联合营养支持对胰十二指肠切除术后病人肝功能和临床结局的影响

目的 比较胰十二指肠切除术后肠外营养(PN)联合肠内营养(EN)支持与单纯PN对病人术后肝功能与临床结局的影响.方法 回顾我院2002年1月至2007年12月接受胰十二指肠切除术(duodenopancreatectomy,PD)共109例的临床资料,其中56例术后接受PN联合EN营养支持(PN+EN组),53例单纯给...     

胰十二指肠切除术后病人对肠内联合肠外营养模式的顺应性研究

目的:研究胰十二指肠切除术后病人对两种营养支持模式的顺应性和效果。方法:36例胰十二指肠切除术病人,男24例,女12例,中位年龄61(43～75)岁,分为两组:18例接受全肠内营养(EN),18例接受EN联合肠外营养(PN);对比两组营养支持的实施、临床表现、营养相关不良反应和实验室指标等。结果:两组病例的术后并发症发生率无统计学差异。EN联合PN组病人对EN耐受性优于单纯EN组:EN联合PN组仅1例(5.6%)因腹泻而中止EN,其余均完成EN:EN组病人9例(50%)不耐受,4例病人需减慢EN灌注速度,未完成部分由PN补足,5例不得不中止EN,完全改为PN两组病人营养等相关性指标无统计学差异。结论:EN联合PN模式更适用于胰十二指肠切除术后病人的营养支持。     

胰十二指肠切除术后经空肠营养管行自制膳食肠内营养支持的临床研究

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后经空肠营养管给予自制膳食行肠内营养支持治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析我科2006年12月至2010年3月行胰十二指肠切除术60例,其中术中置空肠营养管（肠内营养组,EN组）28例,未置空肠营养管（肠外营养组,PN组）32例,比较两组的肠功能恢复（排气时间）、营养状况（血清白蛋白、总蛋白、前白蛋白）、住院时间、住院治疗费用、术后并发症（吻合口瘘发生率）等方面指标.结果 两组均完成营养支持计划,在住院时间、住院治疗费用、术后营养状况、肠功能恢复时间、术后并发症发生率方面组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 术中留置空肠营养管术后行自制膳食营养支持治疗具有住院时间短、费用低、营养状况改善明显、并发症发生率低等优点.     

胰十二指肠切除术后营养支持方式的探讨

目的:比较肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN)支持对胰十二指肠切除(PD)术后病人营养状态的改善、术后并发症发生率的影响,探讨PD术后营养支持的意义及临床应用的价值。方法:在2008年至2011年间,按特定筛选标准入组40例病人。通过随机对照的方法比较PD术后病人EN和PN支持模式后的营养状态、术后并发症发生率的变化。结果:PN组和EN+PN组白蛋白和转铁蛋白水平在术前1 d,术后第7、10天无统计学差异(P>0.05);前白蛋白水平在术后第7、10天有统计学差异(P0.05),但EN+PN组并发症总数明显少于PN组(P<0.05)。PN组病人出现肝功能损害机会较大(P<0.05),EN+PN组病人中心静脉导管拔除时间和住院时间均明显短于PN组,住院费用也明显少于PN组(P<0.01)。结论:PD术后病人PN和EN支持对营养状况都有明显改善作用,PN营养支持在术后早期相对EN有一定优势,但长期应用存在较多不利因素,在胃肠功能恢复后,应尽早行消化道EN,并以EN和PN联合方式进行术后营养支持。     

胰十二指肠切除术后的营养支持

目的比较胰十二指肠切除术(PD)后,肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN)费用效果比。方法随机将我院2000年6月至2006年6月PD75例分为EN组(35例)和PN组(40例);营养支持均从术后24h开始。两组采用等热量、等氮量方案,对比两组患者术后营养状况变化、并发症发生率以及营养支持费用。结果PD后EN和PN均能改善患者的营养状态。EN组较PN组术后平均住院时间短、并发症发生率低,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);EN组营养支持费用少于PN组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论PD术后EN较PN安全可靠且费用低廉,EN是PD患者营养支持的首选方案。     

肠内、肠外营养对门静脉高压症患者术后恢复的影响

目的探讨肠内、肠外营养对门静脉高压症患者术后恢复的不同效果。方法将135例行贲门周围血管离断术的门静脉高压症患者随机分为肠内营养(EN)组、肠外营养(PN)组和对照组。术后分别行EN,PN营养支持和常规补液治疗,观察临床和实验室指标,以判断两种不同营养方式的治疗效果。结果EN,PN组患者的营养状态、免疫功能均获改善,两组之间无差异(P>0.05),但对肝功能的影响及腹腔感染发生率,EN组均明显低于PN组(P<0.05)。结论对门静脉高压症患者,术后肠内营养支持是一种更合适的营养支持方式。     

肠内营养在腹部手术后胃瘫治疗中的应用分析

目的探讨肠内营养在腹部手术后胃瘫治疗中的作用。方法对2000年至2003年在我院收治的腹部手术后胃瘫患者78例进行回顾性分析,其中肠内营养(EN)组30例,肠外营养(PN)组30例及对照组18例。检测治疗前后的营养指标,并比较各组胃肠减压量、胃瘫恢复时间及并发症发生率。结果EN组、PN组治疗后体重(BW)、前白蛋白(PA)和白蛋白(Alb)均高于对照组(P<0.05),而EN组与PN组间差异无统计学意义;EN组胃排空恢复时间明显短于PN组和对照组(P<0.01);胃肠减压量在治疗7 d后明显少于PN组和对照组(P<0.05),治疗14 d后与PN组和对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。EN组并发症的发生率明显低于PN组和对照组。结论肠内营养能有效促进胃瘫的恢复,对腹部手术后胃瘫患者应尽量采用肠内营养支持。     

全胃切除围手术期的肠内和肠外营养联合应用

目的探讨肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN)联合应用在全胃切除围手术期的治疗作用.方法 52例进展期胃癌中41例术前即给予PN支持;所有病人在全胃切除术后均给予PN,待肠功能恢复后转为EN.结果 48例(92.3%)术后3d内肠功能恢复.EN期间,5例(9.6%)出现肠鸣、腹痛或轻度腹泻, 经减慢营养液滴入速度后症状逐渐缓解.术后第10d血浆白蛋白与术前比较明显增加(P<0.01);所有病人术后第10d达到了正氮平衡.结论 PN与EN联合营养可改善病人的营养状态,降低营养费用,是全胃切除围手术期较理想的营养治疗方式.     

肠外、肠内营养序贯治疗重症急性胰腺炎的临床应用

目的观察肠外营养、肠内营养序贯治疗对重症急性胰腺炎的影响。方法将45例SAP患者随机分为两组,分别予以全肠外营养(TPN)治疗和肠外营养(PN)+肠内营养(EN)治疗,观察两组患者治疗2周后的APACHEⅡ评分、CT评分及血清白蛋白变化,并比较两组感染发生率、外科手术率、平均住院天数及病死率的差异。结果两组患者治疗后APACHEⅡ评分、CT评分及血清白蛋白水平明显改善。两组间白蛋白水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。PN+EN组的APACHEⅡ评分、CT评分显著低于TPN组(P=0.017,P=0.002);PN+EN组胰腺及胰周感染发生率、手术率、住院时间及病死率均低于TPN组(P0.05或0.01)。结论 PN+EN序贯治疗重症急性胰腺炎优于TPN治疗。     

黄连素对胃切除术后病人胃肠激素的影响

目的 观察黄连素联合早期肠内营养对胃大部切除术病人胃肠激素的影响.方法 将2008年8月至2010年8月拟择期行胃大部切除术的50例病人分为4组:肠外营养组(PN) 12例,黄连素联合肠外营养组(RPN)12例,早期肠内营养组(EN) 13例,黄连素联合肠内营养组(REN) 13例.PN及EN组于术后第1～6天分别给予...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.