秋水仙碱对大鼠内毒素性休克的影响

静脉内注射脂多糖６ｍｇ／ｋｇ可引起大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子－α短时间增多和高甘油三酯血症，同时出现血压下降，心输出量减少，四肢冰冰等休克症状，动物大多于１２小时内死亡。提前１小时腹腔内注射秋水仙碱０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ可使ＬＰＳ组，血清甘油三酯水平正常。     

聚合酶链反应快速检测胃活组织标本中的幽门螺杆菌

幽门螺杆菌是一些胃、十二指肠疾病的主要原因之一。将聚合酶应用于临床诊断，检测胃活组织标本中的幽门螺杆菌，取得了满意的结果。ＰＣＲ可检出少至０．１ｐｇＨｐＤＮＡ，相当于１００个细菌细胞。一次ＰＣＲ检测可在５小时内完成。     

肾综合征出血热病毒感染小鼠的抗体介导早死现象

本文报道被动输入免疫血清后感染ＨＦＲＳ病毒的成龄昆明系小鼠出现早死现象。每次实验将小鼠分为若干组，分别于感染前０．５，２４和４８小时ｉｖ注入不同量的兔或鼠抗ＨＦＲＳ病毒血清。对照组小鼠注入兔或鼠同量的正常血清。随后每只小鼠脑内感染１０５ＬＤ５０（０．０３ｍｌ）的Ａ－１６株病毒悬液。小鼠在感染前１天和感染后第１、２和４天，ｉｐ注射环磷酰胺，每次５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。结果表明，注入免疫血清的实验组小鼠，其发病和死亡时间均早于对照组小鼠，尤以感染前２４小时注入免疫血清组为最，两者差异显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）。此外，实验组小鼠的脾脏肿大，脑髓的血管外周炎症病变较对照组严重。     

兔盲肠结扎穿孔早期一氧化氮抗肺动脉压增高和抗氧化作用

目的和方法：采用家兔盲肠结扎穿孔（ＣＬＰ）模型观察了ＣＬＰ前后以及一氧化氮（ＮＯ）合成抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＮＡ）对平均动脉血压（ＭＡＰ），肺动脉压（ＰＡＰ），入、出肺血ＮＯ、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性的改变。结果：兔ＣＬＰ后１～５ｈＭＡＰ明显下降，而在２、２５ｈ出现ＰＡＰ明显升高。ＣＬＰ前出肺血ＮＯ含量显著低于入肺血，ＣＬＰ后２５ｈ入肺血ＮＯ含量低于ＣＬＰ前，而出肺血ＮＯ含量与ＣＬＰ前相比无明显差异，且入、出肺血ＮＯ含量无明显差异。ＣＬＰ后２５ｈ入肺血ＭＤＡ含量比ＣＬＰ前有明显增加，出肺血无显著改变；而出肺血ＳＯＤ活性比ＣＬＰ前有明显增高，入肺血无显著改变。注入Ｌ－ＮＮＡ后入、出肺血ＮＯ含量明显降低，各时点ＰＡＰ都明显增高，５ｈ生存率降低，同时入、出肺血ＭＤＡ含量明显升高，ＳＯＤ活性明显下降。结论：肺内ＮＯ含量改变可能与氧自由基有关，在兔ＣＬＰ后早期阶段ＮＯ具抗肺动脉高压和抗氧化的作用     

杀菌性通透性增强蛋白对大肠杆菌脓毒症小鼠的保护作用

本文观察了ＢＰＩ对大肠杆菌脓毒症小鼠预后的影响及其可能机制。研究结果显示〉ＢＰＩ治疗组动物７２小时存活率明显高于生理盐水对照组；注菌后０．５，１ｈ，ＢＰＩ组血清内毒素水平明显低于生理盐水对照组；注菌后１．５ｈ，ＢＰＩ组血清ＴＮＦα峰值也明显低于ＮＳ对照组；但两组间血液细菌计数在注菌后０．５，１．５和３ｈ均明显差异。     

失血性休克对内毒素血症小鼠CD14 mRNA表达的影响

观察家兔失血性休克合并门静脉源性轻度内毒素血症动物血压，血浆乳酸，β－Ｇ水平和死亡率的变化，结合小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内ＣＤ１４ｍＲＮＡ的表达，并对休克增敏内毒素作用的机制进行初步分析。结果表明：输入ＬＰＳ后，失血休克＋ＬＰＳ组动物血压持续显著下降，血浆乳酸。β－Ｇ水平显著升高，且分别明显低于或高于单纯ＬＰＳ或ＨＳ组。     

PCR快速检测幽门螺杆菌

应用ＰＣＲ扩增１５个幽门螺杆菌分离株的ＤＮＡ，扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳均显示一条２９８ｂｐ的区带，而１２株与幽门螺杆菌相关的肠道杆菌都不能扩增出该片段。ＰＣＲ可检出少至１００个幽门螺杆菌细胞，并能检出胃粘膜活检标本中的此菌，全部实验可在５小时内完成。     

电针家兔“百会穴”对内毒素发热效应及脑脊液、血浆中神经降压素、生长抑素、P物质含量的影响

用精制大肠杆菌内毒素（ｅｎｄｏｔｏｘｉｎ，ＥＴ）给家兔静脉注射，复制发热模型。通过放射性免疫测定方法（ＲＩＡ）观察了发热及电针退热家兔脑脊液中神经降压素（ｎｕｒｏｔｅｎｓｉｎ，ＮＴ），生长抑素（ｓｏｍａｔｏｓｔａｔｉｎ，ＳＳ），Ｐ物质（ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｃｅＰ，ＳＰ）和血浆中ＮＴ含量的变化。结果表明；（１）电针家兔“百会穴”对ＥＴ所致发热有明显的抑制作用。（２）发热和电针抑制发热时家兔脑脊液（ｃ．ｓ．ｆ．）和血浆中ＮＴ、ＳＳ、ＳＰ含量也有明显变化。发热组动物ｃ．ｓ．ｆ．中ＮＴ、ＳＳ含量明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。电针组动物ｃ．ｓ．ｆ．中ＮＴ、ＳＰ含量不仅高于对照组，而且高于发热组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＳＳ含量低于对照组和发热组（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。血浆ＮＴ含量，发热组低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），电针组高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。作者认为，家兔ｃ．ｓ．ｆ．中ＮＴ、ＳＳ和ＳＰ及血浆中ＮＴ含量变化与ＥＴ的致热作用有关。电针退热时家兔ｃ．ｓ．ｆ．中ＮＴ、ＳＳ、ＳＰ含量变化在电针退热机制中可能起一定作用。     

膀胱伤害性刺激条件下大鼠腰骶髓后连合核及背根节内SP的动态变化

将１０％福尔马林１．０～１．５ｍｌ经尿道注入大鼠膀胱，于刺激后的０．５，１，２，８，２４，４８ｈ取材，进行兔疫组化（ＡＢＣ法）反应，观察脊髓腰骶段后连合核区的ＳＰ样纤维和终末的分布，并随机抽样进行图像分析、另设对照组，向膀胱内注入生理盐水，０．５，２．０ｈ后取材。结果显示：福尔马林刺激后，腰骶髓后连合核区ＳＰ样阳性纤维和终末与对照组相比，在ｌｈ内明显减少，而在２ｈ时则呈增加趋势，８ｈ又恢复正常。同时本文以同样动物模型，实验组分别于刺激后１，３，８，１２，２４，４８ｈ和５ｄ取材，对照组于刺激后２４ｈ取材，进行原位杂交组化反应，观察腰骶髓背根神经节内ＳＰｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元的数量。结果显示：福尔马林刺激后３ｈ即出现ＳＰｍＲＮＡ表达神经元数量的明显增加，２４ｈ达到高峰，并在４８ｈ以后开始下降，到５ｄ后回落到正常水平。     

膀胱伤害性刺激条件下大鼠腰骶髓后连合核及背根节内SP的动态…

将１０％福尔马林１．０￣１．５ｍｌ经尿道注入大鼠膀胱，于刺激后的０．５、１，２，８，２４，４８ｈ取材，进行免疫组化反应，观察脊髓腰骶段后连合核区的ＳＰ样纤维和终末的分布，并随机抽样进行图像分析，另设对照组，向膀销内注入生理盐水，０．５、２．０ｈ后取材，结果显示：福尔马林刺激后，腰骶髓后连合核区ＳＰ样阳性纤维和终末与对照组相比，在１ｈ内明显减少，而在２ｈ时则呈增加趋势，８ｈ又恢复正常，同时本文以同样     

Trypanocidal drugs and the role of kidney forms ofTrypanosoma (Herpetosoma) musculi in immunity of mice against reinfection

Adrenals, hearts, kidneys, livers, lungs, and spleens were removed from C3H/Anf mice which had been inoculated withTrypanosoma (Herpetosoma) musculi and no longer exhibited parasitemias. Imprints of each organ were examined microscopically, and each was homogenized and injected into recipient mice. It was confirmed that trypanosomes could be detected only in the donor kidneys. Lampit or Ethidium treatment eliminated bloodstream and kidney forms when administration was initiated after the development of patent parasitemias. However, mice treated with Lampit on the same day they were inoculated withT. musculi developed parasitemias later than animals injected with drug after parasites had appeared in their blood. Both Lampit and Ethidium depressed antibody production as detected in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of antisera from animals having parasitemias at the time of treatment. The elimination of kidney forms by Lampit or Ethidium treatment did not reduce the resistance of mice to reinfection byT. musculi 12 weeks or 15 and 25 weeks, respectively, after the initial inoculation of these animals with the parasites. Kidney forms were not required for the sustained protective immunity of the mice against reinfection during the intervals of these experiments.     

The immune-dependence of schistosomicidal chemotherapy: relative lack of efficacy of an antimonial in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice deprived of their T-cells and the demonstration of drug-antiserum synergy.

When T-cell deprived CBA mice, infected with Schistosoma mansoni, were treated orally with potassium antimony tartrate, the reduction in size of their worm burdens was less than in similarly treated, immunologically-intact animals. The defect in deprived mice could be restored by the administration of serum obtained from S. mansoni-infected normal mice simultaneously with the drug, but by a different route. A serum component, probably immunoglobulin, obtained from rabbits which had been injected with an extract from S. mansoni adult worms was also found to act synergystically with the antimonial in the chemotherapeutic eradication of S. mansoni worms from immunologically intact mice.     

Aberrant secondary antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes in rabbits with experimental syphilis.

Rabbits infected with Treponema pallidum have strikingly depressed in vivo immunoglobulin G responses to sheep erythrocytes. To gain further insight into the nature of this suppression, the immune responses of splenic and peripheral blood lymphocytes from infected rabbits to sheep erythrocytes were studied in vitro. Spleen cells from rabbits that had been sensitized with sheep erythrocytes during active syphilis had greatly decreased immunoglobulin M and G responses after in vitro incubation with sheep erythrocytes, when compared to the results obtained with cells from sensitized uninfected animals. Suppressor cells could be demonstrated in peripheral blood lymphocytes of control rabbits 6 months after sensitization with sheep erythrocytes; these cells could be removed by nylon wool filtration. When primary sensitization with sheep erythrocytes was carried out during active syphilis, these suppressor cells were not detectable in peripheral blood lymphocytes 6 to 9 months later. These findings provide further evidence that induction of immune responses may be abnormal early in treponemal infection and may help to explain the failure of the host to produce antibodies which eradicate the organism during the first 2 to 3 months of infection.     

Increased sensitivity of in vivo platelet aggregation in rabbits after alloxan or streptozotocin.

In 14 rabbits previously injected intravenously with alloxan (dose 75-150 mg/kg) with subsequent hyperglycaemia, intra-arteriolar aggregation of platelets at the sites of small standardized electrical injuries to cerebral cortical vessels showed an increased sensitivity (P is less than 0.001) to application of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in animals anaesthetized with either urethane or Pentothal. Intravenous injection of streptozotocin (10 rabbits, dose 30-200 mg/kg) was not followed so regularly by hyperglycaemia but even so many of these animals also showed increased sensitivity to ADP. After neither alloxan nor streptozotocin did the increased sensitivity correlate with the dose of agent used, the time between its injection and ADP testing, or changes in the rabbit''s body weight. Again, ADP sensitivity did not correlate with the degree of hyperglycaemia, hyperketonaemia or hyperlactacidaemia. There was no rapid change in ADP sensitivity after i.v. injection of glucose to produce hyperglycaemia in normal rabbits, nor after parenteral or topical administration of insulin. Use of a removable skull capsule allowed serial observations on individual animals and these, together with observations on rabbits injected first with alloxan and later with daily insulin, showed reversibility of the increased ADP sensitivity by regular insulin injection for at least 5 days; this effect did not depend upon return of blood glucose levels to normal. In cross-perfusion experiments the increased ADP sensitivity was found to be dependent upon a blood factor for such sensitivity was shown by the head of a normal rabbit perfused with blood from a diabetic trunk. The results did not exclude a contribution of a mural factor to the results in intact animals after alloxan. The results are in keeping with in vitro observations of increased sensitivity to ADP of platelet aggregation in diabetic patients and demonstrate that such an effect holds within living blood vessels, as well as providing a model for further experiment.     

Survival of rabbit platelets exposed to immune complexes

Rabbits injected with human serum albumin (HSA) formed detectable immune complexes after 5 days; complex formation was maximal between 11 and 14 days after which the complexes were cleared from the circulation. Platelets from control rabbits or HSA-injected rabbits had a reduced survival upon injection into rabbits in which complexes were forming. Platelets from HSA-animals tended to survive for a longer period upon injection into control rabbits than when they were injected into HSA-rabbits, raising the possibility that some of the immune complexes may have eluted from their surface. Platelets prepared from either control animals or from HSA-treated animals at the time when complexes were being cleared from the circulation (14-21 days) did not have a shortened life span in HSA- or control rabbits. When platelet survival was reduced, it could not be attributed to platelet accumulation at sites of vessel wall injury or to accumulation in kidneys damaged by immune complexes, since the tissues (aorta and kidney) appeared to be morphologically normal and free of thrombi. The reduction in platelet survival likely results from the interactions of immune complexes with the surface of platelets leading to the platelets being recognized as "foreign" and cleared from the circulation by the reticuloendothelial system.     

Testicular-associated immune deviation: flushing of the testicular lymph sinusoids induces immunosuppression and inhibits formation of EAE in SJL mice

Injection of antigen into the testis has been previously proved to induce systemic tolerance in rats. Testicular-associated immune deviation (TAID) has thus far been induced and studied only in the rat and the present study was planned to study if TAID could be induced in mice as well. In addition, it was studied if TAID is organ-specific. Mouse spinal cord homogenate (MSCH), as well as phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), was injected into the testes of SJL and BALB/c male mice before the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis into the animals. The control animals received MSCH intramuscularly into the hamstring muscles. The animals were followed and graded daily for symptoms attending the next 30 days. In the SJL strain, mice treated with an intratesticular (i.t.) MSCH injection prior to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) had the shortest duration of symptoms and the longest time to the onset of the first symptoms. In addition, the mice injected i.t. with PBS had as mild symptoms as those injected with MSCH. There was a statistically significant difference, however, between the groups injected either with MSCH or PBS intratesticularly. In general, mice treated with an intramuscular injection of MSCH got sick first, and had the most severe symptoms for the longest duration of time. In the case of the BALB/c mice, there were no statistical differences between the groups investigated. It is concluded that TAID is a testis- and strain-specific phenomenon in the mouse, and not specific to the rat. In addition, i.t. injection of PBS is just as effective in creating tolerance against EAE as i.t. injection of MSCH in the SJL mice.     

THE LOCALIZATION OF ANTI-HEART ANTIBODIES TO HEART TISSUE IN RATS AND RABBITS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INDUCTION OF GRANULOMA OF ASCHOFF BODY TYPE

Granulomatous cardiac lesion of Aschoff body type was produced in rabbits which had been hyperimmunized with duck γ-globulin followed by an injection of anti-rabbit-heart duck antibody. Normal rabbits injected with the same anti-heart antibody did not show any tissue damage. The localization of anti-heart antibody was studied by fluorescent antibody technique: In hyperimmunized rabbits myocardial and sarcolemmal localization of duck γ-globulin was detected, whereas no heart localization of duck γ-globulin was found in normal rabbit. These results indicate that the permeability change of blood vessels is essential to provide the direct reaction of anti-heart antibody and heart tissue.
Similar studies were performed in rats using rabbit anti-rat-heart antibody with comparable results.
Although quantitative methods to assay anti-heart antibody in vitro and in vivo were developed by using radioactive antibody, the quantitative relationship between antibody amount and tissue lesion could not be established.     

The Effect of Human Cord Blood on SJL/J Mice after Chemoablation and Irradiation and its Possible Clinical Significance

There is evidence from the existing published literature that human umbilical cord blood, when used for purposes of bone marrow transplantation, does not necessarily have to be HLA matched in order to be efficacious. These reports include experimental observations on the ability of human umbilical cord blood to rescue lethally irradiated mice and clinical observations from China wherein HLA mismatched umbilical cord blood has been engrafted successfully in children with malignant disease.

The study reported herein describes an experimental immunocompetent murine model to determine if human umbilical cord blood can be used to improve survival after chemoablation and irradiation. The animals received chemoablation followed by irradiation, and irradiation alone. The presence of human DNA in these mice following injection of human umbilical cord blood cells was determined, and the immunological status of the animals was evaluated. Animals receiving human umbilical cord blood cells after chemoablation and irradiation had a better mean survival at day 50 than animals receiving syngeneic marrow. Human DNA could be found in various organs, particularly the lung, spleen and liver of the mice for the first 30 days. Thereafter, human DNA became more difficult to detect but trace amounts of human DNA could be found up to one year later. The results of mixed lymphocyte reactions and phenotype analyses for murine T cell markers performed after injection of HUCB cells both indicated endogenous repopulation, and relatively intact immune systems in these mice.

Since human umbilical cord blood allowed mice to survive the lethal effects of chemoablation plus irradiation, or irradiation alone, with reconstitution of the animals' own, relatively intact, immune systems, it would appear that HLA mismatched human umbilical cord blood could potentially be used as an adjuvant treatment for patients with advanced malignancies or other diseases for which hematopoietic reconstitution is indicated.     

The antigenicity of aggregated and aggregate-free human gamma-globulin for rabbits

Rabbits were injected with either aggregated or aggregate-free HGG. It was found that rabbits injected with aggregated HGG produced large amounts of precipitating anti-HGG antibodies, whereas those injected with aggregate-free HGG produced no detectable antibodies, and became immunologically unresponsive to HGG.

Some rabbits were injected with ¹³¹I-labelled HGG. In these animals it was observed that aggregated HGG disappeared from the blood much faster than aggregate-free HGG. A considerable amount of the label was found in the spleen of the rabbits given aggregated HGG, but none in that of the ones given aggregate-free HGG. In the spleen the radioactivity was bound to protein. No significant protein-bound radioactivity was detected in other organs. An important amount of free ¹³¹I was found in the thyroid gland of these rabbits as early as 4 hours after the injection.

Severely hypocomplementaemic rabbits have been found sporadically. Nine such animals were included in these experiments. It was observed that their immune response to aggregated HGG was entirely normal. They also cleared the labelled protein from the blood in a normal fashion, but they retained significantly larger amounts of it in the spleen, while only small amounts of free label appeared in their thyroid glands.

The possible implications of these findings are discussed.

     

The Effect of Human Cord Blood on SJL/J Mice after Chemoablation and Irradiation and its Possible Clinical Significance

There is evidence from the existing published literature that human umbilical cord blood, when used for purposes of bone marrow transplantation, does not necessarily have to be HLA matched in order to be efficacious. These reports include experimental observations on the ability of human umbilical cord blood to rescue lethally irradiated mice and clinical observations from China wherein HLA mismatched umbilical cord blood has been engrafted successfully in children with malignant disease.

The study reported herein describes an experimental immunocompetent murine model to determine if human umbilical cord blood can be used to improve survival after chemoablation and irradiation. The animals received chemoablation followed by irradiation, and irradiation alone. The presence of human DNA in these mice following injection of human umbilical cord blood cells was determined, and the immunological status of the animals was evaluated. Animals receiving human umbilical cord blood cells after chemoablation and irradiation had a better mean survival at day 50 than animals receiving syngeneic marrow. Human DNA could be found in various organs, particularly the lung, spleen and liver of the mice for the first 30 days. Thereafter, human DNA became more difficult to detect but trace amounts of human DNA could be found up to one year later. The results of mixed lymphocyte reactions and phenotype analyses for murine T cell markers performed after injection of HUCB cells both indicated endogenous repopulation, and relatively intact immune systems in these mice.

Since human umbilical cord blood allowed mice to survive the lethal effects of chemoablation plus irradiation, or irradiation alone, with reconstitution of the animals' own, relatively intact, immune systems, it would appear that HLA mismatched human umbilical cord blood could potentially be used as an adjuvant treatment for patients with advanced malignancies or other diseases for which hematopoietic reconstitution is indicated.