雌激素受体亚型在多囊卵巢综合征发病中的作用

雌激素受体是核受体超家族成员之一,其有两种亚型:雌激素受体α和雌激素受体β.两种亚型在结构上有高度的同源性,但是组织分布和各组织成分中的表达明显不同,与配体结合后产生的生物效应也不同.二者表达及比例变化与组织的功能和病理变化有关.研究雌激素受体α和雌激素受体β的结构及其在女性生殖系统中的分布和功能,探讨其与多囊卵巢综合征的关系,对了解雌激素受体亚型的分布与功能的关系,以及分布的变异和异常调节与多囊卵巢综合征的关系都有重要意义.     

雌激素受体和绝经的研究进展

雌激素受体是一类有配体激活的核转录因子，介导大部分的雌激素反应。研究雌激素受体的作用机制，有助于深入了解雌激素的不同靶器官效应。近年来，有关雌激素受体的报道层出不穷，尤其是两种受体亚型的组织学定位及其与妇科内分泌的关系，已普遍认为雌激素受体广泛存在于体内多个器官、与绝经期及绝经后相关疾病有着密切的关系。     

雌激素受体与血液透析患者骨质疏松的关系

骨质疏松是血液透析患者肾性骨病的常见类型,长期透析患者的雌激素水平很可能会通过透析膜损失而下降,从而发生骨质疏松。雌激素的效应主要通过雌激素受体（ER）结合而发挥其生物学作用。本文将通过雌激素受体与雌激素和骨代谢的作用,ER基因的多态性,以及选择性雌激素受体调节剂对骨质疏松的治疗等环节,简明阐述雌激素受体与血液透析患者骨质疏松的关系。     

雌激素受体β与上皮性卵巢癌关系研究进展

雌激素受体β在人的卵巢组织中优势表达,在卵巢癌中发现雌激素受体β表达下降。雌激素受体β作为一种雌激素受体的亚型,在许多方面都起着与雌激素受体α相反的作用。雌激素受体β可抑制卵巢癌细胞增殖,呈配体非依赖性。卵巢癌常常存在染色体14q部分缺失,而雌激素受体β恰巧位于这一区域,故而在卵巢癌中表达下降。该文从雌激素受体β的结构特点、组织学分布、生理功能以及与卵巢癌的关系等方面进行简要综述。     

维生素D受体和雌激素受体的基因与骨质疏松

骨质疏松症是以低骨量和骨组织微结构退化为特征的全身性疾病,与众多因素有关,而遗传是其中的重要决定因素。在目前研究的若干侯选基因中,维生素D受体基因与雌激素受体基因最受瞩目。该文就维生素D受体基因,雌激素受体基因与骨质疏松的关系及这两个基因之间的协同作用进行综述,从而阐明维生素D受体基因与雌激素受体基因在骨质疏松症发病机制中的作用。     

芳香烃受体与雌激素依赖性疾病的研究进展

多环芳烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,Ah R)是在研究多环芳烃类物质时发现的一种重要蛋白。近些年的研究发现,Ah R与雌激素依赖性疾病也有密切关系。为揭示芳香烃受体与雌激素依赖性疾病之间的关系,该文就芳香烃受体与多种雌激素依赖性疾病的关系及其作用机制进行了综述,为今后的相关研究提供参考依据。     

维生素D受体和雌激素受体的基因与骨质疏松

骨质疏松症是以低骨量和骨组织微结构退化为特征的全身性疾病，与众多因素有关，而遗传是其中的重要决定因素。在目前研究的若干候选基因中，维生素D受体基因与雌激素受体基因最受瞩目。该文就维生素D受体基因，雌激素受体基因与骨质疏松的关系及这两个基因之间的协同作用进行综述，从而阐明维生素D受体基因与雌激素受体基因在骨质疏松症发病机制中的作用。     

雌激素及雌激素受体拮抗剂对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7中 雌激素相关受体表达的影响

目的 通过研究17β-雌二醇(17β-E2)及雌激素受体拮抗剂ICI182,780对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7中雌激素相关受体(estrogen-related receptor, ERRα)表达的影响,初步探讨ERRα在乳腺癌的发生发展过程中的作用及其与雌激素受体（estrogen receptor,ER）信号通路的关系...     

雌激素受体α基因多态性的研究进展

雌激素是女性生殖系统中最重要的激素之一,通过与雌激素受体结合而发挥作用。雌激素受体属于核受体超家族的成员。雌激素受体α基因位于人类染色体的6q25.1,由8个外显子和7个内含子组成。雌激素受体α基因的多态性研究主要集中在外显子和第一内含子上,雌激素受体α基因的多态性与很多疾病相关,研究较多的有乳腺癌、骨质疏松以及子宫内膜癌等妇科疾病。通过基因多态性与疾病关联的研究,对揭示疾病尤其是重大疾病的发生发展过程以及治疗具有重要意义。     

雌激素受体α基因多态性的研究进展

雌激素是女性生殖系统中最重要的激素之一,通过与雌激素受体结合而发挥作用.雌激素受体属于核受体超家族的成员.雌激素受体α基因位于人类染色体的6q25.1,由8个外显子和7个内含子组成.雌激素受体α基因的多态性研究主要集中在外显子和第一内含子上,雌激素受体α基因的多态性与很多疾病相关,研究较多的有乳腺癌、骨质疏松以及子宫内膜癌等妇科疾病.通过基因多态性与疾病关联的研究,对揭示疾病尤其是重大疾病的发生发展过程以及治疗具有重要意义.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.