窝脑膜损伤,易于操控,可以实现精确切削。完成乳突轮廓化的时间为35分钟。结论超声骨刀可以准确切除骨质、保护颞骨周围软组织、操控性好,在颞骨手术中有良好的应用前景,但是刀头形状、工作模式等方面还需要进一步完善。     

人类颞骨火棉胶切片中线粒体DNA的扩增及重组测序

目的 应用分子生物学技术建立人类颞骨火棉胶切片中的ＤＮＡ分析方法。方法 采用多聚酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）配合不同的引物、扩增方式及酶切技术检测长期保存的７例（９侧）颞骨火棉胶切片中微量线粒体ＤＮＡ的片段缺失及点突变，ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ载体进行扩增片段的重组与克隆。结果 ９侧颞骨ＤＮＡ提取液中均可见正常的１３５ｂｐ扩增片段，巢式ＰＣＲ检出其中２例生前患老年聋者（各查１侧）有线粒体ＤＮＡ大片段缺失，测序结果证实扩     

颞骨骨折性面瘫的临床和实验观察

为探讨影响颞骨骨折性面瘫预后的主要因素和面神经减压术的意义，总结分析了６４例面瘫预后的主要相关因素。制作面瘫实验西式，测定面神经骨管开放组和非开放线面神经膨胀率，并行电镜观察。结果表明，影响预后的主要因素是否行面神经减主及手术时机。骨管开放组面神经膨胀率显著大于非开放组，非开放组纤维损伤谋生时机提示早期行面神经减压术有 利于面神经功能恢复。     

Temporal Bone Myeloid Sarcoma

Myeloid sarcoma is a rare condition that''s caused by the aggregation of immature myeloid cells in leukemic patients. Myeloid sarcoma occurring in the temporal bone more frequently involves the mastoid bone than is the case for metastatic lesions arising from non-systemic malignancies. The disease is difficult to diagnose when it presents with symptoms that mimic otomastoiditis. However, an early diagnosis is important in order to achieve complete remission of the disease. Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporal bone is useful for making the diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma, and especially to evaluate the extent of disease. High-dose radio- or chemotherapies are the first-line approaches and possibly the only approaches to achieve complete remission and to cure the disease. With the aim of improving our understanding of myeloid sarcoma in the temporal bone, the present report describes our experience with 5 such cases and we compare the clinical features of these 5 patients with those clinical features of patients who have metastatic lesions.     

virtual temporal bone anatomy

Background The Visible Human Project(VHP) initiated by the U.S. National Library of Medicine has drawn much attention and interests from around the world. The Visible Chinese Human(VCH) project has started in China. The current study aims at acquiring a feasible virtual methodology for reconstructing the temporal bone of the Chinese population, which may provide an accurate 3-D model of important temporal bone structures that can be used in teaching and patient care for medical scientists and clinicians. Methods A series of sectional images of the temporal bone were generated from section slices of a female cadaver head. On each sectional image, SOIs (structures of interest) were segmented by carefully defining their contours and filling their areas with certain gray scale values. The processed volume data were then inducted into the 3D Slicer software(developed by the Surgical Planning Lab at Brigham and Women's Hospital and the MIT AI Lab) for resegmentation and generation of a set of tagged images of the SOIs. 3D surface models of SOIs were then reconstructed from these images. Results The temporal bone and structures in the temporal bone, including the tympanic cavity, mastoid cells, sigmoid sinus and internal carotid artery, were successfully reconstructed. The orientation of and spatial relationship among these structures were easily visualized in the reconstructed surface models. Conclusion The 3D Slicer software can be used for 3- dimensional visualization of anatomic structures in the temporal bone, which will greatly facilitate the advance of knowledge and techniques critical for studying and treating disorders involving the temporal bone.     

Pediatric Temporal Bone Fractures

Objective: To examine the etiology, presentation, and management of temporal bone fractures in children. Study Design: Case control. Method: Retrospective review of a level I pediatric trauma center from July 1, 1990 to November 1, 1996 identified 680 patients. Inclusion criteria of age less than 14 years and only blunt temporal bone trauma identified 122 patients, with 97 charts available for review. The criteria for temporal bone fracture consisted of both clinical and radiologic information. Only patients with temporal bone fractures confirmed by computed tomography, a complete otolaryngology examination, and audiometric evaluations were included in the study. The data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) for examining the three separate age groups of fractures. Chi-squared analysis was used to compare these data with previously published adult and pediatric temporal bone fracture series and to examine the three separate age groups of fractures. Results: The review identified 72 children with 79 temporal bone fractures: 47 boys and 25 girls. The patients ranged from 6 months to 14 years of age, with a bimodal distribution of patients with peaks at 3 years and 12 years of age. The most common causes of fractures were motor vehicle accidents (47%), falls (40%), biking accidents (8%), and blows to the head (7%). Common presenting signs and symptoms included hearing loss (82%), hemotympanum (81%), loss of consciousness (63%), intracranial injuries (58%), bloody otorrhea (58%), extremity fractures (8%), and facial nerve weakness (3%). The most common causes of temporal bone fractures were falls and motor vehicle accidents. Forty-two patients were noted to have bloody otorrhea and possible cerebrospinal fluid leak. Twenty-four received intravenous antibiotics. No patient developed prolonged otorrhea or meningitis during hospitalization and the follow-up period. The classification of fracture patterns was longitudinal, 54%; transverse, 6%; oblique, 10%; squamous, 27%; and other, 3%. Hearing loss was found in 59 patients, with conductive hearing loss being the most common finding in 56% of the patients, followed by sensorineural hearing loss in 17% and mixed hearing loss in 10%. Conclusions: Pediatric temporal bone fractures are associated with falls and motor vehicle accidents. There is a high incidence of associated intracranial injuries and hearing loss, but facial nerve injuries are uncommon. Timely management minimizes complications.     

Temporal Bone Findings in Alzheimer's Disease

Sensorineural hearing loss has been reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a topographically specific pattern of degeneration in the central auditory system has been described. Although peripheral visual and olfactory systems have been extensively studied, there is no report of peripheral auditory system abnormalities in AD patients. Comparison of temporal bones from eight AD patients with those from eight non-AD controls revealed a significant difference in the percentage of remaining hair cells, peripheral processes, and spiral ganglion cells in the basal cochlear turn but no significant differences in the overall percentage between the two groups. Furthermore, special stains (thioflavin S and Bielschowsky's silver impregnation) of temporal bone nervous tissue from AD patients did not show neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. It is unclear whether the differences between the two groups in the basal portion of the cochlea are due to AD or some other process, such as presbycusis. However, lack of significant degeneration in other parts of the cochlea and absence of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in all eight patients may suggest that the peripheral auditory system, unlike the peripheral visual and olfactory systems, is not involved in AD. A larger sample of AD patients is necessary to clarify the peripheral auditory system findings in the present study.     

Reconstruction After Temporal Bone Resection

Reconstruction of soft tissue defects after temporal bone resection can vary from simple closure of the external auditory canal to complex flap coverage of extensive defects. Between 1987 and 1996, 34 patients underwent lateral skull base resections and reconstruction for invasive carcinoma of the temporal bone. Seven underwent sleeve resection and/or radical mastoidectomy. Sleeve resection was managed with tympanoplasty, canalplasty, or obliteration of the external auditory canal (10). There were 24 lateral temporal bone resections and four subtotal temporal bone resections. Larger defects created by lateral and subtotal temporal bone resections required closure with a combination of temporalis flaps and local rotational cutaneous flaps (13). Lower island trapezius flaps (five), free flaps (four), and pectoralis major flaps (two) were also used. Indications and efficacy of each method are discussed, and treatment outcomes are presented.     

Malignant fibrous Histiocytoma of Temporal Bone

Here we present a case of malignant fibrous Histiocytoma of Temporal Bone, which is a rare tumour in this region. We emphasize that a very wide excision of this tumour should be done to prevent its recurrence. The resulting defect can be very well reconstituted with myocutaneous flap for rapid healing of wound and for minimising the cosmatic deformity.