Single–Achilles Allograft Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Reconstruction: A Technique to Avoid Osseous Tunnel Intersection,Improve Construct Stiffness,and Save on Allograft Utilization

We present a method for single–Achilles allograft medial collateral ligament (MCL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction that eliminates the risk of tunnel intersection, stiffens the construct, and maximizes utilization of allograft tissue. An Achilles tendon allograft is prepared with an 11- to 12-mm bone plug with a gradual taper to 7 mm over approximately 15 cm. A transtibial PCL tunnel is created under fluoroscopic and arthroscopic guidance. The femoral tunnel is prepared in an “outside-in” fashion under direct arthroscopic visualization, originating at the anatomic origin of the MCL on the medial epicondyle and entering the joint at the anatomic origin of the anterolateral bundle of the PCL. The Achilles graft is pulled into the joint through the tibial tunnel and routed into the femoral tunnel so that the soft tissue exits at the medial epicondyle. The bone plug is fluoroscopically guided to the posterior aperture of the tibial tunnel and fixed with a bioabsorbable interference screw. The pretensioned graft is fixed in the femoral tunnel via interference screw fixation with the knee in 90° of flexion. The isometric position of the MCL insertion is identified with a K-wire isometer, and the graft is fixed in place at this point by use of an interference screw or screw and washer.     

关节镜下保留残存纤维结合七股自体腘绳肌腱单束重建后交叉韧带

目的研究膝关节镜下保留残存后交叉韧带(PCL)纤维结合7股自体腘绳肌腱单束重建PCL的临床效果。方法对13例PCL损伤,采用胫骨隧道技术结合7股自体腘绳肌腱进行单束重建,术中保留残存PCL纤维,移植物使用悬吊式固定,手术前后采用Lysholm膝关节功能评价表和Tegner下肢运动能力评价表进行评估,并了解患者膝关节的稳定性、活动度。结果所有患者随访12～36个月,术前和术后12个月Lysholm评分分别为(50.20±8.32)分和(87.23±4.20)分(P<0.05),Tegner评分分别为(2.03±0.33)分和(4.11±0.13)分(P<0.05)。术后12个月后抽屉试验阴性7例,Ⅰ度阳性5例,Ⅱ度阳性1例,所有患膝运动能力均较术前有所改善。结论关节镜下采用经胫骨隧道技术保留残存纤维结合7股自体腘绳肌腱单束重建PCL是一种恢复膝关节稳定性和功能的可靠方法。     

自体骨-髌腱-骨移植重建膝后交叉韧带

目的 介绍以自体骨－髌腱－骨重建膝关节后交叉韧带的方法并评价其对治疗膝关节后不稳定的临床效果。方法 采用膝前方入路,经胫骨－肌骨等长点骨隧道植入自体髋腱重建后交叉韧带（ＰＣＬ）,治疗陈旧性ＰＣＬ断裂所致慢性膝关节不稳病例２０例。采用Ｌａｒｓｏｎ膝关节功能评分、患者主观评价和膝关节稳定性检查评价其临床疗效。结果 ２０例患者术前Ｌａｒｓｏｎ评分平均６２分,沐后经６￣５８个月随访,平均评分达９２分,１８     

Arthroscopic Fixation of Avulsion of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament From Femoral Insertion

Femoral avulsion of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is not common, especially in adults. We present a case and an arthroscopic repair technique using 4 transfemoral tunnels; 2 anterior tunnels for fixation of the anterior bundle of the PCL and 2 posterior for the posterior bundle. Our case was that of a femoral avulsion of the PCL associated with tibial avulsion of the anterior cruciate ligament and femoral avulsion of the medial collateral ligament of the left knee in an adult. We repaired the tibial avulsion of anterior cruciate ligament using an arthroscopic transtibial suture technique and the femoral avulsion of the medial collateral ligament by using staple fixation.     

Arthroscopic reduction of posterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fracture using two cross-linked pull-out sutures: A surgical technique and case series

Surgical treatment of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tibial avulsion fracture is challenging due to the deep-seated location of the lesion with complex adjacent anatomy and usually with small-sized bone fragment. We introduce a novel arthroscopic reduction technique using two cross-linked pull-out sutures (2XLPOS) through triple bone tunnels in posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tibial avulsion fracture.Posterior trans-septal portal was established following the four standard arthroscopic portals. Bilateral margins of the PCL with 1～2?mm margin from the border were penetrated using suture hook. Fiberwire sling tied with a No. 0 PDS knot was introduced anterior to the PCL by the two posteriorly pulled shuttle sutures. Three bone tunnels were drilled in the inferomedial, inferolateral, and apex edge of the avulsed tibial crater. Each end of the Fiberwire was drawn out through the inferomedial and inferolateral bone tunnel, respectively. Two ends of the No. 0 PDS were drawn out through the apex tunnel by the same manner. Fiberwire was tied on the anteromedial aspect of the proximal tibia with one strand of the No. 0 PDS placed underneath the Fiberwire knot. And, the No. 0 PDS loop was tied to complete cross-linking of pull-out construct.Arthroscopic reduction of PCL tibial insertion avulsion fracture using 2XLPOS technique was performed in eleven patients. Mean range of motion at the first postoperative year was 126.8°. Mean Lysholm score, Tegner activity scale, and IKDC was 69.2, 4.2, and 58.1, respectively. Posterior instability decreased from mean 12.6?mm preoperatively to 3.2?mm at 1-year postoperative follow up. Radiographic union of the fracture site was confirmed in 11 cases. Our new surgical technique yielded good clinical and radiological outcome, and we consider it is unique in utilizing two cross-linked sling type pull-out suture constructs and triple bone tunnels for their passage.     

The posterior cruciate ligament arthroscopic evaluation and treatment

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is an anatomically and biomechanically complex structure. PCL injuries are reported to occur in 1–40% of acute knee injuries, with isolated PCL tears less common that PCL tears combined with other ligament injuries. Diagnosis of PCL injuries requires a high index of suspicion, careful physical examination, imaging studies, and systematic arthroscopic evaluation. Surgical reconstruction is recommended for acute PCL tears combined with other ligament or structural injuries, and when there is a negative tibial step off in an isolated PCL tear. Isolated acute PCL tears with a positive tibial step off or flat tibial step off may be treated with rehabilitation and observation and reconstructed later if symptomatic. Arthroscopic techniques of PCL reconstruction are becoming more refined and reproducible and may increase the predictability of this surgery. Carefully documented pre- and postoperative evaluations are required to judge the effectiveness of PCL reconstructive procedures.     

改良全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建后十字韧带的实验研究

目的 探讨采用改良全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建膝关节后十字韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)手术方法的特点及优势.方法 设计专门的胫骨隧道形态及配套的胫骨钻头,设计移植物的形态和固定方法.在5具成人膝关节标本上模拟操作,年龄25～65岁;左膝2例,右膝3例.设计出全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建PCL的手术操作流程(包括建立胫骨隧道的方法,移植物的引入等).操作完成后切开实验标本,进行二次观察,观察胫骨隧道内口的形态和位置是否达到设计的要求.通过对30张正常MRI片进行测量,确定胫骨隧道的角度,明确术中PCL定位器的角度.结果 胫骨隧道内口设计成14 mm×7 mm×15 mm的圆锥状,外口为直径7 mm的圆柱状,配套的胫骨钻头设计成分体式,钻头在体外装配.胫骨平台后缘斜坡与水平成36°～47°,定位器角度设定为50°.移植物使用异体跟腱,移植物骨块设计成圆锥状,与胫骨隧道内口相匹配,移植物胫骨隧道外口使用纽扣钢板固定.5例标本手术均获得成功,切开行二次检查结果显示,其中4例移植物和胫骨隧道匹配,另1例隧道外口直径偏小,移植物无法完全嵌入.结论 改良全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建膝关节PCL手术具有操作简单、准确、快速、固定牢靠的特点.

Abstract：

Objective To improve the arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction using tibial Inlay technique. Methods The special arthroscopic device and related fixation technique were designed. Five cadaveric knees were used to simulate the process of arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using tibial Inlay technique. The knees were cut open to observe whether the outlet of the tibial tunnel shape and location met the design requirements. Thirty normal MRI films were measured to identify tunnel angle and localizer angle. Results The inner outlet of tunnel was conical shape(14 mm×7 mm×15 mm) and the outer outlet was cylinder-shaped (a diameter of 7 mm). The tibial drill was designed into a split structure and could be assembled in vitro. According to the data obtained from MRI films, the angle between the plane of posterior cruciate ligament and horizontal place was 36°-47°, and the localizer was fixed at 50°.The achilles tendon was used as implant and the allogft bones were designed into conical shape to fit the inner outlet of tunnel. The other end of implant to the proximal tibia was fixed with button plate. All reconstruction operations were performed under arthroscopy. The outcomes of procedure were satisfactory. There were no vascular or peripheral nerve injuries in the cadaveric knees The tunnel position was accurate and the shape of tunnel had met the design requirements. Conclusion Our results imply that improved arthroscopic of posterior cruciate ligament using tibial Inlay technique is simple, accurate, rapid and stable fixation.     

Isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries associated with closed tibial shaft fractures: a report of two cases

Introduction  Knee ligament injuries associated with tibia shaft fractures are usually neglected and treatment is delayed. To our knowledge, no case presentation discusses the clinical result of closed tibial shaft fracture with concomitant ipsilateral isolated PCL injury. In this literature, we report the clinical result of two cases that sustained closed tibial shaft fracture with concomitant PCL injury and discuss the treatment options. Materials and methods  We report the clinical result of two cases that sustained closed tibial shaft fracture with concomitant posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury. Case 1 received open reduction with plate fixation for the tibial shaft fracture, and he also received arthroscopic reconstruction of PCL with bone-patellar tendon-bone graft due to neglecting PCL injury 5 months later after fracture fixation. Case 2 sustained left tibial-fibular shaft fracture with isolated PCL injury confirmed by magnetic resonance image on the first day of injury. She received tibia fixation with intramedullary nail and conservative treatment with bracing and rehabilitation for PCL injury. Results  In case 1, the male patient only focused on fracture healing without any knee rehabilitation. His knee flexed deeply for protected weight bearing in the injured leg which may have exacerbated the posterior instability and reduced the possibility of PCL healing. The end result of knee function was poor even though PCL reconstruction was done later. In case 2, the female patient with diagnosed posterior cruciate ligament injury on the day of injury, her knee was immobilized in brace with full extension, which improved PCL healing. In addition, she received rehabilitation of quadriceps strengthening, and hamstring muscle contraction was avoided in her daily activity. After rehabilitation, the female patient did not complain of severe subjective instability even with an obvious posterior translation on posterior drawer test. Conclusions  We need to perform a careful physical examination of ipsilateral knee in cases of leg fractures, and MRI of knee before surgery if any doubt exists. However, a further research is needed to conclude on the best operation and rehabilitation program in patients with combined tibial shaft fracture and PCL injury. No support from any institution was gained for this study.     

股骨单隧道内分叉双束纤维重建后交叉韧带的实验研究

目的在人膝关节标本上行股骨单隧道分叉双束纤维重建后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL),探讨其术式的优缺点。方法应用力学试验机对14侧捐赠新鲜冷冻人膝关节标本进行生物力学测试,男12侧,女2侧;年龄20～31岁。标本股骨段长20cm,胫骨段长20cm。首先测量PCL完整时胫骨后移距离和交叉韧带的应变(完整组,n=14);然后切断PCL(切断组,n=14),测量胫骨受力时的后移距离后,再将标本随机分为两组:单束重建组(n=7)和分叉双束重建组(n=7),分别测量屈膝0、30、60、90和120°5个角度时胫骨后移距离和移植韧带的应变。结果胫骨受到100N后向力量,完整组在不同屈膝角度下,胫骨向后移位1.97±0.29～2.60±0.23mm,前外束和后内束纤维交替紧张松弛。切断组膝关节明显松弛,胫骨向后移位达11.27±1.06～14.94±0.67mm,与完整组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);单束纤维重建组,在不同屈膝角度下胫骨向后移位1.99±0.19～2.72±0.38mm,移植韧带持续紧张。双束纤维重建组在不同屈膝角度下胫骨向后移位2.27±0.32～3.05±0.44mm,移植的双束纤维交替紧张,协同作用。组内比较:双束重建组在不同屈膝角度时胫骨向后位移差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而单束重建组在屈膝90°时与屈膝30、60和120°时相比,胫骨后移增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论股骨单隧道内分叉双束纤维重建PCL术在各屈膝角度均能有效防止胫骨后移,股骨单隧道单束重建术屈膝90°时后移较其他角度时增大。分叉双束重建PCL的两束纤维束交替紧张,生物力学特征更接近于正常PCL。     

Arthroscopic-assisted posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft: a technique for graft passage

During arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, passage of the graft into the knee joint may be difficult, especially when using the patellar tendon. Because of the angle of passage, the bone block ends may become entangled or caught on the superior edge of the posterior tibial tunnel when passing the graft from the tibia to the femur. The use of a blunt trocar through the posteromedial portal avoids impingement of the bone block against the edge of the tibial tunnel. This method uses the pulley principle and permits the graft to pass freely into the knee. This method has been used successfully by the authors in more than 40 PCL arthroscopic reconstructions.     

Anatomic double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons

Recent biomechanical studies have shown that an anatomic double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction is superior in restoring normal knee laxity compared with the conventional single-bundle isometric reconstruction. We describe a modification of an endoscopic PCL reconstruction technique using a double-bundle Y-shaped hamstring tendon graft. A double- or triple-bundle semitendinosus-gracilis tendon graft is used and directly fixed with soft threaded biodegradable interference screws. In the medial femoral condyle, 2 femoral tunnels are created inside-out through a low anterolateral arthroscopic portal. First, in 80° of flexion, the double-stranded gracilis graft is fixed with an interference screw inside the lower femoral socket, representing the insertion site of the posteromedial bundle. In full extension the combined semitendinosus-gracilis graft is pretensioned and fixed inside the posterior aspect of the single tibial tunnel. The double- or triple-stranded semitendinosus tendon is inserted in the higher femoral tunnel, presenting the insertion site of the anterolateral bundle. Finally, pretension is applied to the semitendinosus bundle in 70° of flexion and a third screw is inserted. Using this technique, the stronger semitendinosus part of the double-bundle graft, which mimics the anterolateral bundle of the PCL, is fixed in flexion, whereas the smaller gracilis tendon part (posteromedial bundle) is fixed in full extension. Thus, a fully arthroscopic anatomic PCL reconstruction technique is available that may better restore normal knee kinematics as compared to the single-stranded isometric reconstruction.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 1 (January), 2001: pp 88–97     

A Proposal for a New Tibial Guide System for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is always a challenge to the orthopaedic surgeon. It is difficult when the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is intact. We propose a new guide system through the posteromedial portal, avoiding ACL damage. The arthroscope is inserted anteromedially (30°), and anterolateral portals are used for instruments to confirm the diagnosis and inspect the joint to search for and treat associated lesions that may appear eventually. The posteromedial portal is located posterior to the collateral medial ligament superficially, adjacent to a portion of the posteromedial femoral condyle, which is located 1 cm proximal to the posteromedial tibial plate (where a skin marker must be used before insufflation of the knee). Our system is designed with an articular end in the form of a rasp, which helps prepare the area of the posterior tibia to be stripped before the tibial tunnel is drilled while being protected by the drill guide; this simplifies the preparation and creation of the tibial tunnel via a single device, which can be done with a 30° arthroscope but is easier with a 70° arthroscope. The guide system through the posteromedial portal is used to determine a fixed 40° angle of approach to the tibia in the anteroposterior direction to drill the tibial tunnel; this approach is particularly helpful in the presence of an intact ACL. The graft into the femoral tunnel is fixed with a bioabsorbable interference screw whose size must fit the graft and the tunnel walls. Before tibial graft fixation, it is necessary to reduce the posterior drawer. In the tibia the bundle corresponding to the anterolateral portion is tensioned and fixed under flexion, followed by the posteromedial portion in extension, by means of a Bottom Fix system (Smith & Nephew, Mayfield, MA) placed near the exit of the tibial tunnel.     

关节镜下胫骨端RigidFix、股骨端IntraFix固定技术重建后交叉韧带

目的探讨胫骨端RigidFix和股骨端IntraFix固定重建技术治疗后交叉韧带损伤的临床疗效。方法2007年3月-2010年3月,采用同种异体胫前肌腱为移植物重建后交叉韧带35例,男27例,女8例。年龄25—42岁,平均32．5岁。左膝12例,右膝23例。移植物胫骨端以RigidFix横穿钉固定,股骨端以Intra Fix挤压螺钉固定。术后通过体格检查、Lysholm评分及国际膝关节文献管理委员会（International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC）评分来评价手术疗效。结果所有手术成功,无骨折或定位偏离等并发症。术后随访24～60个月,平均35．3月。末次随访时35例胫骨下陷征均为阴性;Lachman征阴性33例,I度阳性2例;后抽屉试验阴性31例,I度阳性3例,Ⅱ度阳性1例。Lysholm评分85．0±4．5（80～98）分,优9例,良25例,中1例。IKDC评分85．1±2．6（81～95）分,A级9例,B级26例。上述指标均较术前明显改善。结论胫骨端RigidFix和股骨端IntraFix固定重建后交叉韧带时不用顾忌移植物长度限制,操作简单;中心固定不会影响移植物的位置,可避免对移植物造成切割,避免干扰腱骨界面。此项技术切实可行、固定可靠,且不易发生并发症,疗效优良。     

关节镜下股四头肌腱髌骨块嵌入挤压固定重建后交叉韧带

目的设计关节镜下股四头肌腱髌骨块嵌入和异体骨栓挤压固定方法重建后交叉韧带(PCL),观察其治疗PCL损伤的疗效。方法自2002年6月-2005年12月,对13例PCL损伤患者采用关节镜下股四头肌腱髌骨块嵌入和异体骨栓挤压固定方法进行重建。股四头肌腱移植物的获取中保证髌骨上极和股四头肌腱条的连接;股骨隧道制作为“瓶颈”样;股四头肌腱移植后将与之连接的髌骨块敲击嵌入股骨“瓶颈”样隧道,胫骨隧道内用特制异体骨栓挤压固定移植肌腱。治疗效果采用Lysholm评分和国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)的分级标准评定。结果所有患者获得3-37个月(平均19个月)随访,无患者发生神经血管损伤、移植物失败等严重并发症。所有患者均无膝关节不稳定症状,2例患者客观检查有后向不稳定体征;除3例患者剧烈活动后关节疼痛外,其余患者关节疼痛症状明显缓解。1例患者髌骨上极股四头肌腱内有少许钙化现象。Lysholm评分术后高于术前,差异有极显著性意义(P<0．01);IKDC评定结果明显优于术前。结论采用股四头肌腱移植物对取材部位无不良影响,移植物生物力学特性更接近PCL,且可以切取任意长度和宽度,保证远大于PCL的强度。移植物固定采用本设计的骨块嵌入和异体骨栓挤压的方法,成功率高、并发症少,有明显优越性。     

关节镜下缝线“8”字打结空心钉固定治疗前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折

目的探讨关节镜下缝线“8”字打结、空心钉固定治疗前交叉韧带（ACL）胫骨止点撕脱性骨折的可行性及近期疗效。方法对15例ACL胫骨止点撕脱性骨折行关节镜下ACL胫骨止点缝合及空心钉固定术,采用在关节镜下结合常规关节镜人路和经髌腱人路进行骨折复位固定,术中使用双根5号Ethibond聚乙烯缝线,在韧带下方、骨块上方经前内侧人路从后往前拢住韧带,并打结呈“8”字形,经韧带两侧胫骨骨隧道拉到胫骨内下方。在骨隧道下方2cm处打入带垫圈的直径4．5mm空心钉,做后抽屉试验,同时拉紧固定线,复位骨块,将固定线固定于空心钉垫圈下,拧紧空心钉。结果手术时间40～60min,平均50min。15例随访6～18个月,平均12个月。术后6周,所有骨折均获愈合,未出现移位。术后3个月,1例有I度前抽屉试验阳性,其余患者均为阴性。所有患者屈伸膝活动度正常。术后半年Lysholm膝关节功能评分90～96分。结论关节镜下缝线“8”字打结空心钉固定治疗ACL胫骨止点撕脱性骨折,术中关节镜监控可靠,操作简便,效果满意,值得推广。     

关节镜下四股腘绳肌腱重建后交叉韧带

目的 探讨关节镜下四股腘绳肌腱重建后交叉韧带及其影响因素。方法 采用开口螺旋肌腱剥离器,保留肌腱远端附着点,肌腱肌肉交界处切断肌腱,对折四股编织转移镜下重腱后交叉韧带,内口侧采用可吸收挤压螺钉固定。结果 12例术后平均随访29个月。术前后抽屉试验10例阳性,术后1例阳性;Lachman试验术前均阳性,术后1例阳性,1例弱阳性;轴移试验术前5例阳性,术后均消失。按照日本骨科协会制定的膝关节疗效评定标准,优良率为83.3％。结论 镜下四股(?)绳肌腱重建后交叉韧带,韧带两端无骨块,通过隧道较B—PT—B顺畅。可吸收螺钉在隧道内口侧固定,愈后内口消失,避免受韧带撞击使之逐渐扩大引起重建韧带松驰、关节不稳。胫骨隧道外口原附着点的牢固附着,股骨隧道外口的坚强固定,使重建后交叉韧带有足够强度。手术具有创伤小,能早期锻炼,功能恢复快的特点。     

单隧道免打结锚钉治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折

目的总结关节镜下利用单隧道免打结锚钉治疗后交叉韧带(PCL)胫骨止点撕脱骨折的效果。 方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年4月淮南朝阳医院骨科收治的PCL胫骨止点撕脱骨折患者,按照纳入排除标准,共纳入36名行关节镜单隧道免打结锚钉内固定治疗的患者。比较每例患者术前及术后6个月的膝关节活动度(ROM)、国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)膝关节韧带评估表、Lysholm膝关节功能评分及并发症情况,进行配对立样本t检验。 结果术后6个月随访ROM范围(t＝－22.231)、IKDC评分(t＝－34.958)、Lysholm评分(t＝－40.802)均比术前明显改善(均为P<0.05);所有患者均未出现腘窝神经、血管损伤。 结论采用关节镜下单隧道免打结锚钉内固定技术治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折,膝关节功能恢复情况满意。     

关节镜下双股半腱肌腱转移重建后交叉韧带

目的:报告关节镜下双股半腱肌腱转移重建后交叉韧带及分析影响其手术效果因素。方法:采用开口螺旋肌腱剥离器,保留肌腱远侧附着点,在近侧腱肌交界处切断半腱肌腱,对折两股编织转移镜下重建后交叉韧带。隧道内口侧可吸收挤压螺钉固定,股骨隧道外口加强固定。结果:手术28例,平均随访33个月,按照日本骨科协会制定的膝关节疗效评定标准,优良率为85.7％。结论:(1)关节镜下双股半腱肌腱转移重建后交叉韧带,较B-PT-B通过隧道时柔顺通畅;(2)隧道内口可吸收钉挤压固定,愈后内口消失,避免韧带撞击内口使之逐渐扩大引起重建韧带松驰。(3)隧道内外口的坚强固定,使重建后交叉韧带有足够刚强度。     

Mucoid Degeneration of Both ACL and PCL

Unlike meniscal tears and chondral defects, the mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a rare cause of knee pain and there have been no case reports of mucoid degeneration of both the ACL and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). A 48-year-old-male patient presented with knee pain and limitation of motion. The patient''s magnetic resonance imaging, arthroscopic findings, and pathologic diagnosis confirmed a clinical diagnosis of mucoid degeneration of both the ACL and the PCL. The symptoms disappeared after arthroscopic partial excision of the ACL and PCL.     

后十字韧带单束重建联合小切口切开腘腓韧带重建治疗严重膝关节不稳定

目的 评估后十字韧带(posterior cmciate ligament,PCL)单束重建联合小切口切开腘腓韧带(popliteofibular ligament,PFL)重建治疗严重的膝关节后向和后外旋转不稳定的临床结果.方法 自2003年7月至2007年4月,共有28例连续的患者接受关节镜下PCL单束重建联合小切口切开PFL重建手术.人选条件:所有患者均为严重的膝关节不稳定,后抽屉试验为3~+或以上,胫骨后移程度与健侧相比≥12mm,胫骨外旋程度大于健侧10°以上,同时不合并外侧副韧带的损伤.入选的患者接受关节镜下单束PCL重建,使用异体跟腱作为移植物.在膝关节外侧通过两个小切口切开,使用异体胫前肌腱重建PFL.股骨侧切口位于股骨外上髁,长度为2cm;腓骨侧切口位于腓骨头,长度为3 cm.结果 术后平均随访时间为39.7个月.使用膝关节应力像评估后向稳定性,胫骨后移程度(患侧与健侧的差值)由术前(17.7±4.5)mm减小为术后(4.5±3.9)mm,胫骨外旋程度(患侧与健侧的差值)由术前16.0°±4.7°减小为术后-2.8°±6.4°,术前与术后的差异有统计学意义.IKDC评分:术前28例均为D级,术后A级为10例,B级9例,C级8例和1例D级.结论 关节镜下PCL单束重建联合使用小切口切开PFL重建能够有效地改善膝关节后向和后外旋转不稳定.