多层螺旋CT检查对膀胱癌的术前分期价值

目的 评价多层螺旋CT检查对膀胱癌的术前分期价值.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的膀胱癌患者82例.男78例,女4例.均行术前多层螺旋CT检查,将肿瘤CT征象与手术病理分期结果进行对照分析.结果CT检查对膀胱癌的定位和定性诊断准确率分别为78.0%(64/82)和93.9%(77/82).与手术病理结果比较,CT检查判断膀胱周围侵犯、淋巴结转移和邻近器官侵犯的准确率分别为90.2%(74/82)、96.3%(79/82)和89.0%(73/82).CT术前分期与手术病理结果比较呈明显正相关.结论 螺旋CT检查对膀胱癌具有较高的诊断价值,可作为膀胱癌术前常规和主要的检查项目.     

CT三维成像在膀胱肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨CT三维重建成像技术（3D-CT）在膀胱肿瘤诊治中的应用价值。方法：应用3D-CT对15例膀胱占位病变的患者进行检查，对诊断和分期结果与术后病理进行对比分析。结果：3D-CT诊断膀胱癌12例（移行细胞癌），膀胱良性肿瘤2例（平滑肌瘤），肠道肿瘤侵及膀胱1你（结肠癌），3D-CT诊断定位准确率100％。12例膀胱癌术前分期：T15例，T23例，T33例，T41例，与病理分期对照，准确率83％（10/12）。结论：3D-CT可以提高膀胱术前分期准确性，对手术选择具有重要的参考价值。     

食管癌与贲门癌患者术前内镜超声检查28例分析

目的 通过对比内镜超声及CT在食管癌、贲门癌术前进行T、N分期中的准确度,评价内镜超声的临床应用价值. 方法 对28例食管癌、贲门患者术前均行内镜超声扫描和CT扫描,并分别进行T、N分期,以术后病理为金标准,比较两者分期的准确性有无差异,同时对比两者对淋巴结转移的准确率(即真实性)的差异,判断内镜超声的应用价值. 结果 本组28例病例中,T分期准确率内镜超声为89.3%(25/28),高于CT的46.4%(13/28),差异有统计学意义(P=0.004,P＜0.01).N分期中,内镜超声与CT的准确率分别为82.1%(23/28)及50.0%(14/28),差异有统计学意义(P=0.035,P＜0.05).对转移淋巴结的分组统计中,内镜超声与CT的准确率分别为88.7%及72.2%,有显著性差异(χ2=7.031,P=0.008,P＜0.01).结论 内镜超声在食管癌、贲门癌术前分期中有重要作用,其T分期准确率明显高于传统CT扫描.以淋巴结短径、S/L(淋巴结短径/淋巴结长径)并结合淋巴结的超声显像特征进行分析,提高了判断淋巴结转移以及N分期的准确性.     

胃癌术前内镜超声检查与肿瘤血管内皮生长因子表达的检测分析

目的探讨内镜超声检查(EUS)对胃癌术前诊断和分期的应用价值及其影像学改变与肿瘤转移相关基因表达的分子生物学基础。方法联合应用电子胃镜和超声内镜诊断胃癌63例,对比胃镜检查加活检与超声内镜对胃癌诊断的准确率,同时应用超声内镜对胃癌进行术前分期,并与病理分期及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达进行比较。结果63例胃癌中胃镜加病理活检诊断的准确率是94%,超声内镜诊断的准确率是92%,胃镜联合超声内镜诊断的准确率是100%。超声内镜对胃癌侵犯深度判断的准确率为81%,其中T1期为78%、T2期为79%、T3期为82%、T4期为83%,对淋巴结转移的准确率为73%。VEGF蛋白在胃癌组织中的阳性表达率为56%,其表达与EUS分期、淋巴结转移关系密切(P<0.05)。结论胃镜联合超声内镜诊断胃癌具有较高的准确率;胃癌术前内镜超声分期与术后病理有较高的一致性;VEGF蛋白表达与胃癌术前EUS分期呈正相关;EUS对胃癌的分期与分子生物学改变有关。     

膀胱癌的CT诊断与分期

目的 提高认识膀胱癌的CT诊断，分析膀胱癌的CT分期及鉴别诊断。方法 回顾性分析36例经手术或膀胱镜检活检，病理证实为膀胱癌的CT表现。结果 CT检查对膀胱癌极为敏感，本组CT诊断膀胱癌36例，其正确诊断率94．7％，漏诊1例，误诊为膀胱炎1例；CT分期与病理符合者28例，符合率77．8％。结论 CT对膀胱癌诊断准确性极高，但CT对膀胱壁浸润程度的区分不甚理想，常致分期不足或分期过度，特别是早期分期准确性较低，但对膀胱壁外浸润或盆腔转移，蔓延较敏感。膀胱癌主要与前列腺癌，前列腺增生膀胱内血凝块及膀胱乳头状瘤等鉴别。     

MR成像在直肠癌术前T分期患者中的诊断价值

目的分析MR成像用于直肠癌术前T分期的诊断效果及其价值。方法选取2017年2月至2020年3月直肠癌75例择期手术患者作为研究对象,患者均接受螺旋CT、MR成像检查,以手术病理结果为金标准,比较螺旋CT、常规MR平扫、MRI平扫+DWI+增强扫描3种方式的T分期结果,记录手术时间,4级评分法评价患者接受度。结果术后病理分期分别为:T_1期10例、T_2期15例、T_3期28例、T_4期22例。MRI平扫+DWI+增强扫描的T_1～T_4分期诊断准确率均高于螺旋CT、MR平扫,P0.05。螺旋CT、MR成像的诊断用时分别为(23.5±7.6)分钟、(25.4±9.3)分钟,患者接受度分别为(4.7±0.8)分、(5.1±1.6)分,两组诊断用时、患者接受度相比,P0.05。结论采取MRI平扫+DWI+增强扫描进行直肠癌术前T分期的综合诊断效能更佳,尤其是T4期准确率较高。     

64层CT三期动态增强扫描对胃癌术前TNM分期的判断价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT三二期动态增强扫描对胃癌进行术前TNM分期的临床价值．方法回顾性分析2009年5月至2011年5月赣南医学院第一附属医院收治的120例胃癌患者的术前64层螺旋CT三期动态增强扫描资料和术后病理资料,由两名高年资影像科医生采用双盲法进行术前影像学分期。结果术前64层螺旋CT增强扫描对胃癌T分期判断的总体准确率为79．2％（95／120）,其中对T1、T2、T3和T4期判断的准确率分别为66．7％（10／15）、66．7％（14／21）、84．0％（42／50）和85．3％（29／34）。对于单层胃壁结构和多层胃壁结构,CT增强扫描对T分期的准确率分别为59．4％（19／32）和81．8％（72／88）．差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。CT增强扫描对N分期判断的总体准确率为73．9％（85／115）,其中对N0N1和N2期判断的准确率分别为75．5％（37／49）、70．3％f26／37）和75．9％（22／29）：对M分期判断的准确率为89．2％（107／120）。结论64层螺旋CTi期动态增强扫描可早期动态观察肿瘤累及侵犯情况、淋巴转移及远处转移的情况．有望成为胃癌术前分期有重要意义的检佥项目之一。     

64-MSCT增强扫描评价胃癌患者术前临床TNM分期的价值

目的探讨64排螺旋CT(64-MSCT)增强扫描评价胃癌患者术前临床TNM分期的价值。方法选取2016-07—2019-01间在林州市肿瘤医院接受根治手术的200例胃癌患者,术前均经胃镜及病理检查确诊。以术后病理TNM分期为“金标准”,评价术前64-MSCT增强扫描对胃癌患者临床TNM分期的价值。结果术前64-MSCT增强扫描临床TNM分期中,T、N、M的准确率分别为82.00%、73.00%和97.00%。M的准确率高于T和N分期(P<0.05),且一致性极好(Kappa=0.905,P<0.001)。结论术前64-MSCT增强扫描评估胃癌患者的临床TNM分期准确率较高,对远处转移判断与病理诊断具有高度一致性,有助于临床医师制定治疗方案。     

螺旋CT仿真内窥镜技术在膀胱肿瘤分期诊断中的应用

目的 探讨螺旋CT仿真内窥镜(CTVE)对膀胱肿瘤分期诊断的作用。方法 对10例正常对照和40例经手术病理检查证实的膀胱肿瘤患者术前采用多层面螺旋CT机进行容积扫描,将所得扫描数据转入工作站利用三维重建检查软件进行后处理,获得膀胱CTVE三维图像。将重建图像分别与冠状或轴位CT扫描、膀胱镜检查所见、手术中所见及病理检查结果进行比较分析。结果 CTVE对膀胱肿瘤检出率及分期准确率分别为98％(39／40)和85％(33／39),直径≥0．5cm的肿瘤显示率为100%。可观察尿道内口及膀胱颈部病变,弥补膀胱镜视野盲区,但不能显示膀胱黏膜的表浅病变及进行活检。结论 CTVE具有无创优点,在膀胱肿瘤临床分期及膀胱镜视野盲区的肿瘤诊断方面是膀胱镜较好的替代和补充方法。     

内镜超声检查和多层螺旋CT对胃癌术前T、N分期的比较研究

目的探讨内镜超声(endoscopicultrasonography,EUS)与多层螺旋CT(multi slicespiralCT,MSCT)在胃癌术前T、N分期中的临床应用价值。方法2000年10月至2002年5月,对89例活检证实的胃癌病人术前分别行内镜超声和多层螺旋CT检查,并与手术病理结果对照。结果EUS对胃癌术前T分期的准确率为75.6%,其中T176.5%,T268.8%,T384.4%,T464.7%;MSCT分别79.3%,58.8%,62.5%,90.6%和94.1%。两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EUS对胃癌术前N分期的准确率为57.5%,其中N095.8%,N145.8%,N232.0%;MSCT分别78.1%,70.8%,75.0%和88.0%。EUS和MSCT对胃癌淋巴结转移的敏感性分别为61.2%和91.8%。EUS对N0分期的准确率显著高于MSCT(P<0.05),MSCT对N和N2分期的准确率及淋巴结转移的敏感性均显著高于EUS(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01)。结论内镜超声检查与多层螺旋CT对胃癌术前TN分期均有较高的准确性。     

Preoperative balloon occluded arterial infusion chemotherapy for locally invasive bladder cancer--accurate staging for bladder preservation

The possibility of bladder preservation by preoperative balloon occluded arterial infusion (BOAI) chemotherapy was studied in 111 patients with locally invasive bladder cancer. BOAI was performed by blocking the blood flow of the internal iliac artery and by performing intra-arterial infusion of adriamycin (50 mg/body) and cisplatin (100 mg/body). Before BOAI the clinical diagnosis was T2 in 36, T3a in 29, T3b in 27, T4 in 11 and after BOAI it was T0 in 1, T1 in 27, T2 in 25, T3a in 20, T3b in 20, and T4 in 10. Down staging was observed on diagnostic images in 46.6%. Thirty patients (27.0%) received transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-Bt) and their bladder could be preserved. The 5-year cancer-specific survival rate was 100% in pT0 (n = 9), 97.5% in pT1 (n = 47), 79.9% in pT2 (n = 21), 80.0% in pT3a (n = 6), 39.9% in pT3b (n = 18) and 51.9% in pT4 cases (n = 9). For the bladder preservation, accurate staging diagnosis is required. Since 1992, endorectal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used in addition to imaging diagnosis for improving the accuracy of staging diagnosis. The accuracies of staging diagnosis with and without endorectal MRI were 62.5% and 44.0%, respectively. BOAI as a neoadjuvant chemotherapy has the possibility of bladder-preserving therapy in locally invasive bladder cancer. Also, the endorectal MRI can improve the accuracy of staging diagnosis, which is important for the bladder preservation.     

多层螺旋CT在胃肠道肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查在胃肠道肿瘤术前定位与分期诊断中的临床价值.方法 (1)对胃镜活组织检查确诊为胃癌的332例患者进行术前MSCT检查,比较CT分期结果与术后病理检查结果.(2)对73例小肠肿瘤患者进行术前CT检查,比较小肠淋巴瘤和小肠癌在CT成像上的区别.(3)对228例经纤维结肠镜活组织检查确诊为结直肠癌患者进行术前MSCT检查,采用x.检验分析结直肠癌的CT征象特点.结果 (1)MSCT能提供定位或重建胃周血管等更多信息,对胃壁浸润深度、淋巴结转移、远处转移的总体诊断准确率分别为78.2%(244/312)、67.3%(210/312)和93.8%(30/32).(2)MSCT检查小肠癌主要表现为包块和肠壁浸润性增厚,且肠壁增厚一般不出现分层,肠梗阻多见,但肠系膜淋巴结和后腹膜淋巴结肿大检出率低.小肠淋巴瘤的CT检查表现与小肠癌相反.(3)表面毛糙征与不均匀强化等CT征象对诊断结直肠癌有重要意义,增强后CT值测定有助于鉴别结肠炎性病变.结论 MSCT可在胃肠道肿瘤术前定位与分期诊断中提供准确的影像学信息,结合内镜检查更能提高诊断准确率.     

MRI动态增强与多层螺旋CT增强扫描对肝外胆管癌术前分期的评价

目的 对比分析MRI动态增强与多层螺旋CT(MSCT)增强扫描评估肝外胆管癌术前分期的准确性及临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的肝外胆管癌77例,60例行多层螺旋CT增强扫描,33例行肝脏三维容积超快速多期动态增强扫描(liver acquisition with volume accel-eration,LAVA)序列检查,其中16例同时做过此两种检查.根据肿瘤的形态、胆管浸润范围,肝动脉、门静脉血管受累情况,有无腹腔内器官、淋巴结转移等指征,进行TNM分期,并与病理结果对照.结果 所有的原发肿瘤均被MRI动态增强扫描检出(100%),60例肝外胆管癌原发肿瘤MSCT增强扫描检出52例(86.7 0A).MSCT增强扫描T分期的总准确性65%(39/60),MRI动态增强检查是93.9%(31/33)(P<0.05).MSCT增强与MRI动态增强扫描的N分期总准确性分别为55%(33/60)、81.8%(27/33)(P<0.05).两者的M分期总准确性分别为100%(33/33)、96.7%(58/60)(P>0.05).结论 在肝外胆管癌原发肿瘤病灶检出及TNM分期准确性上,MRI动态增强扫描优于MSCT增强扫描.     

The clinical value of preoperative staging of bladder and prostatic cancers with nuclear magnetic resonance and computerized tomography

To evaluate the diagnostic value of preoperative staging of bladder cancer and cancer of the prostate, CT and NMR scans of 45 histologically defined tumors of the bladder and the scans of 24 patients with radical prostatectomy were compared. Lack of extravesical spread was imaged correctly by NMR in all cases of urothelial cancer (pT1-pT3a). CT diagnosis failed in 39%. False-negative results were obtained in 2 of 5 invading tumors (pT3b) by NMR and in 3 of 5 by CT. Extraglandular spread of cancer of the prostate was diagnosed with an accuracy rate of 79% by NMR and of 46% by CT. The diagnostic value for detection of pelvic lymph node metastases had a low-sensitivity rate of 26% in NMR and of 22% in CT.     

Results of contemporary radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: a clinicopathological study with an emphasis on the inadequacy of the tumor, nodes and metastases classification

We reviewed 261 patients who underwent a radical operation at a single institution as definitive treatment of invasive bladder cancer to evaluate the survival and accuracy of the tumor, nodes and metastasis system in characterizing the prognosis. Between January 1979 and June 1987 the 261 evaluable patients underwent 1-stage radical cystectomy with pelvic node dissection and urinary diversion. No chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy was given before or after the operation. The postoperative mortality rate was 1.8%. The over-all staging error between clinical and pathological stages was as high as 44%. The over-all actuarial 5-year survival rate was 54.5%. The 5-year survival rates were 75% for stage pT1, 63% for stage pT2, 31% for stage pT3 and 21% for stage pT4 disease. A significant difference in the survival (p less than 0.002) was observed in stage pT3 by dividing tumors confined within the bladder wall (pT3a, 50%) from those extending throughout the bladder wall (pT3b, 15%). A careful evaluation of transitional cell involvement of the prostate in stage pT4a cancer led to the identification of 2 different patterns: 1) contiguous when a bladder tumor extended directly into the prostate through the bladder wall and 2) noncontiguous when a bladder tumor and a transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate were found simultaneously. These patterns had completely different (p less than 0.05) survival rates (6 versus 37%). The patients with high grade tumors had a worse prognosis in comparison with those with grades 1 and 2 tumors (41 versus 56%, p less than 0.005). The over-all 5-year survival of patients with positive nodes was 4% in comparison with 60% of those without nodal involvement (p less than 0.001). Despite current optimal surgical treatment, nearly 50% of all patients with invasive bladder cancer continue to die. The need for a modification of the current tumor, nodes and metastasis tumor classification to provide the clinician a more reliable staging system for planning treatment modalities is indeed mandatory.     

Does pathological sub stratification of T2 bladder cancer predict outcome in a contemporary pure urothelial carcinoma cohort?

IntroductionStudies evaluating outcomes in bladder cancer sub stratified into T2a and T2b pathologic staging have demonstrated inconsistent results. Survival outcomes in a cohort of pure urothelial carcinoma patient undergoing radical cystectomy were evaluated to determine the prognostic value of T2 sub staging.MethodsUsing our prospectively maintained institutional cystectomy database, we identified patients with pure urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, either pT2aN0 or pT2bN0. We excluded any patients with variant histology, patients that underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and patients that had margin positive disease. Demographic and clinicopathologic data were collected, and Cox proportional hazard regression assessed overall survival (OS), cancer specific survival (CSS), and recurrence free survival (RFS).ResultsFrom 2001 to 2019, we identified 1,929 patients that underwent radical cystectomy, 61 patients had pT2a and 65 had pT2b pure urothelial carcinoma that met inclusion criteria. Only age (P = 0.02) and the initial transurethral resection of bladder tumor pathology (P < 0.01) were notably different when comparing the clinical characteristics of patients with pT2a and pT2b. No differences were noted in OS, CSS, or RFS between the 2 groups on Kaplan-Meier analysis. On univariate Cox regression analysis, age, TURBT stage, cystectomy pathology stage, carcinoma in situ, and lymphovascular invasion status, and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy status was not found to be significant factors for OS, CSS, or RFS between patients with pT2aN0 or pT2bN0 tumors.ConclusionPrior studies have sub stratified pT2a and pT2b, studying survival outcomes with equivocal results. Many of these studies included variant histology or use of chemotherapy in the analysis. Here, we identified a pure urothelial cohort to compare survival outcomes between pT2a and pT2b and found no difference in OS, CSS, and RFS.     

Clinical studies of patients with bladder cancers]

A clinical survey was performed on 185 cases of primary bladder cancer treated at our Department of Urology, between January, 1985 and December, 1989. Clinicopathological profiles of patients and survival rates according to these profiles were investigated. The patients were between 29 and 95 years old. The male to female ratio was 3.1 to 1. The cumulative survival rate after the first treatment was 73.3% and 71.5% at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Histologically, 17 cases were diagnosed as transitional cell carcinoma G1, 69 cases as G2 and 69 cases as G3. 5 cases were diagnosed as stage pTis, 6 cases as pTa, 41 cases as pT1, 15 cases as pT2, 9 cases as pT3a, 14 cases as pT3b and 6 cases as pT4. Stage, grade, size and type of tumors reflected the prognosis well. Significant differences were observed between the survival rates of the patients with grade G2 and grade G3, and the patients with stage T1 and stage T2. Although low-grade low-stage tumors recurred in 44% of the patients. The pathological stage showed a good relation to the grade. In particular, none of the G1 bladder tumors had muscle invasion in our series.     

11C-choline positron-emission tomography/computed tomography and transrectal ultrasonography for staging localized prostate cancer

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the role of (11)C-choline positron emission tomography (PET) and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) in the preoperative staging of clinically localized prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-five consecutive patients with biopsy-confirmed prostate cancer had TRUS and (11)C-choline PET as a part of their clinical staging programme before radical retropubic prostatectomy (RP). The PET images were prospectively interpreted by a consensus decision of two nuclear medicine physicians and one radiologist with special expertise in the field. The TRUS was done by one experienced urologist. The criteria evaluated prospectively in each patient were extracapsular extension (ECE), seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) and bladder neck invasion (BNI). The results were compared with the histopathological findings after RP. RESULTS: At pathology, 32 patients were classified pT2, 16 as pT3a and three had pT3b lesions. In four patients the histopathological examination showed pT4 with BNI. The overall accuracy of PET in defining local tumour stage (pT2 and pT3a-4) was 70%; the overall accuracy by TRUS was 26%. PET was more sensitive than TRUS for detecting ECE (pT3a) and SVI (pT3b) in advanced stages, and in pT4 stages. The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) (95% confidence interval) in stages pT3a-pT4 for PET were 36 (17-59)% and 73 (39-89)%. The sensitivity and PPV in stages pT3a-pT4 for TRUS were 14 (3-35)% and 100 (29-100)%. CONCLUSIONS: (11)C-choline PET and TRUS tended to understage prostate cancer. This series shows the current limited value of TRUS and PET for making treatment decisions in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer, especially if a nerve-sparing RP is considered. Treatment decisions should not be based on TRUS and (11)C-choline PET findings alone. In future studies, the combination of metabolic and anatomical information of PET and endorectal magnetic resonance imaging should be evaluated, as this might optimize the preoperative staging in prostate cancer.     

Prognosis of seminal vesicle involvement by transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

PURPOSE: Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder that extends directly into contiguous organs (pT4) portends a poor prognosis. The 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system does not include seminal vesicle involvement by primary TCC of the bladder. In this analysis we evaluated the clinical outcomes and prognostic significance of seminal vesicle involvement with TCC of the bladder after radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1971 to 2001, 1,682 patients underwent radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for bladder cancer. Only those tumors that involved adjacent organs through the bladder wall (pT4) were included. Overall 132 male patients with a median age of 68 years (range 36 to 98) qualified for analysis. Patients were stratified into 4 subgroups of 1) direct extravesical prostatic stromal involvement only in 37 patients (28%), 2) prostatic stroma and seminal vesicle involvement in 37 patients (28%), 3) seminal vesicle involvement only in 10 patients (8%) and 4) other contiguous pelvic organ involvement (stage pT4b) in 48 patients (36%). Overall 88 patients (67%) received some form of adjuvant therapy. At a median followup of 12.5 years (range 0 to 15.2) clinical outcomes were analyzed including overall and recurrence-free survival using Kaplan-Meier plots. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in clinical outcomes or prognosis for groups 2 and 3, thus they were combined for analysis. Five-year overall survival for any seminal vesicle involvement (10%) was significantly worse than prostatic stromal involvement only (38%) but was similar to pT4b tumors (7%, p <0.0001). The 5-year recurrence-free survival for seminal vesicle involvement (14%) was also significantly worse than prostatic stromal involvement alone (68%) but similar to that pT4b disease (25%, p = 0.01). Results were controlled for lymph node status. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with extravesical tumor extension into seminal vesicles and contiguous pelvic organs are at high risk for recurrence and progression. Involvement of the seminal vesicles by direct extension of bladder TCC portends a prognosis similar to that of pT4b disease and should, therefore, be classified as such.