每搏输出量变异评估腹腔高压家猪液体反应性的有效性

目的探讨每搏输出量变异(SVV)评价不同腹腔高压家猪液体反应性的有效性。方法选择实验家猪40只,经颈动脉释放家猪30%血容量,维持家猪低血容量状态,并按随机数字表法随机分为四组,采用氮气气腹法分别维持腹腔压力(IAP)为0 mm Hg(L0组)、15 mm Hg(L15组)、25mm Hg(L25组)和35mm Hg(L35组),稳定30min后给予HES 500 ml液体复苏,采用脉搏轮廓持续心输出量监测(PiCCO)法分别于基线水平、低血容量模型建立后、液体复苏后测家猪SVV以及液体复苏前后每搏输出量(SV)。结果 L0组和L15组家猪SVV与SV呈明显正相关(r分别为0.888和0.942,P0.05),而L25组和L35组SVV与SV均无明显相关性(r分别为0.068和-0.114)。结论 IAP轻度升高(IAP≤15mm Hg)时,SVV可作为评估液体反应性的有效指标,重度腹腔高压(IAP≥25mm Hg)时,SVV不能有效评估液体反应性。     

低温暴露对失血性休克血流动力学和氧动力学的影响

目的 研究低温暴露对失血性休克猪血流动力学和氧动力学的影响.方法 巴马小型猪16头,采用随机数字表法分为2组(每组8头):常温对照组(C组)和低温实验组(H组).2组猪均在15 min内按全身血容量的40％(即按30 ml/kg计算)匀速放血制备休克模型后,分别置于20℃～22℃常温和0℃～5℃低温环境中,监测和计算放...     

床旁超声检测视神经鞘直径对颅脑外伤患者颅高压的评估价值

目的探讨床旁超声检测视神经鞘直径对颅脑外伤患者颅高压的评估价值。方法选取2016年至2019年本院颅脑外伤患者60例,依据ICP监测值分组,ICP20mmHg为有颅高压组,ICP≤20mmHg为无颅高压组,给予两组患者床旁超声检测视神经鞘直径,分析视神经鞘直径对颅脑外伤患者颅高压的评估价值。结果无颅高压组的视神经鞘直径、颅内压低于有颅高压组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,视神经鞘直径与颅内压呈正相关(r=0.836,P0.001)。ROC曲线分析显示,视神经鞘直径5.8mm评估颅脑外伤患者颅高压的敏感度、特异度、准确度是97.14%、96.00%、96.67%%,与脑室置管放置探头监测基本一致(K=0.884,P0.001)。结论视神经鞘直径与颅脑外伤患者颅高压呈正相关,采用床旁超声检测视神经鞘直径,有利于评估颅脑外伤患者的颅高压,且评估价值高,值得临床推广。     

急性出血坏死性胰腺炎手术方式的再探讨

本文回顾性分析1991年以来手术治疗急性出血坏死性胰腺炎(AHNP)60例。其中发病7日内手术的39例(早期手术),7日后手术的11例(中转手术)。另外10例为胰腺炎急性期度过后择期行胆道手术。早期手术病人按手术方法不同分为两组。A组20例,为传统胰腺广泛引流术。B组19例,为简化手术组。比较两组病人术后低血容量性休克、ARDS、腹腔脓肿的发生率。B组各项并发症发生率及死亡率均明显低于A组,P值均<0.05。结果说明早期手术时尽量减少手术创伤可以降低术后低血容量性休克、ARDS的发生率,降低早期死亡率;术后短时间内拔除引流管,可以减少坏死组织继发外源性感染的机会,降低后期感染死亡率。     

中度低温对内毒素性急性呼吸窘迫综合征大鼠肺细胞因子表达的影响

目的 研究中度低温对内毒素性急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)大鼠模型肺细胞因子表达的影响,探讨其用于防治ARDS的可能性。方法 腹腔注射内毒素(LPS)1 ml/kg(0.3 ml),16 h后在机械通气下气管内滴注1 mg(0.5 ml)LPS建立大鼠内毒素性ARDS模型。32只大鼠随机分为ARDS常温组(AN组)、ARDS低温组(AH组)、生理盐水常温组(NN组)及生理盐水低温组(NH组),每组8只。建模成功后3 h处死大鼠,用酶联免疫吸附法测定4组动物支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的浓度。结果 气管内滴注LPS后成功建立大鼠内毒素性ARDS模型。AH组BALF中TNF-α、IL-6的浓度显著低于AN组(P<0.01)。NH组与NN组比较,TNF-α、IL-6的含量差异无显著性(P>0.01)。结论 低温有显著抑制内毒素性ARDS大鼠模型肺表达TNF-α、IL-6的作用,提示中度低温可能成为防治ARDS的辅助方法。     

吸入低流量一氧化氮治疗烧伤患儿重度呼吸衰竭的临床观察

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)是吸入性烧伤患儿死亡的主要原因。ARDS的两个主要病理特征是:肺内高压和右-左室分流增加。过去常用全身血管扩张剂(如前列腺素E)治疗,虽然可降低肺内高压,但产生的全身扩血管作用,其后果十分严重。另外它还进     

腹腔内高压并存急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者吸痰方法的改进

目的评价吸痰方法改进对腹腔内高压并存急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的干预效果。方法根据入院时间将腹腔内高压并存ARDS患者分为对照组(86例)和观察组(91例),对照组采用常规吸痰法,观察组采用改进后的吸痰方法,即采用弯头吸痰管、浅吸痰、吸痰管带部分负压进入下呼吸道吸痰,将吸痰时间控制在10s内。结果观察组气道黏膜损伤及VAP发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01);吸痰后5min脉搏氧饱和度、呼吸频率,心率两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对腹腔内高压并存ARDS患者采用改进后的吸痰方法,能减轻吸痰对呼吸力学和血流动力学的影响,避免气道损伤,减少气道并发症,利于患者康复。     

低血容量对机体血凝状态与血管吻合口血栓形成的影响

目的 探讨低血容量对机体血凝状态与血管吻合口血栓形成的影响.方法 利用兔耳动脉再植模拟断指再植血管模型,在失血后不同时间行再植术.同时设置对照组,观察低血容量对大白兔全身凝血系统及小动脉吻合口的影响.结果 低血容量可以造成大白兔血中纤维蛋白原含量增高,随着伤后时间增加,呈递增趋势.凝血酶无时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)变化不明显.低血容量组小动脉吻合口易形成血栓,形成的血栓较对照组大,数量多.结论 低血容量对兔耳动脉再植有很大影响.临床上断指再植患者的术前和术中补液非常重要.提倡晶体液和胶体液同时输入,防止血液的高凝状态和小动脉的痉挛.     

高频喷射通气/气道连续正压改善成人呼吸窘迫综合征病人氧供

低血容量性休克和败血症病人抢救的成败,主要取决于肺部损害(成人呼吸窘迫综合征,ARDS)是否有效地得到治疗。ARDS的病理生理失常是膜渗透性改变所产生的非心源性肺水肿,其损害程度变异很大,损害越严重,影响气体交换越大。侵入性血流动力学监测使     

高渗盐水治疗脑水肿和颅内高压的研究进展

背景：脑水肿和颅内压（intracranIalpressure，IOP）增高是诸多神经外科疾病共有的病理学特点。有效治疗脑水肿，控制颅内压是影响神经外科患者预后的重要因素。渗透疗法一直是临床中控制颅内高压的重要选择。甘露醇作为经典的渗透药物，其严重的副作用也逐渐受到重视，因此寻找更安全有效的治疗也成为国内外研究的热点。目的：针对高渗盐水（hypertonicsaIine，lHS）在各种神经外科疾病引起的颅高压治疗中的研究和Hs的合理使用作一综述。内容：主要阐述近年来Hs降低颅高压，改善脑水肿的作用机制和在各种神经外科疾病中的应用进展及Hs合理使用的临床经验。趋势：Hs能有效地扩充血容量，改善脑灌注及全身血流状态，降低颅内压，逐渐取代传统治疗——甘露醇，在颅高压治疗中正日益发挥着重要的作用。     

利用动态肺顺应性设定呼气末正压在胸腔镜肺叶切除术中的运用

目的 探讨单肺通气利用动态肺顺应性设定呼气末正压通气(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP)的优势及可行性. 方法 选择预行右侧肺叶切除患者80例,完全随机分为A组和B组,每组40例:A组,单肺通气实施肺膨胀(sustained inflation,SI)复张后加用20 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)的PEEP并递减滴定,随后以得到最大肺顺应性的PEEP值通气,直到恢复双肺通气;B组,通气PEEP值固定为5 cmH2O,其他通气方法同A组.记录患者血气、呼吸等参数. 结果 两组设定的PEEP值[A组(9.2±1.2) cmH2O,B组5 cmH2O]差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在单肺通气1 h(T3)、手术结束(T4)时,两组动脉血氧分压(partial pressure of oxygen,PaO2)比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);B组的PaO2在T3～T4逐步降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而A组则维持较好(P＞0.05);T3、T4时刻A组的动态肺顺应性[(30.8±5.9)、(30.7±6.4) ml/cmH2O]与B组[(26.6±5.5)、(26.4±5.2) ml/cmH2O]比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 胸腔镜肺叶切除术中的单肺通气,利用动态肺顺应性设定的PEEP值通气能够得到更好的氧合及呼吸参数,并且维持较好.     

间质性膀胱炎/膀胱疼痛综合征尿动力学检查价值分析

目的:探讨间质性膀胱炎/膀胱疼痛综合征(interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome,IC/BPS)尿动力学特征及鉴别诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析2019年06月-2019年12月就诊于我院40例女性IC/BPS患者与40例女性单纯压力性尿失禁(stress urinary in...     

Positive end-expiratory pressure improves arterial oxygenation during prolonged pneumoperitoneum

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic surgery usually requires the use of a pneumoperitoneum by insufflating gas in the peritoneal space. The gas most commonly used for insufflation is carbon dioxide. Increased intra-abdominal pressure causes cephalad displacement of the diaphragm resulting in compressed lung areas, which leads to formation of atelectasis, especially during mechanical ventilation. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the effect of prolonged intraperitoneal gas insufflation on arterial oxygenation and hemodynamics during mechanical ventilation with and without positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). METHODS: Twenty patients undergoing totally endoscopic robot-assisted radical prostatectomy were randomly allocated to one of two groups. In the PEEP group (n = 10) a constant PEEP of 5 cmH(2)O was used, whereas in the ZPEEP group (n = 10) no PEEP was used. RESULTS: Application of PEEP (5 cmH(2)O) resulted in significantly higher P(a)O(2) levels after 3 h (182 +/- 49 vs. 224 +/- 35 mmHg) and 4 h (179 +/- 48 vs. 229 +/- 29 mmHg) of pneumoperitoneum; after desufflation, P(a)O(2) values decreased significantly below preinsufflation values. While there were no significant differences in heart rate, central venous pressure (CVP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) during pneumoperitoneum between both groups, baseline values in CVP and MAP differed significantly between both groups with higher levels in the ZPEEP group. CONCLUSION: The application of a constant positive airway pressure of 5 cmH(2)O preserves arterial oxygenation during prolonged pneumoperitoneum.     

Evaluation of a recruitment maneuver with positive inspiratory pressure and high PEEP in patients with severe ARDS

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of a recruitment maneuver (RM) with constant positive inspiratory pressure and high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on oxygenation and static compliance (Cs) in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS: Eight patients with ARDS ventilated with lung-protective strategy and an arterial partial pressure of oxygen to inspired oxygen fraction ratio (PaO2/FIO2) < or =100 mmHg regardless of PEEP were prospectively studied. The RM was performed in pressure-controlled ventilation at FIO2 of 1.0 until PaO2 reached 250 mmHg or a maximal plateau pressure/PEEP of 60/45 cmH2O was achieved. The RM was performed with stepwise increases of 5 cmH2O of PEEP every 2 min and thereafter with stepwise decreases of 2 cmH2O of PEEP every 2 min until a drop in PaO2 >10% below the recruitment PEEP level. Data was collected before (preRM), during and after 30 min (posRM). RESULTS: The PaO2/FIO2 increased from 83 +/- 22 mmHg preRM to 118 +/- 32 mmHg posRM (P = 0.001). The Cs increased from 28 +/- 10 ml cmH2O(-1) preRM to 35 +/- 12 ml cmH2O(-1) posRM (P = 0.025). The PEEP was 12 +/- 3 cmH2O preRM and was set at 15 +/- 4 cmH2O posRM (P = 0.025). The PEEP of recruitment was 36 +/- 9 cmH2O and the collapsing PEEP was 13 +/- 4 cmH2O. The PaO2 of recruitment was 225 +/- 105 mmHg, with five patients reaching a PaO2 > or = 250 mmHg. The FIO2 decreased from 0.76 +/- 0.16 preRM to 0.63 +/- 0.15 posRM (P = 0.001). No major complications were detected. CONCLUSION: Recruitment maneuver was safe and useful to improve oxygenation and Cs in patients with severe ARDS ventilated with lung-protective strategy.     

Continuous monitoring of intracranial compliance after severe head injury: relation to data quality, intracranial pressure and brain tissue PO2

The objective of the present study was to test the new continuous intracranial compliance (cICC) device in terms of data quality, relationship to intracranial pressure (ICP) and brain tissue oxygenation (PtiO2). A total of 10 adult patients with severe traumatic brain injury underwent computerized monitoring of arterial blood pressure, ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure, end-tidal CO2, cICC and PtiO2 providing a total of 1726 h of data. (1) The data quality assessed by calculating the 'time of good data quality' (TGDQ, %), i.e. the median duration of artefact-free time as a percentage of total monitoring time reached 98 and 99% for ICP and PtiO2, while cICC measurements were free of artefacts in only 81%. (2) Individual regression analysis showed broad scattered correlation between cICC and ICP ranging from low (r = 0.05) to high (r = 0.52) correlation coefficients. (3) From 225 episodes of increased ICP (ICP > 20 mmHg > 10 min), only 37 were correctly predicted by a preceding decline in cICC to pathological values (< 0.5 ml/mmHg). (4) In all episodes of cerebral hypoxia (PtiO2 < 10 mmHg > 10 min), cICC was not pathologically altered. Based on the present results, we conclude that the current hardware and software version of the cICC monitoring system is unsatisfactory concerning data quality, prediction of increased ICP and revelance of cerebral hypoxic episodes.     

不同水平呼气末正压通气对头低位腹腔镜手术患者肺顺应性及肺氧合的影响

目的 观察不同呼气末正压通气(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP)对头低位腹腔镜手术患者的肺顺应性及肺氧合的影响,探讨在头低位腹腔镜手术施行PEEP的合适水平. 方法 选择ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,择期行腹腔镜直结肠手术患者45例,根据随机数字表法分成3组(每组15例):Ⅰ组,PEEP=0;Ⅱ组,PEEP=4 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa);Ⅲ组,PEEP=8 cmH2O.术中采用容量控制通气,维持PETCO2 35～45 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),记录麻醉诱导后即刻(T0)、手术开始后10 min(T1)、各组实施不同水平PEEP干预后30 min (T2)和60 min(T3)、手术结束拔管前10 min(T4)的PETCO2、肺动态顺应性(pulmonary dynamic compliance,Cdyn),并同时抽取动脉血和深静脉血行血气分析,计算死腔通气比(dead space ventilationratio,Vd/Vt)和肺内分流率(intrapulmonary shunt,Qs/Qt). 结果 3组患者一般资料、HR及MAP差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).3组患者Cdyn在T1时较T0时均降低(P＜0.05),Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组在T2时上升,在T4时[Ⅱ组(50.9±9.8) ml/cmH2O,Ⅲ组(58.8±13.4) ml/cmH2O]高于T0时[Ⅱ组(47.6±10.6) ml/cmH2O,Ⅲ组(51.3±10.8) ml/cmH2O](P＜0.05),Ⅲ组在T2、T3时高于Ⅰ组[T2:Ⅲ组(42.8±9.9) ml/cmH2O,Ⅰ组(29.3±8.0) ml/cmH2O;T3:Ⅲ组(42.9±10.3) ml/cmH2O,Ⅰ组(29.3±8.6) m]/cmH2O] (P＜0.05).3组的Vd/Vt在T1时均增大(P＜0.05),Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组在T4时[Ⅰ组(21.5±7.6)％,Ⅲ组(24.2±6.8)％]高于T0时[Ⅰ组(9.5±5.8)％,Ⅲ组(10.7±5.2)％](P＜0.05),而Ⅱ组在T4时[(12.2±6.8)％]同T0时[(9.9±7.8)％]比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),且低于同一时点Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P＜0.05).Ⅱ组的Qs/Qt在T4时低于Ⅰ组[Ⅱ组(12.3±6.3)％,Ⅰ组(26.2±20.8)％](P＜0.05).中心静脉血氧分压(central venous partial pressure of oxygen,PvO2)3组均逐渐上升(P＜0.05).Ⅱ组在T4时PaO2和PvO2均高于其他两组(P＜0.05). 结论 PEEP有利于头低位腹腔镜手术患者的肺顺应性及肺氧合.4 cmH2O PEEP不仅能改善肺顺应性,更有利于降低Vd/Vt和Qs/Qt,增加肺氧合.     

Intracranial pressure and brain redox balance in rabbits

The effects of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) on intracellular oxygenation and cerebrocortical blood volume (CBV) were studied in rabbits. Intracellular oxygen (O2) concentration was assessed as the level of pyridine nucleotide concentration ([NADH]) oxidation/reduction balance and relative cerebrocortical blood volume (CBV) were measured with a fibreoptic fluororeflectometer probe placed on the cerebrocortical surface. Experiments were conducted in six urethane anaesthetized, normocarbic animals at different fractions of inspired O2 (FIO2). During gradual increases in ICP, [NADH] began to increase (representing decreased intracellular mitochondrial PO2) for all values of FIO2 as ICP exceeded a threshold of 18 +/- 2.2 cmH2O (P less than 0.05). The decline in intracellular oxygenation with elevated ICP was inversely related to FIO2 (P less than 0.05). With ICP greater than 18 +/- 2.2 cmH2O, intracellular mitochondrial oxygenation showed an improvement between an FIO2 of 0.21 and 0.5 (P less than 0.05) but increasing FIO2 from 0.5 to 1.0 resulted in no statistically significant improvement in tissue redox balance. The CBV, largely representing tissue capillary blood, increased when ICP reached greater 18 +/- 1.2 cmH2O probably reflecting local autoregulation or venous distension (P less than 0.05). However, above 30 +/- 1.1 cmH2O, CBV decreased (P less than 0.05). The results demonstrate the interdependence of inspired oxygen concentration, elevated ICP, and brain intracellular oxygenation, and suggest that brain oxygen utilization deteriorates above an ICP of about 18 cmH2O.     

Endocrine responses to positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation in patients who have recently undergone heart surgery

The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation (PEEP) on angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) was studied postoperatively following heart surgery. In nine patients pressures were recorded in the radial artery, pulmonary artery and the right atrium. PEEP of 5 cmH2O (0.5 kPa) and 10 cmH2O (1 kPa) increased angiotensin II from 38.8 +/- 20.3 (mean +/- s.e.mean) to 56.7 +/- 29.6 (n.s.) and 66.7 +/- 28.7 (P less than 0.05) pmol/l, respectively. Plasma-ANF showed no significant changes during PEEP. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure increased from 12.9 +/- 2.0 to 14.1 +/- 2.0 (n.s.) and 18.5 +/- 2.1 (P less than 0.01) mmHg, and right atrial pressure from 8.3 +/- 1.7 to 9.8 +/- 1.7 (n.s.) and 12.9 +/- 1.7 (P less than 0.01) mmHg with 5 and 10 cmH2O (0.5 and 1.0 kPa) of PEEP, respectively. Systemic blood pressure tended to decrease (n.s.) with PEEP. In conclusion, PEEP markedly increased angiotensin II. This may represent an important compensatory mechanism, helping to prevent reduction in aortic pressure during PEEP. ANF, however, did not change with PEEP of 5 or 10 cmH2O (0.5 and 1.0 kPa).     

Nitrous oxide withdrawal reduces intracranial pressure in the presence of pneumocephalus

Nitrous oxide anesthesia has been implicated as contributing to the development of delayed tension pneumocephalus following surgery performed in the sitting position. The authors tested the hypothesis that withdrawal of nitrous oxide anesthesia administered during formation of an intracranial gas cavity would lead to a decrease in intracranial pressure (ICP) as N2O diffuses from the cavity back into the blood. Ten halothane-anesthetized rabbits were prepared for measurement of supracortical ICP and arterial blood pressure (BP) and for intracranial volume alterations via a cisterna magna infusion catheter. Hyperventilation (Paco2 = 28-30 mmHg) and mannitol were used to shrink the brain to accommodate intracranial infusion of either air or lactated Ringer's (LR) solution, which was used to elevate ICP to between 10-15 mmHg from a baseline ICP of 2.1 +/- 2.5 mmHg over a period of 8 to 10 min. Following stabilization at an elevated ICP, inhalation of nitrous oxide (75%) was either initiated or withdrawn (if already present during the induced ICP increase) and the subsequent changes in mean ICP and BP were recorded. Following ICP elevation with LR to 10 +/- 1 mmHg, initiation of 75% N2O administration resulted in no change in ICP and modest increases (P less than 0.05) in BP and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP = BP - ICP) after 4 min. However, when ICP was raised (to 12 +/- 3.5 mmHg) with intracranial air infusion, subsequent initiation of 75% N2O inhalation caused an abrupt ICP increase to 22.3 +/- 9 mmHg (from control P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

视神经鞘直径与颅脑外伤术后颅内压增高的相关性研究

目的探讨超声测量视神经鞘直径(optic nerve sheath diameter,ONSD)变化在预测颅脑外伤术后颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP)增高中的应用价值。方法2018年6月至2018年12月在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院外科重症监护室因颅脑外伤行去骨瓣减压术术后的患者120例,术中由外科医师置入有创ICP监测,根据术后ICP水平分为ICP增高组(ICP>20 mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa,60例)和ICP正常组(ICP≤20 mmHg,60例),测量其ONSD值。采用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲线)探究ONSD检测颅脑外伤术后患者ICP增高的最佳临界值。结果ICP增高组及ICP正常组的双眼平均ONSD分别为(5.4±0.4)mm、(4.3±0.4)mm,方差分析结果显示两组ONSD值之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。颅脑外伤术后患者床旁超声ONSD与同期对应个体的ICP相关性分析发现,二者间存在明显相关性(r=0.771)。ROC曲线得出的ONSD临界值为4.9 mm,敏感度88.3%,特异性90.0%。结论ONSD与ICP之间具有显著相关性,ONSD诊断颅脑外伤术后ICP增高的最佳临界值为4.9 mm。由于受到测量技术、设备、观察者的经验以及受试者的种族等多种因素的影响,ONSD最佳临界值需进一步研究。