应用神经内镜治疗儿童多房脑脓肿

目的：神经内镜技术在最近20年取得了重大进步并得到了广泛应用,而儿童多房脑脓肿目前仍是神经外科的急症之一,死亡率和致残率较高。该文通过总结应用神经内镜治疗儿童多房脑脓肿的临床经验,探讨神经内镜技术在手术治疗儿童多房脑脓肿中的作用。方法：2002年1月至2007年6月,该研究应用神经内镜治疗了16例多房脑脓肿的患儿。结果：该组16例患儿术后颅高压症状均缓解, 术后复查头颅CT/MRI示脓肿腔消失,仅存脓肿壁。随访到的14例患儿随访时间为6个月至5年,13例脓肿壁均消失,术后脓肿复发1例。结论：用神经内镜治疗儿童多房脑脓肿具有安全、高效、并发症少的优势。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（1）：41-43］     

皮质脑电监测下显微手术治疗儿童蛛网膜囊肿伴发癫痫

目的 探讨儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿伴发癫痫的显微外科治疗的疗效.方法 回顾性分析30例患儿的临床资料,术前均采用影像学及神经电生理的检查严格评估手术方案,术中均采用皮质脑电图检测,依据术中癫痫波的情况,选择采用囊肿切除、致痫灶切除、辅助以多处软脑膜下横纤维切断术、脑皮层横行纤维低功率热灼术等治疗.术后正规服药半年到1年.结果 随访半年至6年,24例患儿获治愈,按Engel分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级为80%,无明显并发症.结论 儿童蛛网膜囊肿伴发癫痫经术中皮质脑电监测下显微外科治疗,可以取得良好的疗效.     

儿童室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤

目的探讨儿童室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤（SEGCA）的临床、影像、病理表现及显微外科手术方法。方法回顾性分析1996年-2004年8年间6例儿童SEGCA的临床资料，6例患儿平均年龄12岁，以癫痫（4／6）和颅内压升高（4／6）为主要症状，MRI表现为侧脑室壁可强化的占位性肿块。结果全部病例采用显微外科手术治疗，无一例死亡，经病理检查证实为SEGCA。术后患儿症状基本消失，随访2～8年，无一例复发。结论儿童SEGCA具有典型的临床表现和MRI特征，作为一种先天性病变，其最佳治疗方法是早期确诊并采取显微外科手术方法切除。     

儿童过敏性紫癜合并肠套叠手术治疗五例分析

目的 探讨手术治疗儿童过敏性紫癜合并肠套叠的方法及效果.方法 回顾性分析我院2009年6月至2011年2月收治的5例过敏性紫癜合并肠套叠患儿手术治疗的临床资料.结果 5例中3例于术中手法复位治愈,2例一期肠切除肠吻合治愈.随访1年～1年8个月无复发.结论 儿童过敏性紫癜合并肠套叠临床发生率较低,对腹膜炎体征明显、病情重、病程长、全身状况不佳者,应进行手术治疗.     

显微技术切除儿童侧脑室肿瘤

目的：探讨儿童侧脑室肿瘤显微外科手术的治疗方式和临床效果。方法：回顾性总结51例儿童侧脑室肿瘤的临床表现、诊断方式、手术入路的选择与疗效。根据肿瘤的部位和大小分别采用经额中回入路、经顶枕叶或顶上小叶入路、经胼胝体入路，对儿童侧脑室肿瘤进行显微外科手术治疗。结果：51例儿童侧脑室肿瘤中，位于侧脑室三角区27例，侧脑室前角12例，侧脑室体部9例，室间孔区3例，左侧脑室27例，右侧脑室24例。肿瘤直径2～6．5cm。所有肿瘤均经手术和病理证实，肿瘤全切除43例，近全切除6例，大部切除1例，部分切除加外减压1例。31例获得随访，28例生活基本上能自理或参加学习。结论对儿童侧脑室肿瘤选择适当的手术入路进行显微外科手术能有效地降低手术创伤，提高全切除率，减少致残率和病死率，对于无法手术切除的肿瘤可以采用术后放疗和立体定向放射外科治疗，可减少本病复发。     

儿童阑尾周围脓肿的治疗体会

目的探讨儿童阑尾周围脓肿的治疗。方法对我院1998年1月～2003年6月收治的28例儿童阑尾周围脓肿的治疗结果作回顾性分析，并介绍几种不易结扎的阑尾残端处理技巧。结果19例作Ⅰ期阑尾切除术，其中1例术后发生术后早期炎性肠梗阻，保守治疗治愈。4例保守治疗治愈，5例保守治疗好转后复发而行阑尾残株切除术，1例并发；卡后早期炎性肠梗阻，保守治疗治愈。结论阑尾周围脓肿在可能的情况下，应行Ⅰ期阑尾切除。     

显微外科手术治疗第四脑室肿瘤42例

目的探讨显微外科手术治疗第四脑室肿瘤患儿的疗效。方法第四脑室肿瘤患儿42例,均在显微镜下采用后颅窝枕下正中入路切除肿瘤。肿瘤全切除28例,次全切除14例。结果成活40例,死亡2例。术后缄默症6例,脑积水15例,11例行侧脑室-腹腔分流术。随访30例,生活、学习良好;2例室管膜瘤术后1年肿瘤原位复发,行γ刀治疗;4例术后脑积水放弃治疗,自动出院后0.5年死亡。结论及时诊断、适当的手术方法、精准的显微外科手术、积极处理术后脑积水是提高第四脑室肿瘤疗效的关键。     

小儿下丘脑错构瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨小儿下丘脑错构瘤的诊断和显微外科手术治疗.方法 回顾分析1998年1月至2006年12月收治的5例下丘脑错构瘤,男2例,女3例,平均年龄44.4个月.2例主要表现性早熟,1例主要表现为痴笑样癫痫,2例表现为性早熟和痴笑样癫痫,MRI表现为脚问池和鞍上池等信号肿物,无强化,最大直径大小为13.9～21.0 mm.5例患儿均采用右翼点入路显微手术切除错构瘤.结果 5例下丘脑错构瘤均获全切除,病理证实为下丘脑错构瘤,术后患儿性早熟均停止,复查性激素均下降至儿童期水平;2例癫痫症状消失,1例癫痫症状明显减轻,无其他术后并发症.结论 小儿下丘脑错构瘤的症状明显,影像特殊,诊断明确;首选为显微手术切除错构瘤,全切后可治愈.     

儿童脑脓肿32例诊治体会

目的　探讨儿童脑脓肿的临床诊断和治疗情况。方法　对 32例根据临床症状和辅助检查确诊为脑脓肿的患儿进行分析 ,观察内外科治疗效果。结果　 32例儿童脑脓肿中具有典型三联征者仅 8例 (2 5 % ) ,全身感染表现者 14例 (43.8% ) ,头痛者 15例 (46 .9% ) ,神经系统定位体征者 14例 (43.8% ) ,癫痫样发作者 12例(37.5 % )。CT确诊者 2 8例 (87.5 % ) ,4例作MRI确诊。保守治疗 2 1例 ,脓肿消失 13例 ,缩小 6例 ,总有效率90 .5 %。外科治疗 13例 ,单纯穿刺抽脓术 8例 ,脓肿消失 5例 ,缩小 3例 ,脓肿切除术 5例 ,死亡 1例。结论　儿童脑脓肿临床症状多不典型 ,头颅CT扫描对确诊极具重要意义 ,保守治疗是本病的主要疗法 ,其次是单纯穿刺抽脓术。     

小儿椎管内肠源性囊肿的诊断与治疗

目的探讨小儿椎管内肠源性囊肿的临床表现、MRI影像及显微手术治疗。方法回顾性分析1996年至今8年间5例椎管内肠源性囊肿的临床资料，并结合文献加以分析。结果全部病例采用显微外科手术治疗，其中2例全切，2例次全切除，1例大部切除。无一例死亡，经病理报告证实均为肠源性囊肿，术后神经根痛症状基本消失。随访0．5～2年，无一例复发；格拉斯哥预后评分，良好恢复4例，中残1例；脊髓损伤的Frankel分级，E级4例，D级1例。结论小儿椎管内肠源性囊肿有典型的临床表现和MRI特征，作为一种先天性病变，其最佳治疗方法是早期确诊并采取显微外科手术方法切除。     

儿童脑脓肿37例临床特征和治疗随访

目的 阐明儿童脑脓肿临床特征,探讨脑脓肿的治疗方法。方法 对３７例经ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ确诊为脑逐月中的患儿临床特征进行分析,对疗效进行观察,对其中２３例进行病后３个月～５年的随访。结果 ３７例患儿中未查到原发感染灶的２９例（７８％）,以癫痫为首发症状者２０例（５４％）,头痛者１８例（４９％）,发热者１３例（３５％）,３０例经保守治疗１１例治愈,１２例好转,总有效率７７％;７例采取外科治疗,１例治愈,３例     

小儿阑尾周围脓肿61例临床分析

目的总结19年来北京大学第一医院对于小儿阑尾周围脓肿的治疗经验,探讨治疗策略的变化。方法回顾性分析自1993年至2011年间,作者收治的61例阑尾周围脓肿患儿临床资料。治疗方法包括静脉输入抗生素、理疗、B超引导下脓肿穿刺及手术治疗。结果保守治疗32例,1例于4周后发生肠梗阻,1例1年后再发脓肿;B超引导下行脓肿穿刺4例,无并发症;手术25例（10例行脓肿切开引流并切除阑尾,其余行脓肿切开引流）,出现并发症（切口感染、肠梗阻、残余脓肿）11例。4例于随访期间发作急性阑尾炎,予手术切除阑尾,其中3例存在阑尾粪石。结论对于阑尾周围脓肿,应首选以静脉输入抗生素为主的保守治疗方法;对于部分脓肿较大的患儿,可在B超引导下行穿刺引流。存在阑尾粪石的患儿,应行二期阑尾切除术。     

Perianal abscess and fistula‐in‐ano in children: Aetiology,management and outcome

Aim: We aimed to assess our experience in treatment and outcome of perianal abscess and/or fistula‐in‐ano in children. Method: The patients who were treated for perianal abscess and/or fistula‐in‐ano from January 2000 to December 2005 were included. Age, sex, duration of symptoms, number and site of the perianal abscess and/or fistula‐in‐ano, treatment modality and recurrences were recorded. Results: The study consisted of 39 patients (36 boys) with a mean age of 29 ± 49.1 months. At first examination the diagnosis was perianal abscess in 20 patients, perianal abscess with fistula in five patients and fistula‐in‐ano in 14 patients. No patients had an underlying illness. The primary local treatment of perianal abscess with or without fistula was incision and drainage (with or without antibiotic therapy) in 21 patients, and local care with antibiotic therapy was given to four patients. Of 20 patients with perianal abscess, 17 developed fistula‐in‐ano and three healed. One patient in the perianal abscess group who developed fistula‐in‐ano and two patients in the fistula group were lost to follow‐up. Thirty‐three patients with fistula‐in‐ano underwent surgical treatment either through a fistulotomy or through a fistulectomy. Five (15.1%) patients who experienced recurrent fistula‐in‐ano underwent fistulotomy were completely cured after the second operation. Conclusion: Treatment of a perianal abscess either through incision and drainage with antibiotics or through antibiotics alone resulted in a high rate (85%) of fistula formation. Fistula‐in‐ano can be treated either by fistulotomy or by fistulectomy, both of which are associated with a reasonable chance of recurrence of fistula‐in‐ano formation. We obtained good results in our patients through surgical approach (fistulotomy or fistulectomy), for fistula‐in‐ano formed following treatment of perianal abscess.     

Management of brain abscess in children

Aim: Brain abscesses continue to pose a problem in paediatric neurosurgery because the associated morbidity and mortality have remained significant throughout the antibiotic and CT era. The objective of this paper is to report the treatment of 28 children with the diagnosis of brain abscess. Methods: We report our experience with the surgical management of brain abscesses in 28 paediatric patients between 1981 and 2005. The following parameters were assessed: age, gender, clinical manifestations, physical examination, radiological data, aetiological agent, treatment and clinical evolution of the patients. Results: Patients' age varied from 2 weeks to 16 years (mean 8.6 years); 17 were male. The most notable predisposing factor was contiguous infection in 11 cases, of which six were chronic otitis media. The abscess was supratentorial in 27 children with only one infratentorial case. In all patients, treatment consisted of a combination of surgical evacuation and antibiotics. In two children, the evacuation of pus was via transfontanelar puncture. Positive abscess cultures were obtained from 15 abscesses, and gram‐negative were the main bacteria involved. Nine patients had neurological sequelae (seizure, cognitive impairment and paresis); two deaths occurred. Conclusions: Brain abscess in children continues to be associated with high rates of neurological impairment and death.     

Acute mastoiditis. Diagnosis and complications

Thirty children with acute mastoiditis were identified over a 12-year-period and their hospital records were reviewed retrospectively. All had abnormal tympanic membranes and 26 (87%) had swelling above or posterior to the ear that deviated the pinna. Findings on mastoid roentgenograms included clouding (n = 12) and osteitis (n = 7); six were normal. From 13 patients, bacteria were recovered from normally sterile sites and included Pneumococcus (n = 5), group A streptococcus (n = 3), Haemophilus (n = 2), and anaerobes (n = 3). Complications occurred in 13 children, including subperiosteal abscess (n = 7), meningitis (n = 4), osteitis (n = 7), facial palsy (n = 1), and subdural empyema and brain abscess (n = 1). Four of the six children with neurological complications had no external signs of acute mastoiditis on physical examination. Overall, 19 (63%) of the children recovered without mastoidectomy. We conclude that children without meningitis or subperiosteal abscess may be treated initially with antimicrobial therapy plus myringotomy. The need for mastoidectomy should be reassessed in children who fail to respond in 24 to 48 hours.     

儿童胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤

目的 探讨儿童胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤(dysembryo plastic neroepithelial tumor,DNT)的临床特点、诊断及手术治疗.方法 回顾性分析了2003年1月至2008年5月手术治疗的13例儿童胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤的临床和病理资料.结果 患儿以难治性癫痫为主要临床表现.本组患儿均接受了显微外科手术治疗,其中全切10例,近全切3例.磁共振成像示皮质或皮质下低T1、高T2信号,病灶边界清晰,无水肿及占位效应.肿瘤病理学检查可见特异性胶质神经元成分.随访13例患儿中2例于术后1年内出现癫痫发作,近全切的1例表现为强直性发作,全切的1例为失神性发作,均与术前发作形式相同,但发作频率明显减少(频率减少≥75%),术后随访癫痫发作控制满意.结论 DNT为良性肿瘤,手术治疗效果好.准确诊断对本病的治疗有重要意义.     

Needle aspiration for suppurative cervical lymphadenitis

In a 10-year prospective study, we used needle aspiration as the treatment of suppurative cervical lymphadenitis that required drainage procedure in 35 consecutive children aged 4 months to 13 years (mean 2.2 years). Twenty-seven patients underwent 1 puncture, 7 patients had 2 punctures, and 1 had 3 punctures. There were no major complications. Patients were followed up for 2-6 months. None required an open drainage of the cervical abscess. There was complete regression of the nodes in all patients within 21 days, with no relapse or scar formation. Needle aspiration seems to be an effective and safe treatment of suppurative cervical lymphadenitis that may avoid open drainage.     

Laparoscopic appendectomy after conservative management of appendix mass

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic appendicectomy following non-operative management of appendix mass in children. Medical records of 103 consecutive patients (61 males, 42 females) who underwent non-operative treatment of appendix mass followed by laparoscopic elective appendicectomy were examined. Their ages ranged from 2 years 5 months to 15 years (mean 8.3 years). All patients were treated conservatively by close observation, antibiotics and intravenous fluids. Once the child was fit for discharge laparoscopic elective appendicectomy was booked for 4–6 weeks later. Ninety-three children responded to the initial conservative treatment and were discharged after a mean hospital stay of 5.6 days (range 3–10 days). Ten (9.7%) did not respond to initial treatment and developed appendix abscess requiring drainage. Average hospital stay in the 97 patients who had laparoscopic elective appendicectomy was 2.5 days (range 1–5 days). Three patients developed complications after elective appendicectomy, a stitch abscess in one, paralytic ileus in one and wound infection in one. Histological examination revealed fibrosed or resolving appendicitis in 52, acute or subacute appendicitis in 24, carcinoid tumour in two and normal appendix in 19. Laparoscopic elective appendicectomy is a safe and effective method of treatment following conservative treatment of appendix mass. Not only does it make the dissection and resection of the appendix easier but it also has the added advantage of performing adhesiolysis.     

小儿阑尾脓肿的手术治疗

目的 探讨小儿阑尾脓肿的治疗。方法 110例小儿阑尾脓肿患儿,66例行阑尾切除术及腹腔冲洗,8例单纯腹腔引流,5例直肠引流,31例保守治疗。结果 阑尾切除组、腹腔引流组、经直肠引流组和保守治疗组平均住院日分别为10.3d、11.5d、12.4d,15d。66例行阑尾切除全部治愈,无肠漏及肠梗阻发生。结论 小儿阑尾脓肿可行I期阑尾切除术。