肝动脉和经动脉门脉造影螺旋CT联合应用对肝癌的诊断价值

目的　探讨螺旋CT扫描在肝动脉造影CT(CTHA)和经动脉门脉造影CT(CTAP)对肝癌的诊断价值。方法　分析 2 1例肝癌病人CTAP和CTHA图像 ,并与螺旋CT三期增强扫描进行对照。结果　三期增强扫描病灶检出率为 72 .4% (5 5 /76) ;CTAP病灶检出率为 96.1% (73 /76) ;CTHA病灶检出率为 88.2 % (67/76) ;CTAP和CTHA联合应用病灶检出率为 98.7% (75 /76) ,可检出 0 .5cm的微小癌灶。CTAP和CTHA均可出现非病理性表现 ,CTAP灌注异常出现率为 2 2 .3 % ,CTHA非病理性强化灶出现率为 3 0 .2 %。结论　螺旋CT动脉造影能显著减少造影剂用量 ,提高图像质量 ,CTAP和CTHA联合应用肝癌病灶检出率明显高于CT三期增强扫描。CTAP和CTHA结合分析可减少假阳性率。     

CTHA和CTAP在肝癌介入治疗中的应用

目的:研究肝动脉造影CT和经动脉门脉造影CT在肝癌介入治疗中的应用价值和意义。方法:10例原发性肝癌介入治疗前行肝动脉造影CT(CTHA)和经动脉门脉造影CT(CTAP)检查;术中行数字减影肝动脉造影(DSA)。结果:CTHA、CTAP联合检查与常规CT、DSA比较,分别多发现新癌灶11个(26/37)和12个(25/37)。准确判断非复发癌灶2个和1个坏死灶。结论:CTHA、CTAP是肝癌介入治疗前准确判断肿瘤数量和存活度最敏感和准确的方法,对于介入治疗方案的实施、疗效评价有很重要的作用。     

CTHA/CTAP 诊断肝癌 TACE 术后复发17例分析

2003年月1月～2006年4月，我们对由于甲胎球蛋白（AFP）升高而螺旋CT三期扫描未见明确肝癌17例，行CTHA／CTAP检查，并同时行数字减影血管造影（DSA），经肝动脉灌注碘油与化疗药物，4～6周后行肝CT平扫。现分析报告如下。     

经动脉门脉造影CT（CTAP）在小肝癌诊断中的临床应用和研究

近年来，经动脉门脉造影CT（computed tomography arterial portography,CTAP)仅少数国外作者进行了原发或继发性肝癌诊断研究，我们共进行了25例CTAP检查，其目的为了解CTAP法在发现肝脏实质占位病灶（直径≤3．0cm)的敏感性如何，并且同其他影像诊断技术进行比较。结果显示：15例小肝癌病人经手术病理证实共发现21个病灶（肿瘤直径≤3．0cm)，CTAP对肿瘤直径≤3．0cm和≤1．0cm的敏感性分别为90．5％（19／21）和75％（6／8），明显高于其他影像诊断技术，我们对肝癌在CTAP图上的表现和是否存在门静脉参与供血等问题进行了探讨，总之CTAP在发现肝内小占位病灶（尤其直径≤1．0cm)的敏感性是目前所有影像诊断技术中最高的一种检查方法，怀疑肝内有占位病灶者，可合理选择性使用。     

经皮肝动脉的门静脉造影诊断小肝肿瘤的价值

目的:评价经皮肝动脉的门静脉造影(CTAP)诊断小肝癌及肝内小转移瘤的价值。材料和方法:对12例经病理证实为肝癌或肝转移瘤患者进行CTAP检查,其中肝癌6例,肝转移瘤6例;比较CTAP与常规CT、DSA、碘油造影CT病变检出率。结果:CTAP发现的病灶23个,常规CT 12个,DSA 16个,碘油造影CT 23个。结论:CTAP对发现小肝肿瘤有重要作用,可成为患者介入治疗前的影像检查方法之一。     

脾动脉参与肝癌供血的DSA表现及介入治疗

目的 探讨脾动脉参与肝癌供血的DSA表现及超选择性介入栓塞治疗的方法与价值.方法 自2005年3月至2008年6月,于897例肝癌患者中经血管造影证实脾动脉参与肝癌供血7例.采用5 F Yashiro导管联合3 F SP导管超选择脾动脉肝癌供血支造影,行化疗栓塞术后注入适量明胶海绵颗粒或无水乙醇行栓塞治疗.结果 造影示脾动脉肝癌供血支2例为主要供血动脉,5例为非主要肝癌供血动脉.所有病例脾动脉肝癌供血支均完全栓塞.术后AFP下降均>50%,2例降至正常.术后4～6周CT复查显示肿瘤直径缩小2.5～4.6 cm.结论 脾动脉分支参与肝癌供血比较少见.对脾动脉参与肝癌供血者,超选择并充分栓塞脾动脉肝癌供血支对提高肝癌介入治疗的效果具有重要意义.     

肝总动脉常规造影与长时间低流率造影对肝癌病灶检出的对比分析

目的 比较腹部数字减影血管造影(DSA)常规参数造影(RA)与长时间低流率造影(LTLRA)对肝癌病灶检出的敏感性,并研究肝癌病灶的造影影像特征.资料与方法对就诊的220例肝癌患者行DSA肝总动脉双参数造影(RA与LTLRA),对造影图像进行评价并对检出病灶在大小及数量方面进行测量统计对比分析.结果 对220例肝癌患者行RA共检出病灶562个,病灶直径最小0.8 cm;行LTLRA共检出病灶691个,直径最小0.3 cm.220例病例中,140例在两种参数下造影检出病灶数相同,80例出现病灶检出数及染色差异.经统计学卡方检验,RA与LTLRA对肝癌病灶检出的敏感性有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 (1)RA与LTLRA相比,LTLRA可明显提高病灶检出率,特别是对血供不丰富及较小病灶的检出更敏感;但RA对显示血供丰富的病灶更明显.(2)RA与LTLRA联合应用对肝癌病灶的检出有更高的敏感性,肝总动脉双参数造影可作为肝脏动脉内化疗栓塞术(TACE)的常规造影.     

左侧膈下动脉参与肝癌供血的介入治疗研究

目的 探讨左膈下动脉(LIPA)对肝癌的供血及其介入性栓塞在肝癌治疗中的价值.评价经导管行LIPA栓塞化疗的安全性和效果.资料与方法 对16例经DSA确认有LIPA 参与肝癌供血者进行肝动脉栓塞化疗术(TACE).其中,结节型15例,巨块型1例.术前行CT或MRI平扫及增强扫描,术中常规行腹腔动脉、肝动脉及膈下动脉造影,在确认供血范围后将导管超选择至供血支,先用碘油-抗癌乳剂栓塞肿瘤末梢血管,然后注入明胶海绵颗粒或聚乙烯醇(PVA)颗粒.观察术后临床经过、相关实验室检查和影像学表现,并与DSA进行对照分析.结果 病灶位于肝左叶13例(81.2%):5例位于S3, 5例位于S2,3例位于S4.病灶位于肝右叶(S5)3例 (18.8%).16例患者LIPA TACE全部成功.8例进行LIPA化疗栓塞时发现肝动脉完全阻塞.2例术后发生左下肺叶盘状肺不张和少量胸腔积液.结论 LIPA参与肝癌供血多见于多次行TACE的患者并且肿块位于肝左叶.栓塞LIPA的安全性很高,并发症少且多为自限性.     

胸主动脉造影在急诊支气管动脉栓塞术中的作用

目的 探讨胸主动脉造影在急诊支气管动脉栓塞术中的意义.方法 2008-01-2010-11间73例患者在本科接受急诊介入支气管动脉栓塞治疗,其中71例进行了胸主动脉造影.对所有患者的术前CT、介入术中DSA资料、并发症、栓塞效果以及胸主动脉造影征象进行回顾性分析.结果 胸主动脉造影即可发现并栓塞病变血管者60例,6例未能发现病变血管,4例仅发现一侧病变血管所在,而选择性插管发现另一侧病变支气管动脉,1例患者胸主动脉造影及选择插管均未发现病变血管.在进行胸主动脉造影的71例患者中,胸主动脉造影发现与栓塞血管完全符合率为84.5%(60/71),未显 示率为8.45%(6/71),部分显示率5.63%(4/71).结论 支气管动脉栓塞术中胸主动脉造影造影剂用量小于胸部增强CT或CTA,对于选择性插管有指导意义,特别是对于咯血急诊介入治疗时具有很大的临床价值.     

CT引导下经皮肝穿刺微波治疗原发性肝癌后肝动脉造影表现

目的:探讨原发性肝癌微波治疗后的DSA表现及临床意义。方法:本组共12例原发性肝癌,均为单发病灶,肿瘤直径3.0～6.5cm(平均4.4cm),经皮肝穿刺微波治疗术后1～3个月内行肝总动脉及可疑区域供血动脉超选择性血管造影,同时对残留及复发灶进行栓塞治疗。结果:术后造影表现为微波治疗的肿瘤区多为无血管区,呈圆形或类圆形无染色或低密度染色区;治疗边缘区可见以下几种征象:肉芽形成(7例)、出血(3例)、边缘残留或复发(7例)和无异常造影征象(2例)。肝内异位复发灶(7例)造影表现同其原发肿瘤常见造影表现。本组12例造影发现原位边缘复发和/或肝内异位复发灶8例并全部完成栓塞治疗。结论:微波治疗区域的边缘征象的发现和鉴别是判断局部残留及复发的关键,DSA在疗效的观察及进一步综合治疗中有较高的临床价值。     

CTHA、CTAP在肝癌介入治疗后复查中的作用和意义

研究ＣＴＨＡ、ＣＴＡＰ在肝癌介入治疗复查中的应用价值和意义。材料与方法１４例原发性肝癌ＴＡＥ术后患者进行ＣＴＨＡ、ＣＴＡＰ检查。结果ＣＴＨＡ、ＣＴＡＰ发现已栓塞灶周边复发２１个,新病灶３７个。结论ＣＴＨＡ、ＣＴＡＰ是肝癌介入治疗复查中最敏感和特点和特异的方法,对于评价疗效及早期发现病灶都有重要作用。     

肝脏局限性肿块的发现：CT DSA快速CTAP及MR检查的比较

本研究的目的是比较快速ＣＴＡＰ与ＣＴ，ＤＳＡ及ＭＲ发现肝脏局限性肿块的能力。在１９９４年９月－１９９５年４月的７个月中１２例患者因诊断目的进行ＣＴ、ＤＳＡ及快速ＣＴＡＰ检查，其中４例进行了ＭＲ检查，然后，每一例患者的一项检查结果由２－３名副嘛任以上的专业医师加以诊断。     

Ferumoxide-enhanced MR imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation with histologic tumor grade and tumor vascularity

PURPOSE: To evaluate ferumoxide-enhanced MR imaging findings of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in correlation with the histologic tumor grades and the tumor vascularity evaluated by CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA) and CT during arterial portography (CTAP) combined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: By searching the radiologic, surgical, and pathologic reports of our institution between January 1999 and February 2001, we identified 43 patients with 51 pathologically confirmed HCCs who underwent ferumoxide-enhanced MR imaging and combination CTHA and CTAP within two weeks. The HCCs consisted of 17 well-differentiated, 28 moderately differentiated, and six poorly differentiated tumors. The MR and CT were retrospectively reviewed by two radiologists in consensus for signal intensity on MR images and vascularity on CT. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated to correlate the frequency of tumors with ferumoxide uptake with the histologic tumor grades and the tumor vascularity on CTHA and CTAP. RESULTS: A total of 45 tumors (88%) did not take up ferumoxide, and thus showed distinct, homogeneous hyperintensity. Six tumors (12%) ranging 5-16 mm in size (mean, 11 mm) took up ferumoxide, and thus showed isointensity, mixed intensity, or hypointensity, including five of 17 (29%) well-differentiated tumors and one of 28 (4%) moderately differentiated tumors. Five of the six tumors (83%) showed hyper- or hypovascularity on CTHA or hypovascularity on CTAP. The frequency of tumors with ferumoxide uptake showed weak correlation with tumor grades (coefficient = 0.26, P < 0.01) and vascularity on CTHA (-0.35, P < 0.05) and CTAP (0.39, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Although a small number of well-differentiated HCC take up ferumoxide and show iso-, mixed, or hypointensity, most such tumors show increased hepatic arterial or decreased portal venous perfusion. The present results suggest the limitation of reticuloendothelial contrast imaging, particularly in the diagnosis of small, well-differentiated HCC.     

Diagnosis of hepatic neoplasms using CT arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography

Both computed tomography arterial portography (CTAP) and CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA) are CT techniques with angiographic assistance. The detection sensitivity of these techniques is high because marked lesion contrast can be obtained using direct delivery of contrast materials to the liver parenchyma or the tumors. The use of CTAP and CTHA may improve therapeutic results after transarterial embolization therapy for hepatocellular carcinomas because of their high diagnostic accuracy. Findings on CTAP or CTHA can sometimes help characterize the hepatic focal lesions. Thus, CTAP and CTHA are frequently performed as pretreatment examinations, although they are invasive compared to intravenous (IV) contrast-enhanced CT or magnetic resonance imaging. However, there are some potential pitfalls, such as nontumorous perfusion abnormalities. CTAP and CTHA are less effective for evaluation of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. This article presents a current overview of CTAP and CTHA technique for diagnosis of hepatic neoplasms.     

Diagnostic accuracy of helical CT arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography for hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver damage. An ROC analysis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the detectability of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in chronic liver damage with helical CT arterial portography (CTAP) and CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-nine HCC patients who underwent CTAP and CTHA were studied. Diagnostic abilities of CTAP alone, CTHA alone, or combined CTAP and CTHA were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Fifty-three images with 53 HCC nodules were evaluated. Tumor size ranged from 5 to 90 mm (mean 22.8 mm). Sensitivities and specificities for all techniques were calculated. RESULTS: ROC analysis showed the diagnostic ability significantly better with combined CTAP and CTHA (mean area under the ROC curve (Az)=0.95), or CTHA alone (Az=0.93) than CTAP alone (Az=0.87) (p<0.01). Combined CTAP and CTHA showed the best sensitivity (95.0%), followed by CTHA alone (88.1%) and CTAP alone (85.5%). The specificities of all three imaging techniques were relatively low (54.1% for combined CTAP and CTHA, 71.1% for CTHA alone, and 54.1% for CTAP alone) because of perfusion abnormalities of the liver parenchyma. CONCLUSION: The combination of CTAP and CTHA is superior to CTAP alone for detection of hypervascular HCCs. However, its specificity was relatively low in chronic liver damage.     

CT during hepatic arteriography and portography: an illustrative review.

The combination of computed tomography (CT) during arterial portography (CTAP) and CT during hepatic arteriography (CTHA) has been used for evaluation of hepatic neoplasms before partial hepatic resection. Focal hepatic lesions that can be demonstrated with CTAP and CTHA include regenerative nodules, dysplastic nodules, dysplastic nodules with malignant foci, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hemangioma, and metastases. CTAP is considered the most sensitive modality for detection of small hepatic lesions, particularly small hepatic tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic tumors. CTHA can demonstrate not only hypervascular tumors but also hypovascular tumors and can help differentiate malignant from benign lesions. However, various types of nontumorous hemodynamic changes are frequently encountered at CTAP or CTHA and appear as focal lesions that mimic true hepatic lesions. Such hemodynamic changes include several types of arterioportal shunts, liver cirrhosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, inflammatory changes, pseudolesions due to an aberrant blood supply, and laminar flow in the portal vein. Familiarity with the CTAP and CTHA appearances of various hepatic lesions and nontumorous hemodynamic changes allows the radiologist to improve the diagnostic accuracy.     

Regenerative nodules in liver cirrhosis: findings at CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography with histopathologic correlation

PURPOSE: To determine the appearance of regenerative nodules in patients with liver cirrhosis at computed tomography (CT) during arterial portography (CTAP) and CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: CTAP and CTHA of the liver were performed in 28 consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who were scheduled to undergo partial resection of the liver. Helical CTAP was performed after contrast material injection into the superior mesenteric artery followed by helical CTHA after contrast material injection into the hepatic artery. CT scans were analyzed for the presence of identifiable nodules and their size; results were correlated with gross and microscopic findings. RESULTS: Resected livers showed cirrhosis in 20 patients, chronic hepatitis in four, and normal liver in four. Among the 20 patients with cirrhosis, regenerative nodules were demonstrated as enhancing 3-10 mm nodules surrounded by lower attenuation fibrous septa 0.8-1.5 mm thick at CTAP in seven patients and nonenhancing nodules of the same size surrounded by enhancing fibrous septa at CTHA in 15 patients. The degree of fibrosis determined the conspicuity of nodules. CONCLUSION: Regenerative nodules in cirrhotic liver are visualized as enhancing nodules surrounded by lower attenuation thin septa at CTAP and nonenhancing nodules surrounded by enhancing fibrous septa at CTHA. CTHA is more sensitive than CTAP in depicting regenerative nodules (P < .005).     

Pre-operative detection of malignant hepatic tumours: value of combined helical CT during arterial portography and biphasic CT during hepatic arteriography

AIMS: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the observer performance with combined helical CT during arterial portography (CTAP) and biphasic CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA) in the pre-operative detection of malignant hepatic tumours. METHODS: Computed tomography images obtained in 41 patients with suspected hepatic tumours were retrospectively reviewed. In a blind fashion, three off-site, independent radiologists reviewed CTAP and early-phase CTHA combined for the first review, then late-phase CTHA was added for the second review. Statistical analysis was conducted on lesion-by-lesion and segment-by-segment bases; a total of 328 liver segments including 65 segments with 74 malignant hepatic tumours ranging in size from 5 to 100 mm (mean, 21.4 mm) were analysed. RESULTS: Sensitivity for detection of liver segments harbouring tumours of CTAP and biphasic CTHA combined (82%) was identical to that of CTAP and early-phase CTHA combined (82%). Specificity of CTAP and biphasic CTHA combined (93%) was greater than that of CTAP and early-phase CTHA combined (90%, P < 0.005). The mean confidence level for the 74 tumours significantly increased by adding late-phase CTHA (P < 0.0005). The mean confidence level for 100-142 benign perfusion abnormalities detected with CTAP and early-phase CTHA combined significantly decreased by adding late-phase CTHA (P < 0.0005). CONCLUSION: By combining late-phase CTHA with CTAP and early-phase CTHA information, the specificity for the detection of malignant hepatic tumours rises significantly, allowing more accurate preoperative tumour detection.