高中生主观幸福感的特点及其与学业成绩的关系

目的:分析高中生主观幸福感的特点及其与学业成绩的关系。方法:采用青少年主观幸福感量表对943名高中生进行调查。结果:①高中生主观幸福感存在显著的年级差异;男生的学业满意感显著高于女生,女生的家庭满意感和友谊满意感显著高于男生;城市高中生的主观幸福感水平显著高于乡镇高中生。②不同学业成绩的高中生主观幸福感存在显著差异,高分组的学生体验到的主观幸福感水平最高。结论:高中生的主观幸福感在年级、性别和城乡方面存在显著差异,不同学业成绩的高中生主观幸福感存在明显差异。     

农村高中生生活事件与社会支持对主观幸福感的影响

目的研究生活事件、社会支持对农村高中生主观幸福感的影响。方法对287名农村高中生进行生活事件、社会支持和主观幸福感测评。结果1女生对家庭和环境的满意度高于男生(P0.05),但是男生对学习的满意度远远高于女生,两者达到了十分显著的差异(P0.01)。在对环境的满意度和正性情绪上有显著的年级差异(P0.05);文科生比理科生对环境的满意度更高(P=0.05),但是理科生比文科生在家庭支持和健康适应上有更高的得分(P0.05);2高中生的负性生活事件越多,对其主观幸福感的消极影响就越大,正性情绪越少,而负性情绪就越多(P0.01)。而高中生得到的社会支持越多,其生活满意度就越高,正性情绪越多,负性情绪越少(P0.01)。结论生活事件、社会支持是影响农村高中生主观幸福感的重要因素。     

农村高中生主观幸福感与同伴关系的相关研究

目的考查农村高中生主观幸福感与同伴关系的现状及两者关系。方法采用幸福感指数量表和人际关系综合诊断量表对342名农村高中生进行测量。结果①农村高中生的的主观幸福感得分较低(7.76),总体情感指数存在年级差异(t=2.13,P<0.05),高二得分高于高一,生活满意度存在性别差异(t=2.04,P<0.05),女生得分高于男生;②农村高中生同伴关系存在严重困扰的有13人(3.81%),存在较严重困扰有42人(12.28%),存在一定程度困扰的有117人(51.75%),与异性交往维度存在性别差异(t=3.09,P<0.05),男生困扰多于女生;③农村高中生的同伴关系和主观幸福感之间存在显著负相关(r=-0.20,P<0.01)。结论农村高中生主观幸福感不容乐观,同伴关系存在一定程度的困扰。同伴关系对主观幸福感有着显著影响。     

高中生心理韧性与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的探讨高中生心理韧性与主观幸福感的关系。方法采用中学生心理韧性量表和主观幸福感量表对510名高中生施测。结果高中生的心理韧性、主观幸福感处于中等程度以上,3个年级在心理韧性5个维度及其总分和主观幸福感的得分均存在显著差异(F=3.22,P<0.01),表现为高三年级学生心理韧性各维度及其总分和主观幸福感得分最高,一年级次之,二年级最低。在心理韧性,主观幸福感总分上,男生与女生并没有显著差异。而在心理韧性的情绪控制维度上,男生得分显著高于女生(F=7.53,P<0.01);人际协助维度,女生得分显著高于男生(F=6.90,P<0.01)。结论心理韧性和主观幸福感呈非常显著正相关,表明心理韧性对主观幸福感有一定的预测作用(R2=0.441,P<0.05)。     

大学生主观幸福感及其影响因素

目的 考察大学生主观幸福感的现状,探讨自尊、社会支持、生活事件等对其主观幸福感的影响.方法 对1～4年级的300名大学生进行幸福感指数量表、自尊量表、社会支持评定量表和青少年生活事件量表等问卷测量.结果 ①大学生主观幸福感处于中等偏上水平(=9.71).②大学生主观幸福感得分在性别上存在显著差异(总分:t=2.239,P＜0.05).③大学生主观幸福感与自尊、社会支持呈显著正相关.④大学生主观幸福感与生活事件呈显著负相关.⑤自尊对大学生主观幸福感有显著的正向预测作用(β=0.308,P＜0.05).⑥社会支持对大学生的主观幸福感也有显著的正向预测作用(β=0.163,P＜0.01).结论 自尊和社会支持对大学生的主观幸福感有显著的正向预测作用,生活事件对大学生主观幸福感的影响较小.     

基础教育教师主观幸福感及其影响因素

目的 探讨基础教育阶段教师主观幸福感及其影响因素,为提升教师幸福感指数,提高教师生活质量提供参考.方法 采用Campbell1976年编制的主观幸福感指数量表,在太原市现辖的6个区内发放问卷,随机调查年龄为22～59岁的教师1327人,对结果进行统计分析.结果 小学教师的幸福感指教略高于初中教师(t=3.88,P＜0.01),性别因素在对幸福感指数的影响中差异不明显,专科及以下学历的教师在主观幸福感上显著高于本科和研究生学历的教师(F=1.68,P＜0.05),在职称方面,高级职称教师幸福感明显高于其他职称水平的教师,中级职称次之(F=2.79,P＜0.01).结论 在基础教育阶段教师的教学阶段、学历、职称是影响其主观幸福感的部分因素.     

大学生宿舍关系与主观幸福感的相关研究

目的 探讨大学生的宿舍关系与主观幸福感的关系.方法 采取整体抽样的方法,使用大学生宿舍人际关系质量调查问卷和总体幸福感量表(简称GWB)对国内部分高校的355名大学生进行问卷调查.结果 ①大学生的宿舍关系好于全国常模(t=5.306,P＜0.01),男女生之间不存在显著性差异；②女大学生的主观幸福感明显高于全国常模(t=4.527,P＜0.01),男女生之间在主观幸福感上不存在显著差异；③大学生的宿舍关系与主观幸福感呈正相关(r=0.438,P＜0.05).结论 大学生宿舍关系较好,大学生的主观幸福感也较高,宿舍关系好的大学生的主观幸福体验较高.     

Self-disclosure in Vocational College Students and Its Relationship with Subjective Well-being

目的 研究高职生自我表露的特点与主观幸福感的关系.方法 本研究采用大学生自我表露量表、总体幸福感量表对山西省综合职业技术学院、山西省交通职业技术学院的264名大一、大二的学生进行调查.结果 ①不同性别的高职生自我表露有显著差异(t=-2.412,P＜0.05);②在年级、专业、独生子女上,高职生自我表露水平均无显著差异(t=-1.252,1.857,1.475;P＞0.05);③自我表露的城乡差异显著(F=5.619,P＜0.05);④高职生自我表露与主观幸福感呈弱相关,高职生对家人 的自我表露与主观幸福感显著正相关(r=0.145,P＜0.05),高职生对恋人和朋友的自我表露和主观幸福感无显著负相关(r=-0.072,-0.086;P＞0.05).结论 高职生的自我表露呈现出人口学变量上的差异,高职生的自我表露可以预测他们的主观幸福感.     

农村教师人际信任、教学效能感与主观幸福感

目的 探讨农村教师人际信任、教学效能感与主观幸福感的状况及其三者之间的关系.方法 采用人际信任度量表、教师教学效能感量表和生活满意度量表以及情感量表对芜湖市无为县117名农村教师进行调查.结果 ①农村教师的主观幸福感偏低;②不同性别、年龄、教龄、学历和婚姻状况的农村教师在主观幸福感上没有显著差异;③人际信任度与生活满意度和主观幸福感有显著相关(r=-0.302,-0.262;P＜0.01),总体教学效能感与情感平衡有显著相关(r=-0.197,P＜0.05);④人际信任和总体效能感能部分预测农村教师的主观幸福感(F=11.516,4.629;P＜0.001,0.01;R2=0.091,0.039).结论 农村教师主观幸福感为中等偏下水平,有半数以上的教师体验着不幸福.     

高中生主观幸福感与自我控制、人际交往及心理健康关系

目的探讨高中生主观幸福感与自我控制、人际交往及心理健康的关系。方法采用问卷调查法,对高一至高三年级共731名学生进行研究。结果 1心理比较健康组、一般组及不健康组的高中生的主观幸福感依次下降,且两两差异极其显著（F=50.671,P〈0.001）;2自我控制高、一般及差的高中生的主观幸福感依次下降,且两两差异极其显著（F=13.867,P〈0.001）;3与同伴关系好、与同伴关系一般及与同伴关系差的高中生的主观幸福感依次下降,且两两差异极其显著（F=4.314,P〈0.05）;4与老师关系好、一般及关系差的高中生的主观幸福感依次下降,且两两差异极其显著（F=19.634,P〈0.001）;5与父母关系好、一般及关系差的高中生的主观幸福感依次下降,且两两差异极其显著（F=13.890,P〈0.001）;6除与同伴关系外,心理健康、与老师关系、与父母关系及自我控制都能显著预测高中生的主观幸福感。结论高中生心理越健康、自我控制越好,主观幸福感越高;人际关系越好,主观幸福感越强;心理健康对高中生主观幸福感的影响最大,其次是与老师关系、自我控制和与父母关系。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.