脑卒中患者功能恢复的测定:自由步行与最大步行速度的比较

目的比较脑卒中患者自由与最大步行速度在评定功能恢复结果中的价值。方法对 3 2例恢复步行能力的脑卒中偏瘫患者 ,测定自然舒适状态下的 10m步行速度和 10m最大步行速度 ,用Fugl Meyer评定法评定下肢运动功能 ,用Berg平衡量表评定平衡功能 ,用功能独立性测量中的移动类项目测量综合移动能力。对自由步行和最大步行速度与临床评定变量间进行Pearson相关分析。结果自由步行和最大步行速度之间呈高度正相关 (r =0 95 3 ,P <0 0 0 1) ;自由步行和最大步行速度与平衡功能、下肢运动功能和综合移动能力之间呈高度正相关 (r =0 742— 0 83 4,P <0 0 0 1) ;但自由步行速度与功能恢复的相关性更高 (r =0 787— 0 83 4,P <0 0 0 1)。结论自由步行和最大步行速度都能够反映功能恢复结果 ,但是自由步行速度测定方法更实用、更安全和更敏感。     

Gait Impairments in Patients Without Lower Limb Hypertonia Early Poststroke Are Related to Weakness of Paretic Knee Flexors

ObjectiveTo describe gait characteristics of patients without clinical evidence of lower limb hypertonia within 2 months of stroke and explore the relationship between gait and residual motor function.DesignCohort study.SettingMotion analysis laboratory in a tertiary-care free-standing rehabilitation hospital.ParticipantsConsecutive sample of 73 eligible inpatients (first-known stroke <2 months postonset, walking independently, modified Ashworth score of 0 in the paretic lower limb) and 27 healthy controls (N=100).InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresGait speed, stride and step lengths and cadences, stance time, single-support and double-support times, and associated symmetry measures in patients at self-selected normal speed and controls at very slow speed (51.1±32.6 cm/s and 61.9±21.8 cm/s, respectively, P=.115); Fugl-Meyer lower extremity motor score (FM-LE) and isometric knee flexion and extension strength in patients.ResultsExcept the stride/step cadence, all temporospatial parameters significantly differed between the stroke and control participants. Furthermore, significantly greater asymmetries were found in the patients for the overall stance time, initial double-support and single-support times, and step cadence, reflecting smaller values in the paretic than nonparetic limb. Most temporospatial parameters moderately to strongly correlated with the gait speed (|r|: .72-.94, P<.0001), FM-LE (|r|: .42-.62, P≤.0005), and paretic knee flexor strength (|r|: .47-.57, P≤.0004).ConclusionsGait of patients without clinical evidence of lower limb hypertonia within 2 months of stroke is characterized by many temporospatial deviations and asymmetries. The self-selected normal gait speed, FM-LE, and paretic knee flexor strength can discriminate gait impairments in these patients shortly before inpatient discharge. It remains to be determined whether the observed relationships between paretic knee flexor strength and gait measures warrant the development of interventions for strengthening of the paretic knee flexors in order to improve gait early poststroke.     

脑卒中患者偏瘫侧下肢肌力与运动功能、平衡、步行速度及ADL的关系

目的探讨脑卒中患者偏瘫侧下肢肌力与运动功能、平衡、步行速度及日常生活活动能力 (ADL)等临床变量之间的相互关系。方法对 85例脑卒中偏瘫患者 ,用Motricity指数评测患侧下肢肌力 ;用Fugl Meyer法评测下肢运动功能 ;用Berg平衡量表测定平衡功能 ;测定 10m最大步行速度 ;用独立功能量表 (FIM )测量ADL能力。对偏瘫下肢肌力与运动功能、平衡、步行速度和ADL能力临床变量之间进行Pearson相关分析 ,然后进行逐步回归分析确定影响临床变量最重要的下肢肌力因素。结果患者偏瘫侧下肢肌力与运动功能、平衡、步行速度和ADL之间呈高度正相关 (r =0 5 92 -0 811,P <0 0 0 1) ;偏瘫侧踝屈曲肌力、膝伸展肌力和髋屈曲肌力分别是运动功能 (R2 =0 3 77,P <0 0 0 1)、平衡 (R2 =0 3 2 1,P <0 0 0 1)、步行速度 (R2 =0 173 ,P <0 0 0 1)、ADL(R2= 0 42 ,P <0 0 0 1)最重要的决定因素。结论脑卒中患者的偏瘫侧下肢肌力明显影响着患者运动功能、平衡、步行速度和ADL能力的恢复 ,合理地评价和改善偏瘫侧肌力 ,对优化康复治疗程序有重要意义。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者步行时间-距离因子临床决定因素的分析

目的判别决定脑卒中偏瘫患者步行时间-距离因子最重要的临床变量,为优化此类患者步行训练提供理论依据。方法30例恢复步行能力的脑卒中偏瘫患者,测定在自由状态的10m步行速度,求得患者的步行速度、步长和步频等时间-距离因子。用Fugl-Meyer评价法评测下肢运动功能,用Motricity指数评测下肢肌力,用Berg平衡量表评定平衡功能,用改良Ashworth评定法评定足跖屈肌张力。对步行时间-距离因子和临床变量间进行Pearson相关分析,然后进行逐步回归分析。结果30例患者的步行速度为35.45(4.10～67.40)m/min,平均步长为34.41cm,平均步频为91.59steps/min。患者的步行时间-距离因子与下肢运动功能、平衡功能和下肢肌力之间呈高度正相关(Pearson'sr=0.669～0.880;P<0.001);步行速度和步长与足跖屈肌张力痉挛程度呈负相关(Pearson'sr=-0.280～-0.481;P<0.001)。逐步回归分析发现决定步行速度、步长和步频的最重要的临床变量分别为下肢运动功能(R2=0.766,P<0.001)、平衡功能(R2=0.701,P<0.001)和下肢肌力(R2=0.757,P<0.001);决定步行速度、步长和步频的最重要的下肢肌力分别为髋屈曲肌力(R2=0.573,P<0.001)、膝伸展肌力(R2=0.583,P<0.001)和髋屈曲肌力(R2=0.191,P<0.05)。结论下肢运动功能、平衡功能和下肢肌力(尤其髋屈     

Relation between Gait Speed,Knee Muscle Torque and Motor Scores in Post-Stroke Patients

A study was undertaken to investigate the relation between gait speed, motor function and isokinetic knee muscle torque in stroke victims. Two different gait speeds, freely chosen speed and fastest speed, were measured on a 10-m long walkway in 34 stroke victims (median age 71 years) three months after the stroke. At the same time different motor functions were assessed, and isokinetic knee muscle torque was measured. One year after the stroke 24 of the subjects were again investigated. The two gait speeds measured were both slower than those in normal healthy subjects of the same age. The motor assessment revealed that the group of stroke patients had light to moderately severe stroke symptoms. The isokinetic muscle torque was significantly lower in the paretic than in the non-paretic legs. The non-paretic legs were also weaker than the legs of healthy subjects. No significant changes in any of the measured variables were found between the three months' assessment and the one year post-stroke assessment. There were some significant correlations between gait speed and motor scores and between gait speed and muscle torque, but usually of moderate strength. Multiple regression analysis with gait speed as dependent variable and combined isokinetic muscle torque and three different motor scores as independent variables gave higher R values.     

脑卒中偏瘫患者步行速度临床决定因素的分析

目的 判别决定脑卒中偏瘫患者步行速度最重要的临床变量。方法 32例恢复步行能力的脑卒中偏瘫患者，测定在自然舒适状态下的10m步行速度，用Fug1—Meyer评价法评测下肢运动功能，用Motricity指数评测下肢肌力，用Berg平衡量表评定平衡功能，用改良Ashworth评定法评定足跖屈肌张力。对步行速度和临床变量进行Pearson相关分析，然后进行逐步回归分析。结果 患者的步行速度与下肢运动功能、平衡功能和下肢肌力之间呈高度正相关(r＝0．781—0．834，P＜0．001)；下肢运动功能与步行速度之间的相关性更高(r＝0．834)；步行速度与足跖屈肌张力痉挛程度呈负相关(r＝-0．461，P＜0．05)。进一步回归分析分析发现，下肢运动功能对步行速度有显著性影响(R^2＝0．696，P＜0．001)。结论 下肢运动功能是决定脑卒中偏瘫患者步行速度最重要的临床因素。     

脑卒中患者患侧下肢肌力与步行速度和步行独立性的关系

目的研究脑卒中偏瘫患者的患侧下肢肌力与步行速度和步行独立性之间的相互关系,明确下肢肌力在影响步行功能恢复上的决定因素,为制定更为有效的康复治疗程序提供指南。方法37例恢复步行能力的脑卒中偏瘫患者,用Motricity指数评测患侧下肢肌力,测定在自然舒适状态下的10m步行速度,用FIM中的步行项目测量步行的独立性。对患侧下肢肌力与步行速度和步行独立性之间进行Pearson相关分析,然后进行逐步回归分析。结果患者患侧下肢肌力与步行速度和步行独立性之间呈高度正相关(r=0.738和0.695,P<0.001);患侧髋屈曲肌力是步行速度和步行独立性最重要的决定因素(R2=0.331和0.479,P<0.001)。结论脑卒中患者的患侧下肢肌力在步行速度和步行独立性恢复方面具有重要的作用。     

Gait performance of hemiparetic stroke patients: selected variables

This study was designed to determine if specific variables measured routinely at a rehabilitation center were predictors of gait performance of hemiparetic stroke patients. Nine predictor and four gait measures were taken. Of the five predictor variables hypothesized to be significantly correlated with a gait measurement, four were correlated with at least two gait measures (balance, weight-bearing ratio, motor control, and normalized strength of paretic lower limbs). Four gait measures (speed, cadence, independence, and appearance) were all significantly correlated with one another. Stepwise multiple regressions indicated that motor control and balance were the best predictors of gait performance. The results provide guidance as to which predictor variables might be important in assessing stroke patients. The results also provide some guidance for identifying appropriate targets for treatment intervention with hemiparetic stroke patients.     

Effects of increasing non-paretic step length on paretic leg movement during hemiparetic gait: a pilot study

[Purpose] Gait training that increases non-paretic step length in stroke patients increases the propulsive force of the paretic leg. However, it limits knee flexion during the swing phase of gait, and this may cause gait disturbances such as worsening of gait pattern and increased risk of falling. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of increasing non-paretic step length on the joint movement and muscle activity of a paretic lower limb during hemiparetic gait. [Participants and Methods] A total of 15 hemiparetic patients with chronic stroke were enrolled in this study. Spatiotemporal parameters, along with kinematic and electromyography data of their paretic lower limbs, were measured during a 10-m distance overground walking. Two walking conditions were assessed: normal (comfortable gait) and non-paretic-long (gait with increased non-paretic step length) conditions. [Results] Under the non-paretic-long condition, the trailing limb angle was larger than under the normal condition. However, no significant difference was observed in the knee flexion angle during the swing phase. [Conclusion] Increasing non-paretic step length during gait is unlikely to limit knee flexion during the swing phase and can safely improve the propulsive force of a paretic leg.     

Effects of different heel-raise-lower exercise interventions on the strength of plantarflexion,balance, and gait parameters in stroke survivors

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Heel-Raise-Lower Exercise (HRLE) interventions on the strength of plantarflexion, balance, and gait parameters in people with stroke. Specifically, this study compared the two different HRLEs to identify whether heels raise-lower with forefoot on a block (HRB) is more effective or ineffective to enhance strength and functional capacities than heels raise-lower on a level floor (HRL) exercise in people with stroke. Repetitive heel raise-lower is a common exercise for improving the strength and power of ankle plantarflexors. It is a simple movement, requires no equipment, and can be performed at home. Each group of 10 people with stroke was given either HRB training or HRL training. The subjects performed the exercise 100 times per day, 5 days per week for 6 weeks. The strength of plantarflexors, static/dynamic balance, and gait parameters were measured using the manual muscle test (MMT), a Biodex Balance System (BBS) SD, and the GAITRite system. After 6 weeks of treatment, there were significant increases in the plantarflexors strength in both groups: by 34% in the HRB group and by 21% in the HRL group. Static and dynamic balance and gait speed also increased significantly in both groups. However, cadence, the paretic side single limb support period (SLSP), paretic side step length, and paretic side stride length significantly increased only in the HRB group. The HRB improved significantly the plantar flexor strength of the paretic side, gait speed, and cadence compared to the HRL.     

Deficits in motor coordination of the paretic lower limb limit the ability to immediately increase walking speed in individuals with chronic stroke

ObjectiveTo explore the relationships between clinical measures and the ability to increase walking speed in ambulatory people with chronic stroke and to identify which measures would best predict walking speed reserve.MethodsAn exploratory, cross-sectional study was conducted with 114 individuals with chronic stroke. The outcome of interest was walking speed reserve, defined as the difference between individuals’ comfortable and maximal walking speeds. Predictors were characteristics of the participants (age, sex, time since stroke, relative lower-limb dominance) and motor impairments (tonus, strength, and motor coordination).ResultsThe characteristics of the participants did not significantly correlate with walking speed reserve. All measures of motor impairments, i.e., tonus, strength, and motor coordination, were significantly correlated with walking speed reserve (p < 0.01), but only motor coordination was kept in the regression model. Motor coordination alone explained 35% (F = 61.5; p < 0.001) of the variance in walking speed reserve.ConclusionsThe level of motor coordination of the paretic lower limb is associated with the walking speed reserve of individuals with stroke. Interventions aimed at improving motor coordination may have the potential to improve everyday situations that require immediate increases in walking speed.     

The relationship of lower-extremity muscle torque to locomotor performance in people with stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Improved walking is a common goal after stroke. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the torque generated by the muscles of both lower extremities and 2 locomotor tasks: gait on level surfaces and stair climbing in people who had strokes. SUBJECTS: Twenty community-dwelling individuals (mean age=61.2 years, SD=8.4, range=52-82) who had strokes and who were able to walk independently participated in the study. The mean time since stroke was 4.0 years (SD=2.6, range=1.5-10.0). METHODS: Pearson correlations and multiple regression were used to measure the relationship between concentric isokinetic torque of the flexor and extensor muscles of the hip, knee, and ankle bilaterally and locomotor performance (gait on level surfaces and stair-climbing speed). RESULTS: The isokinetic torques of the paretic ankle plantar flexors, hip flexors, and knee flexors had moderate to high correlations (r=.5-.8) with gait and stair-climbing speeds. Muscle force could explain 66% to 72% of the variability in gait and stair-climbing speeds. Correlations for the nonparetic side were as high as or higher than those for the paretic side for some muscle groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Muscle performance measurements of both limbs should be included in the evaluation of locomotion and treatment of people following a stroke.     

Motor branch block of the rectus femoris: its effectiveness in stiff-legged gait in spastic paresis

OBJECTIVE: To verify the efficacy of motor branch block of the rectus femoris for stiff-legged gait in spastic patients. DESIGN: Before-after treatment trial. SETTING: University hospital physical medicine and rehabilitation department outpatient clinic. PATIENTS: Thirty-one adult spastic patients with stiff-legged gait. INTERVENTION: Motor branch block of the rectus femoris with 2% lidocaine and 5% phenol. OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjective assessment of gait performance by patients themselves and objective assessment of gait speed and sagittal knee kinematics. RESULTS: Seventy-four percent (23/31) of patients felt an improvement (improved knee bending, disappeared toe dragging) after nerve block with lidocaine. Sixteen of 17 patients with an abnormal swing phase activity of the rectus femoris without that of the vastus medialis or lateralis and 20 of 23 patients with a sufficient hip flexor strength expressed an improvement subjectively. Gait analysis showed increased maximal knee flexion at swing phase and increased slope of knee flexion curve at toe off (p < .05). Phenol block was performed in 19 of 23 patients who had had a subjective improvement in their gait performance after nerve block with lidocaine. Gait speed, maximal knee flexion angle at swing phase, and slope of knee flexion curve at toe off increased significantly after phenol block (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Motor branch block of the rectus femoris can be an effective treatment in stiff-legged gait. Its effect is varied with hip flexor strength and dynamic electromyographic findings of quadriceps.     

脑卒中偏瘫患者膝过伸步态运动学特点分析

目的:探讨脑卒中偏瘫患者膝过伸步态的三维运动学特点及其与步行速度的相关性,从运动学角度探讨影响膝过伸患者步行速度的主要因素。方法:利用三维步态分析系统对15例伴有膝过伸步态的脑卒中偏瘫患者和15例健康老年人进行运动学定量比较,并将其与步行速度进行相关性分析。结果:与正常对照组相比,膝过伸患者的步长、步频减小,步速减慢,支撑期百分比延长(均P0.05);膝过伸患者髋、膝、踝关节活动范围减小,最大伸髋、屈膝、踝背屈角度减小,最大伸膝角度增加(均P0.05)。步行速度与步频、支撑相百分比、膝踝关节活动范围、最大屈膝角度和最大踝跖屈角度均相关(均P0.05)。结论:脑卒中偏瘫膝过伸患者下肢关节活动不同程度受限,步行速度下降,其中屈膝和踝跖屈异常是影响膝过伸患者步行速度的主要因素。     

Effect of duration of upper- and lower-extremity rehabilitation sessions and walking speed on recovery of interlimb coordination in hemiplegic gait

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The effects of different durations of rehabilitation sessions for the upper extremities (UEs) and lower extremities (LEs) on the recovery of interlimb coordination in hemiplegic gait in patients who have had a stroke were investigated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty-three subjects who had strokes involving their middle cerebral arteries were assigned to rehabilitation programs with (1) an emphasis on the LEs, (2) an emphasis on the paretic UE, or (3) a condition in which the paretic arm (UE) and leg (LE) were immobilized with an inflatable pressure splint (control treatment). The 3 treatment regimens were applied for 30 minutes, 5 days a week, during the first 20 weeks after onset of stroke. All subjects also participated in a rehabilitation program 5 days a week that consisted of 15 minutes of UE exercises and 15 minutes of LE exercises in addition to a weekly 11/2-hour session of training in activities of daily living. A repeated-measures design was used. Differences among the 3 treatment regimens were evaluated in terms of comfortable and maximal walking speeds. In addition, mean continuous relative phase (CRP) between paretic arm and leg (PAL) movements and nonparetic arm and leg (NAL) movements and standard deviations of CRP of both limb pairs as a measurement of stability (variability) were evaluated. RESULTS: Comfortable walking speed improved in the group that received interventions involving the LEs compared with the group that received interventions involving the UEs and the group that received the control treatment. No differences among the 3 treatment conditions were found for the mean CRP of NAL and PAL as well as the standard deviation of CRP of both limb pairs. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: With the exception of an improved comfortable walking speed as a result of a longer duration of rehabilitation sessions, no differential effects of duration of rehabilitation sessions for the LEs and UEs on the variable we measured related to hemiplegic gait were found. Increasing walking speed, however, resulted in a larger mean CRP for both limb pairs, with increased stability and asymmetry of walking, indicating that walking speed influences interlimb coordination in hemiplegic gait.     

脑卒中患者不同强度随意运动时的sEMG反应特点

目的：观察不同强度静态及动态运动负荷对脑卒中患者四肢肌肉sEMG信号变化的影响,研究脑卒中患者四肢肌肉活动的表面肌电信号特征与其神经运动控制的关系。方法：24例脑卒中患者参加本项研究,采用患、健侧自身对照实验方法设计,采用上肢屈肘和下肢伸膝静态运动,以及肘关节和膝关节动态屈伸运动负荷试验,采集主动肌和拮抗肌的表面肌电信号,分析信号振幅和拮抗比值等sEMG信号活动特征。结果：最大用力收缩时,上、下肢患侧主动肌AEMG小于健侧,而拮抗比大于健侧;小强度静态运动负荷过程中,患侧上肢主动肌的AEMG略高于患侧,拮抗比明显大于健侧。患侧下肢股外侧肌（VL）、股直肌（RF）和股内侧肌（VM）的平均AEMG、?T标准化值大于健侧,拮抗比小于健侧;小强度动态运动负荷过程中,上肢患侧主动肌AEMG明显高于健侧。下肢患侧VL、RF和VM的AEMG均值具有增大趋势,但无明显差异。而患侧拮抗比明显小于健侧。结论：脑卒中患者由于高位神经元和运动控制功能受损,导致其患侧在最大随意收缩时运动单位募集能力下降,而在轻负荷运动时运动单位募集过度。