鼻咽静脉曲张破裂出血一例

患者 ,男 ,30岁。因“慢性扁桃体炎”于 1999年 8月 30日上午在当地医院行扁桃体摘除术 ,手术当晚发生出血行缝扎止血。但随后一直有咯血 ,表现为痰中带血 ,间或有阵发性剧烈吐大口鲜血 ,并出现高热 ,给静滴青霉素 ,先锋霉素Ｖ等抗炎治疗。 9月 4日再度发生严重出血 ,再行缝扎止血 ,因失血多 ,前后共输同型鲜血 2 0 0 0ｍｌ。由于未能有效止血 ,于 9月 6日转入我院 ,入院时检查患者呈贫血貌 ,精神极度紧张 ,双侧扁桃体窝内均见缝扎线 ,右侧扁桃体窝下极有血痂 ,未见活动性出血 ,查血常规结果正常。初步考虑为创面感染出血 ,给静脉点滴菌必治…     

微波在扁桃体切除术中止血的应用

2001年3月至2003年3月我们在133例扁桃体切除术后应用微波治疗仪止血,男68例,女65例,4～40岁,病程1～20年,局麻108例,全麻25例.以1998年7月至2002年10月148例扁桃体切除术后用常规方法止血为对照组,男77例,女71例,3～45岁,病程6个月～32年,局麻111例,全麻37例.两组术前均常规检查血常规、肝肾功能及血凝常规,均无肝肾及血液系统疾病.常规手术组于切除扁桃体后,用纱球压迫扁桃体窝10～15min,观察有无出血点,如有出血点缝扎扁桃体窝.微波组切除扁桃体后,用纱球压迫5min,观察有出血点后,用微波探头,于出血点处凝固2～4s,见局部发白,无出血后停止,再观察10min无再出血手术结束.术后2组患者均应用抗生素3～5d.术中单侧出血量微波组为23±11ml,常规组为25±10ml;术中单侧止血时间微波组为3±2min,常规组为10±6min(P<0.05);术后再出血率微波组为0.75%,常规组为3.5%(P<0.05),术后白膜形成时间2组均为1～3d.     

扁桃体术后原发性出血相关因素分析

扁桃体术后原发性出血是扁桃体摘除术后较常见的并发症。由于其术后出血的不确定性使术前准备、术中操作、术后止血均相当重要。作者回顾了20年间(1984～2003年)行扁桃体剥离术或扁桃体挤切术者2740例,探讨其中出血者的自身条件、环境条件、年龄、性别等因素与扁桃体术后出血的关系,现报告如下。1资料与方法1.1临床资料。自1984～2003年间行扁桃体或扁桃体/增值体手术患者2740例,其中术后出血者28例(其中不包括术后少量出血,经简单压迫后可止血者)。1.1.12740例手术患者中,男性1520例,女1220例,年龄最大者62岁,最小者3.5岁。1.1.2原发性出血…     

扁桃体切除术后并发出血的临床分析

1资料与方法1.1临床资料。2001年1月～2010年6月行扁桃体切除术615例,21例术后并发出血。21例患者中,男15例,女6例,年龄14～56岁,平均30岁。20例患者行双侧扁桃体剥离术,1例局麻下切除一侧扁桃体后并发出血,因患者不配合,且当时我院未开展全麻下扁桃体切除术,     

低温等离子刀扁桃体腺样体切除术后出血原因及预防的探讨

目的探讨应用低温等离子刀行儿童扁桃体及腺样体切除术后出血的原因及预防。方法回顾分析2010年11月～2013年2月188例患儿应用低温等离子刀行扁桃体及腺样体切除术,年龄19个月～12岁,平均（5.3±3.1）岁,其中单纯行扁桃体切除60例,同时行扁桃体及腺样体切除69例,单纯行腺样体切除59例。结果 4例发生术后出血,其中3例为术后7～10 d,1例为术后24 h内,均为扁桃体切除术后出血,无腺样体切除术后出血病例。结论患儿自身因素及术者的操作水平是导致术后出血的重要原因,术前及术后宣教及护理、术中充分止血及较高的手术技巧是减少术后出血的关键。     

介入治疗在扁桃体癌大出血的应用

1临床资料患者男,54岁,因右扁桃体癌放疗后半年,咽部反复出血2天入院。患者于半年前发现右扁桃体增大,经取病理检查诊断为鳞状细胞癌,即在肿瘤医院行放射治疗。现因咽部反复出血,量较多,经用止血药、输血及明胶海绵填塞,症状均无缓解,遂来我院就诊,收入院。患者既往有高血压、心肌梗死病史。体检：精神差,恶病质面容,张口受限,右扁桃体隐窝见一大溃疡面,腭咽弓部分坏死缺损。入院后即行右腭咽弓、腭舌弓缝扎止血,     

儿童扁桃体切除术后出血率及出血程度分级的初步探讨

目的　统计儿童扁桃体切除术后出血率,根据Windfuhr分级法衡量儿童扁桃体术后出血的程度。方法 统计2010年3月～2013年3月在深圳市儿童医院行扁桃体切 除或扁桃体加腺样体切除患儿资料,统计术后出血发生率。结果　1672例患儿扁桃体切除术后出血16例,出血率为0.96%。女童术后出血率1.8%明显高于男童出血率0.53%,差异有统计学意义（χ 2=5.545,P <0.05）;原发性出血6例,继发性出血10例。出血程度1级9例,2级7例。结论 儿童扁桃体切除术后出血率很低,遇有活动性出血者应手气管插管全麻下止血。     

扁桃体术后大出血25例报告

扁桃体手术术后出血是常见的严重并发症,我科从1994～2003年间共行扁桃体摘除术840例,其中25例扁桃体术后大出血,约占该手术病例的3%。全部病例均经非手术方法止血,无1例死亡,效果令人满意,现报道如下。1资料与方法1.1临床资料25例扁桃体术后出血病人中,男18例,女7例;年龄8～45岁,平均18岁,出血量100～600ml。所有病人术前血常规及凝血时间检查结果正常,均在局麻下完成手术。出血时间:术后3～6h出血20例,术后1～3d出血3例,术后6～7d出血2例。伴随症状:全部病例大出血前后均有呕吐,其胃内容物内有较多暗红色凝血块。1.2止血方法首先用冰棒或…     

扁桃体摘除术后的射频止血方法

目的：探讨扁桃体摘除术后射频止血方法的有效性。方法：扁桃体切除术中应用射频止血可以是在摘除一侧扁桃体后即行，也可以待两侧扁桃体全部切除完毕开始，视当时出血情况而定。结果：116例患者术后随访1个月，无1例出现再出血现象，伤口恢复情况良好。结论：射频止血是扁桃体切除术后出血又一安全有效的止血方法，简单、方便、省时、有效，术者可以灵活掌握止血时机，患者痛苦小。     

医用止血胶气雾剂预防扁桃体术后出血

2002年9月～2003年2月，我科在109例扁桃体切除术患者中应用医用止血胶气雾剂预防术后出血，取得了较好效果，报告如下。     

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing?

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing? Regular monitoring and audit of a service are integral to ensuring maintenance of efficiency and standards. This is particularly important where the quality of the service is operator dependent, as is the case in the clinical diagnosis of neck lumps and fine needle aspiration cytology. The one‐stop neck lump clinic has now been running in the department for more than 20 months. A previous article described the results of the first phase audit carried out at 6 months and had identified a waiting time to be seen that was longer than that recommended by the British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists, Head and Neck Surgeons. Measures were implemented to reduce this waiting time and a second audit was carried out after another 10 months with the aims of assessing if modification of the means of referral reduces waiting time and if the outcomes of clinical performance in phase 1 could be maintained or improved. We discuss the results of phase 2 in the audit spiral.     

A Decrease in Maxillary Sinus Pressure,as Seen in Upper Airway Allergy or Infection,Results in an Increase in Upper Airway Nitric Oxide Levels

The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via small osties. Ostial occlusion, caused by mucosal swelling, will result in a slowly increasing negative pressure inside the sinus cavity. In parallel, the oxygen content in the sinus will decrease, resulting in the development of relative hypoxia. Hypoxia is a powerful inducer of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and inducible NO synthase has been shown to be present in considerable amounts in the upper airways, including the sinuses. The present study was designed to investigate whether a reduction in sinus pressure would affect upper airway NO production. Thirteen healthy volunteers were investigated. A pressure chamber was used to lower the ambient pressure to-4.9 kPa. NO was sampled from one nostril or via a drainage tube inserted into the maxillary sinus before, during and after the hypobaric exposure. When the pressure was decreased, NO levels increased from 256 &#45 15 to 316 &#45 19 ppb ( n =13, p <0.001). The NO levels remained elevated (282 &#45 21 ppb; p <0.05) when measurements were repeated 20 min after leaving the chamber. The nasal airway resistance (V2 tot ) also increased as a result of the chamber session (from 16 &#45 2° before to 21 &#45 3° after; p <0.05). An increase in NO levels was also found when the experiments were repeated with NO sampled directly from the maxillary sinus (225 &#45 6 before and 265 &#45 9 ppb after; n =6, p <0.001). For control purposes the nasal analyses were repeated again, this time under hyperbaric conditions (+4.9 kPa). This resulted in a slight decrease in the NO levels (from 273 &#45 22 to 241 &#45 17 ppb; n =10, p <0.001), but there was no change in the nasal airway resistance. We conclude that a reduction in sinus pressure, as seen in upper airway allergy or infection, may result in an increase in upper airway NO production.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

A simple objective evaluation and grading for facial paralysis outcomes

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 degrade type IV collagen, which is one of the major components of the basement membrane in normal tissue and expressed in the surroundings of the cancer nest in squamous cell carinoma. The degeneration of type IV collagen is an essential step in the metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. In this study, we examined MMP-2 and -9 levels of cancer tissue and serum obtained from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in order to evaluate the relationship between the clinicopathologic features and MMPs. We examined the production of MMP-2 and -9 in cancer tissue homogenates of 73 patients who had HNSCC and the serum MMP levels of 16 patients with HNSCC and 8 healthy volunteers. We also studied the localization of MMP-2 in the carcinoma using an immunohistochemical approach. The concentrations of MMP-2 and -9 in the tissue homogenates and serum were measured by means of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed with monoclonal antibody to MMP-2. The concentration of MMP-2 in the tumor tissue homogenates was unrelated to tumor size, but that in patients with lymph node metastases was significantly higher than in those without lymph node metastases. The concentration of MMP-9 was unrelated to lymph node metastasis and tumor size. The levels of both MMP-2 and -9 in serum were unrelated to lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemistry indicated that MMP-2 was mainly expressed in cancer cells. Because MMP-2 degrades type IV collagen, the level of MMP-2 in carcinomas may be a useful indicator of the degree of invasion and metastasis.     

A case of cortical deafness and anarthria

The nasal epithelium protects the underlying tissue from damage. Epithelial cell growth is controlled by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and is possibly affected by toxic proteins, e.g. eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). The aims of this study were to examine nasal fluid epithelial cell counts and their relations to EGF, eosinophils and ECP in 23 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and 20 healthy controls. Nasal fluid epithelial cell counts were lower in patients than in controls. EGF levels did not differ between patients and controls, and correlated with epithelial cell counts in controls but not in patients. Eosinophils and ECP were higher in patients than in controls, but did not correlate with epithelial cell counts. The role of growth factors, such as EGF, in regulating epithelial cells merits further study.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.