后路经寰枢椎侧块关节螺钉固定融合治疗类风湿性寰枢椎不稳

目的 探讨对类风湿性寰枢椎不稳患者行后路经寰枢椎侧块关节螺钉固定融合治疗的手术方法总总结初步疗效。方法 对１５例类风湿性寰枢椎不稳的患者采用后路经关节突侧块螺钉固定的方法,行寰枢椎（Ｃ１,２）即刻牢固固定。为保证确切的三点固定和植骨融合,同时辅以寰枢间植骨与钛丝固定。结果 患者寰枢椎间稳定性得到恢复,无并发症发生;随访６～１４个月（平均１０个月）,１５例患者均获骨融合。结论 经后路寰枢椎侧块关节螺     

寰枢椎不稳的颈后路手术治疗

目的 对寰枢椎不稳的颈后路手术治疗进行探讨。方法 共78例患者,男57例,女21例;年龄3－78岁,平均42岁。其中齿突骨折（新鲜骨折、陈旧骨折、骨不连）38例,齿突游离小骨15例,寰椎横韧带断裂8例,寰枢椎肿瘤6例,枕颈部发育畸形6例,寰椎椎弓陈旧性骨折5例。78例均行颈后路手术,包括枕颈融合术32例,其中单纯植骨融合11例,辅以CD－Cervical内固定11例,Cervifix内固定10例;寰枢椎融合术46例,其中钢丝钛缆内固定37例（9例同时行寰枢椎经关节间隙螺钉内固定术）,Apofix椎板夹内固定9例。结果 78例均获随访,时间6个月－18年,平均38．4个月。骨性愈合75例,不愈合3例。术前合并神经系统症状38例,术后症状消失或基本消失20例,明显改善11例,轻度改善3例,无改善2例,加重2例。结论 对于由寰枢椎骨折脱位、畸形、肿瘤及横韧带断裂等引起的寰枢椎不稳,应早期进行后路融合术。充分控制寰枢椎活动,精心准备植骨床是保证手术成功的关键。     

枕颈融合Cervifix内固定术

目的：研究Cetwifix内固定在枕颈融合术中的价值和作用。方法：对47例上颈椎不稳患者行枕颈部自体植骨融合Cervifix内固定术，其中陈旧性寰枢椎骨折脱位14例，枕寰枢椎复合性畸形13例，寰枢椎肿瘤10例(其中原发性寰枢椎肿瘤6例，转移性寰枢椎肿瘤4例)，寰枢椎类风湿性关节炎伴寰椎前脱位8例，寰枢椎结核2例。结果：47例患者均获随访，时问3～38个月，平均9个月。46例植骨愈合，1例植骨块部分吸收骨不连。31例颈髓神经压迫症状均有不同程度的改善。无一例发生Cetwifix内固定螺钉松动等并发症。结论：Cervifix内固定可提供坚强有效的节段性固定，适用于枕颈不稳的治疗。     

SSE寰枢椎挂钩内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的探讨SSE寰枢椎挂钩在治疗寰枢椎不稳中的应用。方法总结分析自2003年6月～2005年5月收治的10例寰枢椎不稳患者的临床资料。所有患者均行颈后路复位减压植骨融合SSE寰枢椎挂钩内固定术,术后复查颈椎动力位X线片、CT及CT三维重建,并结合患者恢复情况,综合评价SSE寰枢椎挂钩在治疗寰枢椎不稳中的应用。结果10例患者均获随访,随访2～18个月,平均11.5个月。术前症状消失或明显改善,无脱钩、内固定断裂等内固定物失败的现象。影像学资料显示:SSE寰枢椎挂钩位置良好,无挂钩松动、移位,无寰枢椎不稳复发等情况。结论SSE寰枢椎挂钩为治疗寰枢椎不稳的一种新型内植物,其固定强度更大、固定效果更可靠,手术操作简单,为寰枢椎不稳的治疗提供了一种新的选择。     

颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的总结颈椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎不稳的效果,探讨寰枢椎不稳的固定方法。方法采用颈后路椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合治疗寰枢椎不稳8例。术前均行颅骨牵引。结果平均随访12个月。所有患者症状消失,植骨块全部融合,无内固定装置松动。结论椎弓根螺钉技术稳定性良好,具有三维固定的优点,为颈后路内固定提供了一种安全有效的方法。     

上颈椎类风湿关节炎与脊髓损伤

目的 对颈椎类风湿关节炎累及枕颈部或寰枢椎的患者行颈后路植骨融合内固定治疗。方法 对本组17例颈椎类风湿关节炎的患者（神经功能损害按Ranawat分级：Ⅱ级5例、ⅢA级10例、ⅢB级2例）,行颈后路植骨融合内固定术,其中4例垂直半脱位（VS）患者和4例难复性寰枢椎半脱位（AAS）患者行枕颈减压融合内固定术、9例可复性或复位效果较好的AAS患者行钛缆寰枢椎融合固定术。结果 随访1．5～7．5年（平均3．5年）,17例均获骨性融合,15例患者的神经功能获不同程度改善,2例虽无改善但亦无神经损伤加重。结论 早期寰枢椎或枕颈部稳定手术,似可有效减缓颈椎类风湿关节炎（RA）的炎症破坏过程;同时发现RA病程仍呈进行性,但术后17例患者的齿突周围血管翳较术前明显减小。     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定与融合术治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的观察采用寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定与融合术治疗寰枢椎不稳的效果。方法对21例寰枢椎不稳行寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定与融合术。结果本组平均随访23个月,神经症状得到不同程度的改善;螺钉位置良好,6个月后患者均获植骨融合;术后8个月JOA评分(13.9±2.1)分。结论寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳是寰枢椎后路固定较好的手术方式。     

APOFIX内固定系统治疗寰枢椎脱位

目的：探讨颈后路植骨Apofix内固定术治疗寰枢椎脱位的临床效果。方法：回顾性分析1998年6月－2001年5月共11例寰枢椎脱位患，均作了颈后路Apofix固定手术，结果：经4个月－3年（平均1．6年）随访，所有患均在3－6个月获性融合，局部症状缓解率91％（10／11），术后脊髓功能改善情况，优8例（占73％），良2例（占18％），中1例（占9％），结论：寰枢椎脱位颈后路Apofix内固定术具有操作简便，固定可靠，临床效果良好等优良，对减轻颈髓损害以及提高预后具有良好效果。     

颈后路椎弓根钉内固定植骨融合术治疗寰枢椎不稳定骨折

目的：探讨颈后路椎弓根钉内固定植骨融合术治疗寰枢椎不稳定骨折的临床疗效。方法：2008年7月至2013年7月,采用颈后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定植骨融合术治疗寰枢椎不稳定骨折患者21例,男14例,女7例;年龄20-55岁,平均32岁。术中利用寰枢椎椎弓根钉的提拉及牵引作用对移位的寰枢椎进行复位。结果：21例患者均获随访,时间6-24个月,平均12.5个月。伤口均愈合,无感染等并发症,术前患者均有不同程度四肢症状,术后6个月21例患者临床症状均缓解。术后6个月,ASIA评分的运动、轻触及针刺评分分别是99.45±0.27、111.09±0.47、111.11±0.58,较术前明显提高（P〈0.05）;VAS及NDI评分分别为1.04±0.38、12.56±2.24,均较术前明显提高（P〈0.05）;影像学检查示内固定位置好,未见寰枢关节不稳。结论：颈后路椎弓根钉内固定植骨融合术可以有效恢复寰枢椎关节的稳定性,减少并发症,疗效满意。     

后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位

目的探讨颈后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的临床效果。方法对25例寰枢椎不稳或脱位患者采用后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉系统复位固定并植骨融合治疗。结果所有患者术中无椎动脉及脊髓损伤发生,术后枕颈部不适症状均不同程度消失,受损脊髓神经功能改善明显。25例均获随访,时间12~36(18±6)个月。末次随访时,无螺钉断裂、松动或移位,颈椎复位满意,无寰枢椎再移位,失稳现象发生,全部获得骨性融合;颈椎屈曲功能良好,旋转功能轻度受限。结论后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定融合术是治疗寰枢椎不稳或脱位的有效方法。     

Spontaneous regression of periodontoid pannus mass in psoriatic atlantoaxial subluxation. Case report

STUDY DESIGN: A case report of a 41-year-old man with psoriasis who had cervical myelopathy caused by atlantoaxial subluxation and periodontoid pannus mass. OBJECTIVE: To describe the possible mechanism underlying the periodontoid pannus formation and the optimal treatment for such cases. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Atlantoaxial subluxation causing spinal cord compression at the craniocervical junction may develop in patients with rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis. Periodontoid pannus formation plays an important role in compromising the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal and in causing neurologic deficits. Transoral transpharyngeal excision of the pannus is sometimes thought necessary for anterior decompression of the spinal cord. Spontaneous resolution of the periodontoid pannus after posterior atlantoaxial fusion and fixation has been documented in rheumatoid arthritis, but not in psoriatic arthritis. METHODS: The patient underwent posterior atlantoaxial fusion and Halifax fixation. RESULTS: The patient experienced clinical improvement. Regression of the periodontoid pannus mass was observed on magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior fusion and instrumentation resulted in spontaneous regression of the pannus mass and symptomatic relief. This report provides evidence that atlantoaxial instability may be the sine qua non for the formation of periodontoid pannus, and that amelioration of such instability leads to spontaneous resolution of the pannus mass.     

寰枢关节类风湿性关节炎的影像学分析(附21例报告)

目的评估累及寰枢关节的21例RA患者经联合治疗的临床效果及其影像学特征。方法对平均病程为7．95年（2～26年）的21例患者行MTX＋其他DMARDs的联合治疗,同时行临床和影像学评估,明确16例存在寰枢椎前向半脱位、3例垂直半脱位、2例侧方半脱位。6例有明显枕颈部症状的寰枢不稳息者行后路寰枢或枕颈融合治疗。结果联合治疗的有效率为85．7％。RA病程越长,越易发生寰枢椎不稳和椎管矢状径减小,本组前向寰枢椎半脱位最常见。6例手术患者的齿突周围血管翳在随访中较术前明显减小。结论对累及寰枢关节的RA患者,无论有无寰枢椎不稳、有无症状或脊髓损伤的体征,均可成功行影像学评估且行MTX＋其他DMARDs的联合治疗可取得较好的疗效;为防止枕颈部脊髓压迫,宜对此类患者行常规、定期的临床和影像学评估。     

Occipitoatlantoaxial fusion utilizing a rectangular rod

Atlantoaxial subluxation has been treated conventionally by Gallie posterior fusion. This technique, however, has disadvantages such as the frequent occurrence of pseudarthrosis, a high probability of relapse, and the necessity of long-standing strict external fixation until bone fusion. To overcome these problems, posterior occipitoatlantoaxial fusion was performed using a rectangular rod that assures strong internal fixation in 16 patients with atlantoaxial subluxation. The condition was complicated by superior migration of the dens in five patients. Clinical and roentgenographic examinations before and after the operation showed improvements in neurological symptoms and in pain in the neck and occipital region in all patients. Bone fusion was observed in all patients and reduction, performed to the extent possible during the operation, was retained adequately. The present method, which provides strong internal fixation, allows bone fusion and early initiation of rehabilitation with a simple external support of the neck. It also facilitates laminectomy of C1 in patients with associated myelopathy. This procedure, therefore, is particularly effective in patients with marked instability or with rheumatoid arthritis and makes postoperative application of a halo vest or skull traction unnecessary.     

Atlantoaxial immobilization in rheumatoid arthritis: a prophylactic procedure?

Timing of surgical intervention in atlantoaxial instability due to rheumatoid arthritis is still controversial. An aim of this study was to investigate whether atlantoaxial fusion can prevent progression of instability and upward migration of the dens. Thirty-two patients with rheumatoid arthritis, who underwent posterior atlantoaxial fixation due to instability, were clinically and radiologically examined after a minimum follow-up of 5 years. The radiological measurements focussed on the extent of cranial vertical migration after atlantoaxial fusion. In none of the 20 patients available for follow-up examination was a vertical cranial migration observed, in spite of the ongoing course of the disease. These findings are in concordance with findings in the literature, and strongly suggest that, with atlantoaxial stabilization, the inflammatory process with destruction of the lateral masses of the atlas is able to prevent further deterioration with vertical cranial ¶migration.     

经后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合术治疗寰枢椎失稳

目的:探讨应用寰枢椎椎弓螺钉固定技术治疗寰枢椎失稳的临床疗效。方法:对2003年6月至2010年3月对收治的32例寰枢椎失稳患者采用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术进行治疗,其中男21例,女11例;年龄28～66岁,平均42.5岁;齿状突骨折18例,先天性游离齿状突7例,Jefferson骨折合并齿状突骨折4例,类风湿性关节炎致寰枢椎不稳3例。所有患者均伴有寰枢椎半脱位或失稳。术前JOA评分4～14分,平均(9.1±0.3)分。术前完善颈椎X线(包括动力位片)、螺旋CT三维重建及MRI等影像学检查,在CT轴位片上对寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉的置入点、置入角度及钉道长度等数据进行测量,并行颅骨牵引术。手术在全麻下进行,直视下完成寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉的置入、复位和植骨融合,植骨块被向后预弯的横联紧紧卡压于寰椎后弓与枢椎椎板棘突之间。比较术前和术后6个月的JOA评分,并计算改善率。结果:32例患者共置入寰枢椎螺钉128枚,无脊髓、神经根和椎动脉损伤发生。所有患者获随访,时间6～48个月,平均16个月。术后JOA评分11～17分,平均(15.9±0.2)分,平均改善率为86.1%。骨折的齿状突均完全愈合,植骨块全部融合,无内固定断裂和松动。结论:寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术是治疗寰枢椎失稳的有效方法,具有固定牢靠,操作相对安全方便、融合率高等优点,值得临床应用。     

Transarticular atlanto-axial screw fixation for treatment of C1-C2 instability

Posterior transarticular screw fixation of the C1-C2 complex has become an accepted method of arthrodesis for patients requiring posterior C1-C2 fusion. Since 2000, four patients (2 males and 2 females) were treated with this surgical approach for management of atlantoaxial instability, including odontoid fracture with unilateral C1-C2 luxation, odontoid pseudarthrosis, complex congenital malformation of the craniovertebral junction and rheumatoid arthritis. All patients underwent stabilization with 2 transarticular C1-C2 screws, without any posterior interspinous graft. Patients were maintained in a rigid cervical orthesis 3 months postoperatively. Results were good, without any complication, after a short mean follow-up (8 months). Technical aspects of the technique are reported, The risk of screw malpositioning and vertebral artery or neural injury is minimal and can be lowered by using preoperative CT scan and MRI, and by using intraoperative fluoroscopy. Transarticular C1-C2 screw fixation proves to be a major surgical approach for treatment of atlantoaxial instability.     

C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation: technical aspects.

OBJECTIVE: I review posterior atlantoaxial fusion with transarticular screw fixation, including indications, complications, and operative technique, emphasizing my experience. METHODS: The indications for C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation include traumatic injuries to the atlantoaxial complex, instability resulting from inflammatory disease (rheumatoid arthritis), and congenital abnormalities (os odontoideum). All patients underwent stabilization using cannulated C1-C2 transfacetal screws by the method described by Magerl. Supplemental interspinous fusion with bicortical autologous iliac crest graft and titanium cable was used to restore the posterior tension band by use of the method described by Sonntag's group. Preoperatively, all patients underwent imaging with plain radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, and axial computed tomography. Patients were maintained in a rigid cervical orthosis postoperatively. RESULTS: Measures used to improve safety and efficacy include patient positioning, fluoroscopic guidance, preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, axial computed tomography, and open reduction of C1-C2 subluxation before screw passage. In this series of 75 patients, fusion was obtained in 72 patients (96%). There were no instances of vertebral artery injury, errant screw placement, instrumentation failure, dural laceration, spinal cord injury, or hypoglossal nerve injury. CONCLUSION: C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation with a posterior tension band construct provides excellent fusion rates with few perioperative complications. Preoperative imaging and meticulous surgical technique improve outcomes.     

Occipitocervical stabilization for myelopathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Implications of not bone-grafting

BACKGROUND: Approximately 0.9 percent of the white adult population of the United States and 1.1 percent of the adult population in Europe are affected by seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. As many as 10 percent of those patients may need an operation for atlantoaxial subluxation. Severe instability, especially when associated with vertical subluxation of the odontoid process, can result in progressive cervical myelopathy. Typically, occipitocervical fixation has been performed for these patients with use of autograft bone to achieve long-term stability through a solid fusion. Harvesting the bone graft increases the operative risk to the patient and may result in increased morbidity. In our experience, patients who have had no clear radiographic evidence of fusion following use of occipitocervical instrumentation seemed to have done as well as those who have had obvious fusion. One assumption is that the clinical improvement might be attributable simply to stabilization of the joint rather than to osseous fusion. A longitudinal study was performed on patients with rheumatoid arthritis who required an operation because of craniocervical or upper cervical instability. METHODS: The results of clinical, radiographic, functional, and self-evaluations were studied to determine the efficacy of treatment and to compare the outcomes of bone-grafting with those of procedures done without bone-grafting in a group of 150 patients who underwent posterior occipitocervical stabilization with use of a contoured metal implant (a Ransford loop) that was affixed by sublaminar wires. Internal fixation was performed in 120 patients without bone-grafting and in thirty patients with use of autogenous bone-grafting. Preoperatively, 23 percent (thirty-five) of the 150 patients had mild neurological involvement (class II, according to the system of Ranawat et al.), 45 percent (sixty-eight) had objective findings of weakness and long-tract signs but were able to walk (class III-A), and 29 percent (forty-three) were quadriparetic and unable to walk (class III-B). The age of the patients at the time of the operation ranged from twelve to eighty-three years (mean, sixty-two years). RESULTS: There were significant improvements in postoperative Ranawat classes at all time-periods (range, p < 0.00005 to p = 0.0066) and in patient ratings of neck pain (range, p < 0.00005 to p = 0.0044) compared with preoperative scores. With the numbers available, there were no significant differences between the patients managed with a graft and those managed without grafting with respect to survival after the operation, Ranawat class, head or neck-pain rating, presence of subaxial abnormalities, radiographic craniovertebral motion, or vertical subluxation. Overall mortality at one month was 10 percent (fifteen of 150), although this value varied directly with the degree of preoperative disability. A second cervical spine operation was required in 11 percent (sixteen) of the 150 patients. CONCLUSIONS: While patients who have rheumatoid disease with anterior atlantoaxial subluxation should be treated with posterior atlantoaxial arthrodesis with use of bone-grafting and internal fixation, we believe that those who present with vertical instability and multi-level involvement can be treated with posterior occipitocervical stabilization with use of a contoured occipitocervical loop and sublaminar wire fixation without bone-grafting. Furthermore, we believe that the use of preoperative traction, bone cement, or a postoperative halo vest is unnecessary. Avoiding the harvesting of autogenous bone for grafting reduced the morbidity of this operation without compromising the outcome in these already sick patients.