泪囊鼻内解剖研究及临床应用

目的探讨鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术的泪囊鼻内表面定位。方法对15具(30侧)成人尸头的泪囊在鼻腔外侧壁上的投影位置进行解剖学测量;并指导临床应用于32例(39侧)慢性泪囊炎鼻泪管阻塞患者的鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术。结果解剖学测量泪囊大部分(2／3)位于中鼻甲腋上方,小部分(1／3)位于中鼻甲腋下方;泪囊大部分(2／3)位于总泪小管口下方,小部分(1／3)位于总泪小管口上方;内眦韧带横压于泪囊的中部,几乎与总泪小管平行。施行手术的32例(39侧),术后随访半年以上,治愈28例(35侧,89．8％),好转2例(2侧,5．1％),无效2例(2侧,5．1％),总有效率94．9％。结论以中鼻甲腋前上0．2 cm为手术造口中心点,中鼻甲腋前上0．8 cm为上界,腋前下0．4 cm为下界,作弧形黏膜切口及1．2 cm×1．0 cm骨孔,此为鼻腔泪囊造口的最佳位置;利用枪状镊依据鼻外内眦韧带定位泪囊造口的中心点亦不失为一简易可取的方法。     

内窥镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术的泪囊鼻内解剖

鼻内表面的解剖对于内窥镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术操作来说十分重要。本文作者通过测量研究发现泪囊顶的高度明显高于一般文献记载。一般文献中记载泪囊位于中鼻甲前极的前方 ,其长轴只有 0 %～ 2 0 %高出中鼻甲在鼻外侧壁的附着部 (该部又名中鼻甲腋 ) ;通常描画的鼻外侧壁上泪囊顶的表面投影亦是齐平于中鼻甲附着部。为了探讨这种结论的准确性 ,作者用高分辨CT加或不加对照剂扫描以了解中鼻甲腋、总泪小管入口分别与泪囊顶、底的关系。 76侧 CT测量泪囊与中鼻甲腋的关系 ;4 7侧造影 CT测量泪囊与总泪小点入口的关系。测量结果为 :泪囊顶高于…     

经鼻内镜鼻腔泪囊开放术治疗慢性泪囊炎

目的 分析经鼻内镜鼻腔泪囊开放术治疗慢性泪囊炎的手术方式及治疗效果。方法 收治慢性泪囊炎患者30例,均行鼻内镜下泪囊开放术,术后行泪道冲洗,随访6~12个月,观察手术疗效。结果 手术均顺利进行,30例术中、术后均无并发症发生,治愈28例(93.3%),好转2例(6.6%)。结论 鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊开放术视野清晰、无面部瘢痕,治疗慢性泪囊炎效果良好,符合外科手术微创和美容的要求。     

鼻腔泪囊造口术的泪囊鼻内解剖研究

目的：探讨鼻腔泪囊的解剖结构及其与毗邻的关系,为鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术提供解剖学指导。方法：对15具（30侧）成人尸头的泪囊投影在鼻腔外侧壁上的解剖特点进行研究,同时观察了内眦韧带与泪囊的解剖关系。结果：泪囊在鼻腔外侧壁上的解剖位置投影大部（2／3）位于中鼻甲附着处（中鼻甲腋）前端上方,小部位于其下方;泪囊小部分（1／3）位于泪总管开口上方水平,大部位于该口下方;内眦韧带几乎横压于泪囊中部。中鼻甲腋可越过泪囊后界（11侧）或中线（1侧）。使用以内眦韧带为基准点的泪囊鼻外定位法,30侧标本全部定位于泪囊投影区较中心的位置。结论：建议术前行泪囊碘油造影CT检查,手术造口中心位置约为中鼻甲附着处以上1.5～2．0mm处稍前方。泪总管开口与泪囊的解剖关系恒定,术中使用激光光纤行泪道探查,并以透过鼻腔外侧壁上的光斑为定位标志相对精确,以内眦韧带为基准点的泪囊鼻外定位法准确度亦高。     

经眼光导纤维引导鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术治疗慢性及复发性泪囊炎的临床研究

目的:探讨鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术中鼻内泪囊定位的新方法.方法:68例慢性泪囊炎患者(包括31例复发性泪囊炎)经鼻内镜行鼻腔泪囊造口术,术中将眼内光导纤维投射到鼻腔外侧壁的光斑作为泪囊在鼻腔外侧壁的投影.结果:使用眼内光导纤维引导,泪囊定位准确,进行鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术时手术时间明显缩短,手术简化.2例2次手术者再阻塞,其余患者随访2年无复发,无并发症发生,成功率为97.06%(66/68).结论:将眼内光导纤维用于鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术中对泪囊定位的方法简单可行,值得推广应用.     

经鼻鼻内镜下泪囊造口定位的解剖与临床研究

目的调查经鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术的解剖定位资料。方法经鼻内镜下解剖16具湿性成人尸头32侧泪囊,确定泪囊鼻腔造口的最佳解剖位置标志;并结合2例手术失败病例和12例尚未行手术的慢性泪囊炎病例的相关影像学资料,对比分析最佳解剖定位数据。结果泪囊上、下点与鼻小柱和鼻翼交界点及"中鼻甲腋"(即中鼻甲前端位于鼻腔外侧壁的附着处)的距离分别为33.0±3.3mm、44.6±4.9mm和6.8±1.4mm、3.2±1.6mm;2例手术失败病例的泪囊鼻腔开口位置较低。结论手术中,应在中鼻甲腋前上方定位鼻腔内泪囊开口。     

鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术治疗慢性泪囊炎的手术探讨

目的 探讨经鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术治疗慢性泪囊炎的手术方式、技巧及临床疗效。方法 采用鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术治疗慢性泪囊炎28例(30眼),术后在鼻内镜下行常规泪道冲洗及鼻腔清理换药。结果 所有病例随访6个月,治愈率93.33%,总有效率100% 。结论 经鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合术是治疗慢性泪囊炎的理想方法,具有创伤性小、治愈率高、不影响美容的特点。     

鼻外径路和鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术的对比分析

各种原因引起的鼻泪管阻塞或慢性泪囊炎均可导致溢泪等眼科的临床症状,鼻腔泪囊造口术对治疗此类疾病有良好的疗效。传统上鼻腔泪囊造口术由眼科医师完成,通过切开内眦部皮肤将泪囊与鼻腔连通,随着鼻内镜技术在临床的广泛应用,耳鼻咽喉科医师开始尝试在鼻内镜下不切开内眦部行鼻腔泪囊造口术,两种术式各有利弊。我们对比分析了近几年进行的17例鼻外径路和13例鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术的临床资料,报告如下。     

鼻内镜下经鼻高位泪囊鼻腔吻合术治疗慢性泪囊炎的临床观察

目的　探讨鼻内镜下经鼻高位泪囊鼻腔吻合术（dacryocystorhinostomy,DCR）治疗慢性泪囊炎的临床疗效。方法　回顾性分析河北省沧州中西医结合医院2009年1月～2019年1月收治的141例（141眼）慢性泪囊炎患者,所有患者均采用鼻内镜下DCR治疗,2009年1月～2016年2月74例患者行鼻内镜下经鼻平中鼻甲腋DCR（低位DCR组）,2016年3月～2019年1月67例患者行鼻内镜下经鼻高位泪囊鼻腔吻合术（高位DCR组）,分析两组患者术后半年疗效。结果  低位DCR组患者治愈55例,好转10例,无效9例,治疗总有效率为87.8%;高位DCR组患者治愈59例,好转6例,无效2例,治疗总有效率97%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.12,P <0.05）。结论　鼻内镜下经鼻高位DCR治疗慢性泪囊炎疗效显著,安全有效,值得推广。     

鼻腔疾患并发慢性泪囊炎的鼻内窥镜手术治疗

近年 ,我们对 2 0例 ( 2 6侧 )鼻腔疾患并发慢性泪囊炎患者 ,在鼻内窥镜下行鼻腔疾患手术并鼻腔泪囊造口术 ,效果良好。报告如下。1　资料与方法2 0例中 ,男 8例 ,女 1 2例 ;年龄 2 5～ 75岁。其中 6例并发鼻息肉 ;6例并发鼻中隔高位偏曲者中 ,有 1例同时并发肥厚性鼻炎 ;5例并发肥厚性鼻炎 ;另 3例并发中鼻甲肥大或钩突肥大。手术均在电视监视下进行 ,先在鼻内窥镜下根据需要行鼻息肉摘除术、鼻中隔矫正术、中下鼻甲部分切除术、钩突切除术 ,再行鼻内窥镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术。在中鼻道前端的鼻外侧壁上作以钩突前界为后缘长 1 cm的正方形切口…     

鼻内窥镜下鼻腔泪囊吻合术的有关前组筛窦应用解剖

目的：为鼻内窥下鼻腔泪囊吻合术提供解剖学指导。方法：对１６具（３２侧）成人尸头的前组筛窦解剖进行研究,同时观察了钩突与眶内仙壁的毗邻结构关系。结果：根据前组筛窦与泪囊窝的解剖关系将前组筛窦分为三种类型：Ⅰ型为前组筛房前界达泪囊窝的后泪嵴;Ⅱ型为前组筛房前界达泪窝的泪颌缝;Ⅲ型为前组筛前界超过泪凳缝达前泪嵴。其中Ⅰ型占３１．２％,Ⅱ型占５０．％,Ⅲ型占１８．８％,结论：对不同类型的鼻泪管阻塞的患者,     

泪囊CT造影研究

目的:探讨鼻内窥镜下泪囊鼻内造口术前泪囊CT造影的意义。方法:10例(20侧)健康志愿者、12例(24侧)慢性泪囊炎患者术前均进行了泪囊CT轴位及冠状位造影检查。结果:根据筛窦气化程度不同,将泪囊与筛窦的解剖关系分三种类型:Ⅰ型为前组筛窦前界位于泪后嵴之后,Ⅱ型为前组筛窦气化达泪颌缝,Ⅲ型为前组筛窦前端超过泪颌缝达泪前嵴,在轴位层面观察结果为Ⅰ型12侧(27.3％)、Ⅱ型18侧(40.9％)、Ⅲ型14侧(31.8％);12例患者冠状层面观察泪道阻塞部位均为泪囊与鼻泪管的移行处,11例泪囊形态正常或扩大,1例双侧泪囊瘢痕挛缩。结论:术前泪囊CT造影检查对鼻内窥镜下泪囊鼻内造口术中选择适当造口位置具有重要指导意义。     

鼻内镜及影像学定位在鼻腔泪囊造口术中的应用

目的 探讨鼻内泪囊的解剖及影像学定位在泪囊手术中的临床应用价值.方法 对20例(26眼)慢性泪囊炎患者术前进行CT泪囊造影三维重建,确定泪囊大小及影像学定位;术中以上颌线作为定位开放泪囊的参考标志,行鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术.结果 CT泪囊造影片能清晰显示泪囊大小以及与周围结构的关系,并可任意径线及角度适时测量.术中以上颌线作为手术进路的标志均能准确开放泪囊,20例(23眼)中,大泪囊10眼术后无造口闭塞,治愈率100%;中泪囊11眼术后有1眼仍有少量流泪,但较术前明显好转,治愈率90.9%;小泪囊2眼中有1眼术后仍有明显流泪,内镜检查发现造口粘连、阻塞,治愈率50%.结论 术前计算机三维重建泪囊造影对鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造口术具有重要应用价值.上颌线可以作为泪囊手术进路的参考标志之一.     

Long-term Results and Reasons for Failure of Intranasal Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results and the factors influencing the success in patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction treated with intranasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) and silicone tube intubation (STI). We prospectively investigated 158 patients with lacrimal obstruction in two groups, one of which comprised 108 patients treated primarily with intranasal endoscopic DCR by experienced surgeons and the other comprised 50 patients who were operated on by inexperienced surgeons. In a mean follow-up time of 49 months the surgical success was 94.4% in experienced hands and 58.0% in inexperienced hands. The endoscopic examination of six patients with failure in the first group revealed granulation tissue around the tube in four, atonic sac in one and persistence of bone that was supposed to have been excised in the nasal cavity in one. There were 21 failures out of 50 patients in the second group: granulation tissue in 2 cases, fenestration to the nasolacrimal duct instead of the sac in 6 cases, synechia between the lateral nasal wall and the middle turbinate in 2 cases, bony spicles causing obstruction in 5 cases and fenestration anterior to the sac in 2 cases. In 4 cases no reasons were found for failure, but perhaps the small fenestration and failure to remove the medial half of the membranous sac wall was the reason. DCR and STI can be performed for primary treatment in lacrimal obstruction. There is a learning curve for the operation. False localization of the lacrimal sac, granulation tissue formation around the tubes, retained bony spicles, inadequate removal of the medial wall of the sac and the synechia between the lateral wall and the middle turbinate are the most common causes of failure.     

Long-term results and reasons for failure of intranasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results and the factors influencing the success in patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction treated with intranasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) and silicone tube intubation (STI). We prospectively investigated 158 patients with lacrimal obstruction in two groups, one of which comprised 108 patients treated primarily with intranasal endoscopic DCR by experienced surgeons and the other comprised 50 patients who were operated on by inexperienced surgeons. In a mean follow-up time of 49 months the surgical success was 94.4% in experienced hands and 58.0% in inexperienced hands. The endoscopic examination of six patients with failure in the first group revealed granulation tissue around the tube in four, atonic sac in one and persistence of bone that was supposed to have been excised in the nasal cavity in one. There were 21 failures out of 50 patients in the second group: granulation tissue in 2 cases, fenestration to the nasolacrimal duct instead of the sac in 6 cases, synechia between the lateral nasal wall and the middle turbinate in 2 cases, bony spicles causing obstruction in 5 cases and fenestration anterior to the sac in 2 cases. In 4 cases no reasons were found for failure, but perhaps the small fenestration and failure to remove the medial half of the membranous sac wall was the reason. DCR and STI can be performed for primary treatment in lacrimal obstruction. There is a learning curve for the operation. False localization of the lacrimal sac, granulation tissue formation around the tubes, retained bony spicles, inadequate removal of the medial wall of the sac and the synechia between the lateral wall and the middle turbinate are the most common causes of failure.     

Bicanalicular double silicone stenting in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with lacrimal trephination in distal or common canalicular obstruction

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the clinical effects of bicanalicular double silicone stents in endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy with lacrimal trephinized canaliculoplasty for monocanalicular and common canalicular obstruction. Bicanalicular double silicone intubation in endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy with lacrimal trephination was performed in 58 eyes of 54 patients (5 men, 49 women; mean age: 55.9 ± 14.9 years) with epiphora due to monocanalicular and common canalicular obstruction between November 2007 and August 2010. We reviewed the records of subjects who had undergone the same surgery with a bicanalicular single intubation for same disease between March 2004 and October 2007 as controls (56 eyes of 50 patients). We evaluated age, gender, the operative side, the site of canalicular obstruction, and the effects of double silicone intubation. Complications relating to the silicone tube were also investigated. The double-stent group showed higher anatomical success rates (91.4%) and functional success rates (82.8%) than the single-stent group (75.0 and 69.6%, respectively) (p = 0.034 and p = 0.103, respectively). Bicanalicular double silicone stenting in endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy with lacrimal trephinized canaliculoplasty may be an effective treatment for monocanalicular and common canalicular obstructions. This may also reduce more invasive surgery including Jones tube insertion (p = 0.038).     

Endoscopic laser dacryocystorhinostomy

Endoscopic laser dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) enables an obstructed lacrimal sac to be opened through an intranasal approach, avoiding the need for a skin incision. The holmiumtyttrium aluminum garnet (holmium:YAG) laser is well-suited for this procedure because of its properties of fiberoptic delivery, effective bone cutting, and precise soft-tissue coagulation. Efficient bone ablation is particularly important for primary DCR which requires removal of relatively thick bone along the lateral nasal wall to expose the lacrimal sac. Forty-six endoscopic laser DCRs were performed on 40 patients. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. The surgery successfully relieved lacrimal obstruction in 85% of patients. Endoscopic instrumentation allowed for the rapid identification and correction of intranasal causes of DCR failure, including ethmoid sinus disease and middle turbinate hypertrophy. Endoscopic laser DCR appears to be a safe and effective procedure which should be considered as an alternative to external DCR for the surgical treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction.     

鼻内鼻窦手术损伤泪道的解剖学分析

为了减少或避免易内鼻窦手术损伤泥道，在20具成人尸头标本上，观测泪道与鼻腔外侧壁的毗邻关系。发现前筛气房与泪囊窝关系密切，气房侵及泪骨占87．5％；鼻泪管与钩突上端游离线之间距离为6.74±1．72mm，距离筛漏斗前界3．44±0．75mm，距上颌窦鼻内开口为5．50±3．73mm。鼻泪管开四位于下鼻道前端鼻甲附着处。研究表明，前筛房、钩突切除和上颌窦鼻内开窗手术范围，如果过于向前，容易损伤泪道。