同种异体材料移植重建膝关节交叉韧带

膝关节交叉韧带断裂公认的手术方法是韧带的重建 ,但由于 :( 1)自体材料移植重建以牺牲已有功能缺陷的膝关节的正常的动力和稳定结构为代价 ,有可能进一步增加膝关节的功能障碍 ;( 2 )人工韧带假体发展不成熟 ,尚不能达到令人满意的组织学、生物力学的要求及远期的临床疗效。近 2 0年来 ,许多学者致力于同种异体韧带和肌腱移植重建交叉韧带的基础与临床研究 ,并取得了一定的共识和进展。本文就此作以扼要综述。1　组织类型自从Ｗｅｂｓｔｅｒ( 1983)和Ｓｈｉｎｏ( 1984 )首次用冻干同种异体屈肌腱和新鲜冰冻膑腱进行了前交叉韧带(ＡＣＬ)重…     

应用异体跟腱重建前十字韧带和内侧副韧带

目的 探索应用同种异体跟腱在重建前十字韧带(ACL)的同时，重建受损的内侧副韧带(MCL)的新方法，避免由自体取材造成的再损伤及由此引起的并发症。方法 首先在关节镜下应用经深低温冷冻处理的同种异体跟腱，采用等长重建、生物固定的方法，重建受损的ACL。然后在辅助切口下同时重建受损的MCL。结果 9例患者应用同种异体跟腱重建ACL和MCL，全部病例获得了随访，采用Lysholm评分法评估患者手术前后的功能，术前平均43．2分，术后平均79．8分，优良率77．8％。客观检查：前抽屉试验术前9例阳性，术后均阴性；Lachman征术前9例阳性，术后1例弱阳性。膝外翻实验术前9例阳性，术后均阴性。术后遗留膝关节疼痛2例；膝关节活动受限3例。结论 应用同种异体跟腱重建ACL，可同时重建MCL。供材可提前制作，减少了自体取材造成的再损伤及其相应的并发症，该技术取材方便，手术方法简单，无需内固定物。     

关节镜下应用异体跟腱股骨双束双隧道同时重建后交叉与前交叉韧带

目的 评价关节镜下应用异体跟腱股骨双束双隧道同时重建后交叉韧带与前交叉韧带的临床疗效.方法 14例前、后交叉韧带损伤患者在关节镜下应用异体跟腱同时重建前、后交叉韧带,且后交叉韧带股骨侧应用双束双隧道重建.受伤至手术时间平均19.5 d.术后平均随访34.5个月.采用Lysholm评分和Tegner评分对患膝功能进行评估,通过KT-1000检查膝关节的前后松弛度.术前患者屈膝活动度(123.6±2.5)°,Lysholm评分(52.8±2.2)分,伤前Tegner评分平均为(5.9±0.5)分,术前为(1.2±0.9)分.结果 术后患者屈膝活动度(117.9±2.8)°,与术前比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.54,P=0.14).术后Lachman试验阴性者13例(92.9%),后抽屉试验阴性者12例(85.7%).KT-1000屈膝25°双侧胫骨前后松弛度差值在2 mm以内9例,3～5 mm 4例,6 mm1例.屈膝70°差值2 mm以内10例,3～5 mm 3例,6 mm 1例.Lysholm评分术后提高至(92.9±3.3)分,差异具有统计学意义(t=17.009,P＜0.001).术后Tegner评分终末随访时平均为(5.4±0.8)分.手术前后的差异有统计学意义(F=4.2,P＜0.01).11例恢复到受伤前运动水平(78.6%),另外3例运动水平较受伤前有所降低.结论 关节镜下应用异体跟腱股骨双束双隧道同时重建后交叉韧带与前交叉韧带,后交叉韧带股骨侧应用双束双隧道重建,更接近后交叉韧带解剖重建,能够恢复膝关节的稳定性,较满意地恢复膝关节功能.     

关节镜下同种异体组织重建膝关节前后交叉韧带的临床研究

目的　评价关节镜下同种异体组织重建膝关节前后交叉韧带 (ACL ,PCL)的疗效。方法　回顾调查了 36例孤立性交叉韧带损伤病人 ,将其分为 2组 ,A组 :ACL损伤 2 8例 ;B组 :PCL损伤 8例。分别应用同种异体B -PT -B、半腱与股薄肌腱、胫后肌腱、跟腱 -骨和四头肌腱 -骨重建 ,平均随访 2 1 5个月。结果　Lysholm评分 :A组术前平均 6 3± 5 6 ;术后 90±5 5 ;B组术前平均 6 1± 7 6 ,术后 88± 6 0 ;两组手术前后差异显著 (P <0 0 1) ;IKDC评分 :A组A级 2例 (7% ) ,B级 16例 (5 7% ) ,C级 8例 (2 9% ) ,D级 2例 (7% ) ;B组A级 1例 (12 5 % ) ,B级 3例 (37 5 % ) ,C级 3例 (37 5 % ) ,D级 1例 (12 5 % )。KT2 0 0 0测定 :A组由术前胫骨前移平均 11 90± 0 2 7mm减少至术后 4 30± 1 4 2mm ;B组胫骨后移由术前平均 10 5± 2 5mm减少至术后 5 9± 1 5mm ,两组手术前后有显著差异 (P <0 0 1)。术后健患侧比较 :A组平均 2 3± 0 9mm ;B组 2 7± 1 3mm ;健患差异 :A组 <3mm2 3/ 2 8例 (82 % ) ,>5mm 3例 (11% ) ;B组 <3mm 5 / 8例 (6 2 5 % ) ,>5mm 2例 (2 5 % )。前后抽屉试验大部分平均恢复 1°以上 ,并呈现明显的硬终点。术后ROM ,A组 :正常 2 6 / 2 8例 (93% ) ,接近正常 2 / 2 8例 (7% ) ;B组 :     

关节镜下异体与自体髌韧带移植重建膝前交叉韧带

目的探讨关节镜下自体与同种异体髌韧带移植重建膝前交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法对47例外伤性膝前交叉韧带(ACL)断裂在关节镜下分别以同种异体髌韧带(异体组23例)及自体髌韧带(自体组24例)进行移植重建。结果早期异体组肌力恢复较自体组为快,两组膝关节功能评分、稳定性等比较,无统计学意义。结论关节镜下同种异体髌韧带移植重建膝ACL,是自体移植材料的良好替代物。     

异体移植重建前交叉韧带的研究现状

本文总结近年来同种异体移植重建前交叉韧带的研究进展。主要论述异体移植愈合过程、异体移植的消毒、免疫及保存等问题，并探讨目前可供选择的常用异体移植物的特点和临床重建后的随访结果。     

关节镜下单束同种异体跟腱重建前交叉韧带断裂

目的评估关节镜下单束同种异体跟腱重建前交叉韧带（ACL）断裂的疗效。方法选取2007年3月至2011年3月,ACL完全断裂患者13例（不包括止点撕脱骨折）,在关节镜下用同种异体跟腱重建前交叉韧带断裂,手术前后用Lysholm膝关节功能评分系统进行评分。结果本组病例均在关节镜下完成手术,术后无切口感染、排异病例,均获得10～46个月的随访,13例患者术前Lysholm评分平均43．6分;术后10个月后Lyshohn评分平均89．3分,优良率达100％。结论关节镜下单束同种异体跟腱重建前交叉韧带断裂能够取得满意的疗效,避免了供区并发症,明显缩短手术时间。     

关节镜下同种异体骨-前交叉韧带-骨移植重建前交叉韧带的疗效分析

目的前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)是膝关节重要的稳定结构,探讨关节镜下应用深低温冻存同种异体骨-ACL-骨移植重建ACL的方法及疗效。方法 2007年10月-2010年2月,对22例ACL损伤患者于关节镜下采用深低温冻存的同种异体骨-ACL-骨移植重建ACL。男15例,女7例;年龄19～55岁,平均27.6岁。损伤原因:运动伤12例,摔伤1例,重物压伤2例,交通事故伤7例。左膝14例,右膝8例。病程7 d～12个月,中位病程65 d。前抽屉试验阳性19例,轴移试验阳性19例,Lachman试验阳性21例。术前根据国际膝关节评分委员会(IKDC)分级评定标准,异常5例,严重异常17例;IKDC主观评分为(49.6±6.9)分,Lysholm评分为(48.5±5.3)分,Tegner膝关节运动功能评分受伤前为(6.8±1.2)分,受伤后术前为(2.1±0.5)分。20例行MRI检查,其中18例提示ACL损伤。结果手术时间65～85 min,平均75 min;出血量80～150 mL,平均110 mL。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,均无免疫排斥反应及下肢深静脉血栓形成等并发症发生。患者术后均获随访,随访时间7～34个月,平均18个月。末次随访时无伸膝受限;屈膝活动度为125～135°,平均130.5°。前抽屉试验阳性2例,轴移试验阳性1例,Lachman试验阳性3例。根据IKDC分级评定标准:正常10例,接近正常11例,异常1例;IKDC主观评分为(90.0±5.8)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=4.653,P=0.021)。Lysholm评分为(91.6±7.1)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=4.231,P=0.028)。Tegner评分为(6.1±1.5)分,与受伤前比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.321,P=0.070),与受伤后术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.815,P=0.033)。术后6个月19例关节镜复查示无移植韧带断裂,17例移植物张力正常,2例稍松弛。结论关节镜下应用深低温冻存的同种异体骨-ACL-骨移植重建ACL,可达到ACL解剖重建,术后膝关节功能恢复良好。     

同种异体髌腱移植重建后交叉韧带的术后康复

膝关节后交叉韧带(PCL)是维持膝关节稳定的重要结构,如果发生撕裂,必然累及膝关节的稳定性,出现胫骨后沉。笔者自2002年2月~2004年1月采用同种异体骨-髌腱-骨关节镜下重建后交叉韧带9例,经手术治疗和术后康复训练,取得了良好的临床效果。1临床资料1·1一般资料9例中男7例,女2例     

关节镜下应用深低温冷冻异体跟腱重建膝后交叉韧带

目的　探讨关节镜下应用异体跟腱移植重建膝后交叉韧带 (PCL)的方法及疗效。方法　回顾 1996年 7月～ 2 0 0 0年 2月在关节镜下应用深低温冷冻异体跟腱移植重建PCL 19例 ,术中用环锯切取标准化的柱状跟骨栓 ,确保移植物在股骨及胫骨隧道内紧密嵌插固定 ,不需要特殊内固定物。术前及术后 18个月用Lysholm -II评分评定膝关节功能及患肢运动水平。 结果随访 19例 ,随访时间超过 18个月 ,术前Lysholm -II评分平均 5 6分 (4 2～ 6 4分 ) ,手术后 18个月Lysholm -II评分平均 84分 (5 6～ 94分 ) ,总优良率 88%。结论　应用深低温冷冻异体跟腱重建PCL可有效改善膝关节稳定性 ,术中股骨及胫骨隧道准确定位、术后系统康复治疗是确保手术疗效的关键     

Arthroscopic follow-up of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using allogeneic tendon

We have made a long-term arthroscopic study of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions using cryopreserved allogeneic tendon in 49 knees. Not only the reconstructed ACL itself, but also the entire joints were arthroscopically evaluated from 18 through 59 months postoperatively. Physical examinations at the arthroscopic follow-up revealed that Lachman's sign was negative in 45 and mildly positive in 4 patients and that the pivot-shift sign was negative in 46 and mildly positive in 3 patients. ACL grafts did not show any biodegradation with time but maintained a thick and viable appearance, although 3 of the taut ones showed partial necrosis in the anterolateral part. Fibrillation of the patellofemoral articular surface was commonly found, although no patients complained of anterior knee pain. Degenerative changes were usually found in those patients who had resumed strenuous activity without their menisci being intact. Follow-up arthroscopy was useful for monitoring the overall structures inside the post-operative knees, enabling us to persuade the patients to regulate their activity on the basis of objective evidence.     

Ten year follow-up after single incision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft

AIM: We evaluated 74 patients 10 years after arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction using the central third of the patellar tendon as autograft. METHOD: IKDC, Tegner and Lysholm scores were used for clinical evaluation. Ligament stability was tested using the Rolimeter instrument. For statistics we used the Chi square test. RESULTS: At follow-up the Tegner activity level was 5.2, the Lysholm score was 93.6 points. Subjective assessment for function was rated normal or nearly normal in 83.7 %, for stability in 71.6 %. The side-to-side difference measured with the Rolimeter was normal in 87.8% and nearly normal in 12.2 %. Pivot shift was proven to be negative in 94.6 %. 29.7 % of patients showed degenerative changes in X-rays at follow-up. There was a significant correlation between time interval from injury to surgery and the grade of degenerative changes. Arthrosis significantly correlates with the rate of meniscus injury. Acute operative treatment increases the rate of arthrofibrosis significantly. CONCLUSION: To avoid osteoarthrosis we recommend an early (subacute) ACL reconstruction and meniscus refixation in the case of meniscus injury.     

关节镜下自体和同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的疗效比较

[目的]探讨关节镜下自体和同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的疗效。[方法]将本院2013年1月~2014年12月收治的86例陈旧性前交叉韧带损伤重建患者随机分为2组,每组43例。自体肌腱组行自体腘绳肌腱重建,异体肌腱组行同种异体肌腱重建。术后,对两组患者重建后免疫排斥反应、膝关节功能(Lysholm、Tegner、IKDC)、胫骨前移程度(KT 2 000、Lachman)、关节运动肌力进行评价。[结果]异体肌腱组重建后免疫排斥反应[疼痛>1周(32.6%)、关节积液穿刺抽液(55.8%)、白细胞计数>10×10~9L~(-1)(53.5%)]大于自体肌腱组(27.9%、51.2%、46.5%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后两组Lysholm、Tegner、IKDC评分显著升高(P<0.05),但两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后两组KT 2 000评分显著降低(P<0.05),但两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后两组Lachman评价差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。异体肌腱组术后膝关节肌肉峰力矩(屈膝、伸膝、内旋、外旋)无显著变化(P>0.05);自体肌腱组术后膝关节肌肉峰力矩(屈膝、内旋)显著降低(P<0.05),且低于异体肌腱组(P<0.05)。[结论]关节镜下自体和同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效相当,可依据患者情况合理选择。     

Simultaneous reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament by using allogeneic patellar tendon under arthroscopy

With fast development of arthroscopic surgery inChina, simple reconstruction of ACL (anteriorcrucial ligament) or PCL has been reported in number. However , the methods concerningsimultaneous reconstruction of ACL and PCL are rarelyreported. Simultaneous …     

The outcome at 15 years of endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft for 'isolated' anterior cruciate ligament rupture

The purpose of this study was to report the outcome of 'isolated' anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures treated with anatomical endoscopic reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft at a mean of 15 years (14.25 to 16.9). A total of 100 consecutive men and 100?consecutive women with 'isolated' ACL rupture underwent four-strand hamstring tendon reconstruction with anteromedial portal femoral tunnel drilling and interference screw fixation by a single surgeon. Details were recorded pre-operatively and at one, two, seven and 15 years post-operatively. Outcomes included clinical examination, subjective and objective scoring systems, and radiological assessment. At 15 years only eight of 118?patients (7%) had moderate or severe osteo-arthritic changes (International Knee Documentation Committee Grades C and D), and 79 of 152 patients (52%) still performed very strenuous activities. Overall graft survival at 15 years was 83% (1.1% failure per year). Patients aged < 18 years at the time of surgery and patients with > 2?mm of laxity at one year had a threefold increase in the risk of suffering a rupture of the graft (p = 0.002 and p?=?0.001, respectively). There was no increase in laxity of the graft over time. ACL reconstructive surgery in patients with an 'isolated' rupture using this technique shows good results 15 years post-operatively with respect to ligamentous stability, objective and subjective outcomes, and does not appear to cause osteoarthritis.     

自体骨-股四头肌腱重建后交叉韧带的临床应用

目的探讨关节镜下利用自体髌骨块-股四头肌腱植入和可吸收界面螺钉挤压固定方法重建后交叉韧带（PCL）的效果。方法 17例PCL损伤患者,术前膝关节功能Lysholm评分平均（64.5±5.8）分;IKDC分级：C级11例,D级6例。术中探查后切取股四头肌腱移植物进行修整,建立后外侧辅助通道,再制作胫骨与股骨隧道,然后植入股四头肌腱,两端隧道均用可吸收界面螺钉挤压固定。术后予膝关节角度锁定助行器辅助锻炼6-12周,3个月后恢复正常行走。结果所有患者均获随访,平均48（36-84）个月,无血管神经损伤及移植物失败等严重并发症。1例患者轻微活动时疼痛,2例患者剧烈活动或长时间行走后关节疼痛,1例患者偶感患膝不稳,均无伸膝受限,最后随访时膝关节主动屈曲活动度平均为132°（120°-140°）。术后Lysholm评分平均（89.5±5.6）分,明显高于术前（t=0.020,P〈0.01）;IKDC分级：A级10例（58.8%）,B级6例（35.2%）,C级1例（5.8%）。结论采用关节镜下改良技术行股四头肌腱重建PCL可以使手术更加顺利完成,成功率高,创伤小,并发症少,对供区无不良影响,临床取得满意的疗效。     

自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带固定方法研究现状与进展

前交叉韧带损伤常用治疗方法为自体腘绳肌腱移植重建术.移植物的固定对于重建早期的稳定性及腱-骨愈合具有重要作用.目前移植物的固定方法多种多样.通常可分为直接固定和间接固定或可分为骨道内固定与非骨道内固定.不同固定方法有不同的固定力学特点,其腱-骨愈合亦不同.目前在临床常用的有界面螺钉、内置纽扣、横穿钉及肌腱结固定等.各种固定方法的临床应用结果均各有优缺点,并不能认为何种固定效果最佳.     

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar autograft tendon

There are many techniques, graft choices, and outcome studies evaluating anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The current authors specifically look at reconstruction with the patellar tendon from a scientific perspective. Miniopen, endoscopic, and two-incision operative techniques in addition to hamstring versus patellar tendon autograft reconstructions are compared via randomized prospective studies. A review of all studies evaluating arthroscopically-assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon was conducted. The authors found arthroscopically-assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to have a high short-term stability rate, extremely high patient satisfaction level, and a low postoperative complication rate. When the endoscopic technique was compared with the two-incision technique, there were no major differences. The difference between patellar tendon and hamstring autograft reconstruction can be described best as subtle, except for the consistent finding of an increased activity level in the patellar tendon group. When the principles of anterior cruciate reconstruction are followed, one can expect consistent results with patellar tendon autograft reconstruction.     

Long-term outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with an autologous four-strand semitendinosus tendon autograft

Purpose

Although the short- and mid-term outcomes of ACL reconstruction with a hamstring graft are promising, clinical investigations reporting the long-term results after ten years or longer are rare. Therefore we performed a retrospective single-blinded evaluation of ACL reconstruction using a four-stranded single-bundle reconstruction with a semitendinosus tendon graft with extracortical fixation.

Methods/Results

At follow-up patients obtained at least the same level in the clinical outcome scores (Lysholm, IKDC, Tegner) compared to previous studies with a similar follow-up time using a STG graft. Furthermore there was no detectable difference in the incidence of osteoarthritis. Patients having a negative pivot shift test showed significantly fewer signs of radiographic osteoarthritis and better functional assessment scores.

Conclusion

On the basis of our investigation, we conclude that the reconstruction of the ACL by a quadrupled semitendinosus tendon graft with extracortical anchorage can achieve excellent clinical and subjective results after a follow-up of ten years.     

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the semitendinosus-gracilis tendon transplant

ACL reconstruction using autogenous semitendinosus and gracilis tendons has become more popular in the past, mainly because of less frequent donor site morbidity and a high level of patient acceptance. Numerous tibial and femoral fixation techniques have been described, which differ considerably with respect to the site of fixation (cortical, tunnel, near the joint line) and biomechanical parameters. Most commonly used femoral fixation techniques include fixation buttons (EndoButton), interference screws (titanium or biodegradable), or transfixation techniques. For tibial fixation, biodegradable interference screws, often in combination with a tibial fixation button or a suture over a bone bridge, are used most commonly. Each fixation technique has specific disadvantages, which cannot be completely overcome even with a precise operative procedure. Therefore, combined fixation techniques (hybrid fixation) have been developed to enhance biological healing of the graft while simultaneously providing sufficient initial mechanical strength. Furthermore, an atraumatic graft harvest and preparation depending on the desired fixation technique is essential. Most fixation techniques exhibit less initial mechanical strength compared to bone-tendon-bone grafts, which should be considered in a moderate rehabilitation program.