北京市餐厨垃圾的处理现状及发展趋势

介绍了北京市餐厨垃圾现状,分析了北京市餐厨垃圾处理中存在的主要问题,并阐述餐厨垃圾主要资源化的处理技术及发展前景,旨在为北京市餐厨垃圾管理及资源化提供参考。     

国内外餐厨垃圾处理状况概述

从技术处理的角度简要介绍了国内外餐厨垃圾的处理现状,旨在寻求有效的餐厨垃圾处理方式,实现餐厨垃圾的减量化、无害化,创造经济效益。     

餐厨垃圾资源化处理与高值化利用技术发展展望

餐厨垃圾兼具污染属性和资源属性,其高效资源化处理与高值化利用一直是当下餐厨垃圾处理的难题.分析了我国餐厨垃圾的组分特性,阐述了我国餐厨垃圾的处理现状.从提高餐厨垃圾资源利用率和后端产品附加值的角度出发,综述了国内外餐厨垃圾高值化利用的新技术,为我国餐厨垃圾处理工作的开展提供了新思路.     

餐厨垃圾的微生物处理技术研究进展

在分析餐厨垃圾现有处理技术的基础上,阐述了好氧堆肥和厌氧发酵(产氢和产甲烷)技术在餐厨垃圾处理方面的研究进展及其影响因素,并提出了其在处理餐厨垃圾方面存在的问题和研究方向.     

餐厨垃圾收运处理现状及其处理难点分析

介绍了当前国内主要城市餐厨垃圾处理技术及应用现状,分析了餐厨垃圾收运现状和存在问题及其处理过程中存在的技术难点,提出了餐厨垃圾处理建议。     

国内外餐厨垃圾处理现状及技术

总结了国内外餐厨垃圾处理现状和相关技术,提出相应的餐厨垃圾处理建议。     

重庆市餐厨垃圾理化性质及处理处置方法的研究

对重庆市主城区餐厨垃圾理化性质进行了调查分析,表明重庆市主城区餐厨垃圾具有高含水率、高含油率、高含盐率等特点.介绍了国内外餐厨垃圾处理技术,并根据重庆市餐厨垃圾的特性,提出其处理方法应采用湿式高温厌氧消化技术,同时阐述了该技术的关键工艺点.     

餐厨垃圾资源化技术研究探讨

介绍了餐厨垃圾传统处理方法的不足,以生物柴油技术、饲料化技术、好氧堆肥技术、厌氧发酵技术等资源化技术为例,探讨目前国内外资源化处理方法的研究进展及各种资源化方式的优缺点.根据目前发展现状,提出了未来餐厨垃圾处理的研究方向     

我国餐厨垃圾项目收运处理补贴现状分析

介绍了我国现阶段餐厨垃圾项目政府补贴情况,分析我国餐厨垃圾处理补贴价格制定主要影响因素,包括收运和处理补贴平均水平、地域及处理量等,对我国未来餐厨垃圾处理补贴价格的制定提出了建议。     

生活垃圾焚烧与餐厨垃圾处理协同处置的分析研究

介绍了生活垃圾焚烧发电的典型工艺流程和目前国内餐厨垃圾处理的2类技术路线。分析了如何实现生活垃圾焚烧与餐厨垃圾处理的协同处置,二者的协同处置将有效提高处理效率及降低投资与运行成本,并通过工程实例予以印证。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.