侧脑室和腰椎蛛网膜下腔持续交替引流治疗高血压脑出血破入脑室分析

目的 探讨侧脑室和腰椎蛛网膜下腔交替持续外引流术治疗高血压脑出血破入脑室的疗效.方法 将64例高血压脑出血破入脑室患者随机分成2组,治疗组与对照组各32例.治疗组采用侧脑室和腰椎蛛网膜下腔置管交替持续引流术;对照组采用传统脑室外引流术结合腰椎穿刺术.结果 治疗组死亡1例,发生梗阻性脑积水1例;对照组死亡4例(12.5%),发生梗阻性脑积水5例,同时治疗组的脑室血肿清除度大大快于对照组(χ2=10.8 P＜0.05).结论 侧脑室外引流和腰椎蛛网膜下腔置管持续交替引流术,治疗高血压脑出血破入脑室可明显降低病死率和致残率,减少并发症和后遗症.     

微创血肿清除术辅助亚低温疗法治疗脑室出血的临床分析

目的 探讨高血压脑出血破入脑室的治疗方法及其效果评价.方法 将133例高血压脑出血破入脑室患者随机分为3组：常规治疗组,行内科保守治疗;微创治疗组,在内科治疗的同时行微创颅内血肿清除术＋侧脑室引流术;联合治疗组,行微创治疗＋亚低温治疗.比较3组治疗前后神经功能缺损评分、治疗效果和治疗后3个月随访Barthel指数.结果 联合治疗组有效率为65.22%,高于微创治疗组和常规治疗组（P＜0.05）;联合治疗组治疗3个月患者日常生活活动能力亦高于微创治疗组和常规治疗组（P＜0.05）.结论 微创颅内血肿清除术＋侧脑室引流术操作简单、安全可靠、损伤小、术后恢复快;亚低温具有脑保护功能,加快神经功能恢复.微创术和亚低温联合治疗高血压脑出血破入脑室可显著降低病死率和致残率.     

微创治疗高血压脑出血破入脑室46例临床观察

目的　探讨高血压脑出血破入脑室的治疗方法。方法　对 46例高血压脑出血患者 ,通过脑室外引流并辅以尿激酶脑室内反复灌洗治疗。结果　基本治愈 16例 ,显著进步 14例 ,进步 4例 ,死亡 12例。结论　脑室外引流辅以尿激酶治疗高血压脑出血破入脑室简单、有效。     

高血压性脑出血行侧脑室及血肿腔双引流术的护理体会

高血压性脑出血是中老年入常见的脑血管疾病，传统的内科护理治疗，病死率和病残率高，尤其是血肿破入脑室者。我院自2001—02～2004—02采用侧脑室及血肿腔双管引流术治疗高血压性脑出血破入脑室系统21例，取得满意疗效，现将护理体会报告如下。     

脑出血破入脑室的治疗体会

目的：探讨高血压脑出血破入脑室的治疗方法并降低死亡率。方法：该组40例高血压脑出血破入脑室的病人用开颅血肿清除，血肿内引流、脑室外引流等手术方法加术后脑室内尿激酶注入、腰穿等方法。结果：优9例占22．5％，良15例占37．5％，差6例占15％，朱醒1例占2．5％，死亡9例上22．5％。结论；根据病情选择适当的治疗方法是降低死亡率的有效方法。     

26例脑出血破入脑室患者的外科治疗分析

1　临床资料本组 2 6例病人 ,男 19例 ,女 7例 ,年龄 9～ 71岁 ,平均5 6岁。 18例既往有高血压病史 ,动态中发病 ;3例为颅脑外伤 ;3例考虑脑血管畸形 ,自发出血 ;2例为妊娠分娩过程中发病。术前单侧脑疝形成 15例 ,双侧脑疝形成 4例。头颅CT扫描证实 :脑室出血、脑室铸型 2例 ,基底节区出血破入脑室2 4例。2　治疗方法与结果单纯脑室出血、脑室铸型的 2例病人治疗方法 :(1)双侧脑室额角CSF外引流术 ;(2 )脑室内尿激酶灌洗 ;(3 )经腰蛛网膜下腔CSF恒压引流术。基底节区出血破入脑室 2 4例病人 ,治疗方法 :(1)血肿对侧脑室额角CSF外引流 …     

早期侧脑室外引流联合尼莫地平治疗高血压性丘脑出血破入脑室系统

目的探讨早期侧脑室外引流联合尼莫地平治疗高血压性丘脑出血破入脑室的临床疗效,提高对这一疾病的认识及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析49例早期在急诊科EICU行侧脑室外引流术联合尼莫地平治疗丘脑出血破入脑室患者的临床资料。结果生存率83.7%,良好率63.3%。结论早期侧脑室外引流术联合尼莫地平综合治疗丘脑出血破入脑室疗效确切,可提高患者生存率,促进患者神经功能恢复。     

侧脑室前后角穿刺引流治疗高血压脑出血破入脑室

目的探讨高血压脑内血肿破入脑室系统的微侵袭手术方法.方法CT扫描定位脑内血肿和侧脑室前、后角,钻颅置入引流管抽吸排空血肿,冲洗引流.对手术病人进行随访.结果22例血肿消失时间分别为2 d 5例,3 d11例,4 d 4例,5 d 2例.均临床治愈出院.随访3个月～2年,ADL分级Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级2例.结论立体定向侧脑室前、后角穿刺引流治疗高血压脑出血破入脑室安全、有效.     

钻孔抽吸引流治疗高血压脑出血破入脑室的体会(附23例报告)

目的探讨钻孔抽吸引流治疗高血压脑出血破入脑室的可行性及有效性。方法经CT检查确诊高血压脑出血破入脑室患者23例,局麻或全麻下行钻孔侧脑室额角/血肿腔抽吸引流,术后注入尿激酶1万U+生理盐水1ml,随后注入1ml生理盐水封管,2h后开放引流,2次/d。结果出院时根据GOS评分评估预后:恢复良好6例,中度残疾6例,重度残疾7例,死亡4例。死亡率为17.4%(4/23)。结论微创钻孔抽吸引流是治疗高血压脑出血/破入脑室的安全、有效的手术方法。     

血肿穿刺加脑室外引流治疗高血压脑出血89例临床分析

目的探讨血肿穿刺引流加脑室外引流高血压脑出血的治疗方法。方法对89例高血压脑出血破入脑室行血肿及脑室同时穿刺外引流加尿激酶注入治疗临床资料的分析。结果 89例患者术后6个月随访,生活能自理者32例;基本能自理者25例;不能自理者22例;植物生存者7例;死亡3例。结论高血压脑出血破入脑室,采取血肿及脑室穿刺外引流加术后尿激酶注入溶解的治疗方法,一般3~5 d血肿基本消失,手术创伤小,恢复快。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。