下调宫颈癌细胞FAM111B表达对增殖、周期和凋亡的影响

目的观察下调FAM111B对宫颈癌细胞系C-33A和HeLa增殖、细胞周期和凋亡的影响及其可能机制。方法应用慢病毒载体siRNA-FAM111B及Null,分别感染C-33A和HeLa细胞。实时定量PCR方法(qRTPCR)和Western blot方法分别检查各组细胞FAM111B基因与蛋白的表达。应用CCK-8方法检测FAM111B对细胞增殖能力的影响。流式细胞术PI染色细胞周期检测各组细胞周期变化。流式细胞术Annexin V/PI双染方法检测各组细胞的凋亡情况。Western blot法检测p53及下游Bax和Bcl-2的表达。结果成功转染C-33A和HeLa细胞,FAM111B基因与蛋白表达水平均下调。转染siR-FAM111B能抑制宫颈癌细胞的增殖,C-33A和HeLa细胞发生G1期阻滞。下调FAM111B诱导宫颈癌细胞凋亡,促进p53蛋白表达,进而上调Bax蛋白和下调Bcl-2蛋白的表达。结论下调FAM111B抑制宫颈癌细胞的增殖,促使细胞周期G1期阻滞,诱导细胞凋亡,与调节p53蛋白进而激活下游相关信号通路相关。     

RNA 干扰抑制BAG-1 基因表达对皮肤鳞状细胞癌增殖及凋亡的影响研究

目的:探讨抑制BAG-1(Bcl-2-associated athanogene-1)基因表达对皮肤鳞状细胞癌增殖及凋亡的影响。方法:采用LipofectamineTM2000 将BAG-1 的siRNA 转染皮肤鳞状细胞癌A431,转染后48 h,RT-PCR 检测BAG-1 的mRNA 表达,Western blot 检测BAG-1 的蛋白表达;CCK8 和流式细胞仪分别检测细胞增殖和凋亡情况;Western blot 检测B 细胞淋巴瘤/ 白血病-2(Bcl-2)家族促凋亡蛋白Bcl-2 相关X 蛋白(Bax)及Wnt/β-catenin 信号通路β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)、Survivin 的蛋白表达;ELISA 试剂盒检测白介素6 (IL-6)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)含量。结果:与空白组和阴性对照组比较,转染BAG-1 的siRNA 可明显抑制BAG-1 在转录和翻译水平上的表达;与空白组较,BAG-1-siRNA 组细胞增殖显著降低,细胞凋亡率显著增加,Bax 蛋白表达上调, β-catenin、Survivin 蛋白表达下调,IL-6、VEGF 含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:BAG-1 表达沉默可降低皮肤鳞状细胞癌增殖,促进细胞凋亡,上调Bax 及下调Wnt/ β-catenin 信号通路表达,降低IL-6、VEGF 因子的分泌。     

沉默GRP94 基因对乳腺癌MCF7 细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的： 研究沉默葡萄糖调节蛋白GRP94 (Glucose regulated protein,GRP94)对乳腺癌MCF7细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及潜在机制。方法：设计并化学合成靶向沉默GRP94基因的小干扰RNA,通过脂质体转染入MCF7细胞中,采用qRT-PCR和Western blot分别检测GRP94、cyclinD1、Bax和Bcl-2 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平;通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡比例变化,Hoechst 33258染色检测凋亡细胞核变化、CCK8实验检测细胞增殖能力的变化。结果： GRP94 siRNA组GRP94基因的表达水平被有效抑制;与对照组相比,GRP94-siRNA转染组的细胞凋亡比例明显增加;凋亡细胞核形态发生变化;增殖能力明显下降;mRNA及蛋白水平cyclinD1、Bcl-2表达明显下调,Bax表达增加。结论：沉默GRP94基因可明显抑制乳腺癌MCF7细胞增殖能力,促进细胞凋亡的发生,且其可能通过下调cyclinD1、Bcl-2和上调Bax表达参与其中。     

MACC1表达沉默对胶质瘤细胞U87增殖凋亡的影响

目的探讨MACC1基因表达沉默对脑胶质瘤细胞U87增殖凋亡的影响。方法应用RT-PCR和Western blot检测55例不同病理级别胶质瘤标本MACC1表达;转染MACC1siRNA到U87细胞沉默MACC1基因表达,Western blot检测MACC1,Bcl-2/Bax,caspase-3,c-Met蛋白的表达;MTT法检测细胞生长增殖能力;流式细胞术检测细胞周期及凋亡情况。结果MACC1基因在胶质瘤标本组织表达随病理级别升高而增多;MACC1表达沉默后U87生长增殖能力明显下降,细胞周期阻滞于G0/G1期,细胞凋亡显著增加,MACC1蛋白表达明显下降,Bcl-2/Bax比值降低,caspase-3表达上调,c-Met表达下降。结论下调MACC1表达可促进胶质瘤细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,MACC1可能成为胶质瘤基因治疗的新靶点。     

BBI608对肝癌细胞HepG2的抑制作用及其机理研究

目的研究STAT3抑制剂BBI608对肝癌细胞的抑制作用及其机理。方法以不同浓度的BBI608作用于对数生长期的肝癌细胞HepG2,应用CCK8法检测细胞增殖,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染检测细胞凋亡,Western blot方法检测p-STAT3及凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2和Bax的表达。结果 BBI608作用于HepG2细胞活细胞数显著减少,呈浓度和时间依赖性,在BBI60830μM作用于肝癌细胞12 h,凋亡率显著升高。BBI608呈剂量依赖性地降低肝癌细胞中p-STAT3及凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2的表达和上调Bax蛋白的表达。结论 BBI608抑制肝癌细胞的增殖发挥抗肝癌作用与抑制STAT3的磷酸化,下调Bcl-2的表达和上调Bax的表达相关。     

miR-137对喉癌Hep-2细胞增殖、侵袭与凋亡的影响及可能机制

目的探讨miR-137对喉癌Hep-2细胞增殖及迁移能力的影响及可能机制。方法采用miR-137模拟物转染喉癌Hep-2细胞,实验分为空白对照组组(未进行转染)、miR-137阴性对照组(转染无关序列)、miR-137模拟物转染组(进行miR-137模拟物转染)。real-time PCR法验证转染效率,采用CCK8法检测miR-137对喉癌Hep-2细胞增殖的影响,采用Transwell实验检测转染后Hep-2细胞的侵袭能力变化,采用流式细胞术检测miR-137对Hep-2细胞凋亡的影响;Western blot检测转染后Hep-2细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3以及侵袭相关蛋白T细胞因子-4(TCF-4)蛋白表达的变化。结果与空白对照组或阴性对照组相比,miR-137模拟物转染组Hep-2细胞miR-137的表达水平显著高于对照组(P0.01),喉癌Hep-2细胞的增殖与侵袭能力显著降低,细胞凋亡率明显升高,凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2表达水平降低,而Bax与caspase-3蛋白表达升高,侵袭相关蛋白TCF-4表达降低。结论过表达miR-137抑制Hep-2细胞增殖与侵袭、诱导细胞凋亡,与上调Bax、caspase-3蛋白表达和下调Bcl-2、TCF-4表达相关。     

RNAi 结肠癌HOXB7 基因表达对癌细胞增殖及凋亡的机制研究

目的:探讨抑制HOXB7 基因表达对结肠癌细胞增殖凋亡的影响。方法:通LipofectamineTM2000 脂质体介导法将合成的阴性对照siRNA(阴性对照组)及HOXB7-siRNA(HOXB7 转染组)转染人结肠癌SW480 细胞,未经特殊处理的细胞为空白组。收集转染48 h 的细胞,RT-PCR 及Western blot 分别检测细胞中HOXB7 的mRNA 及蛋白表达;分别于转染后的24、48、72、96 h,CCK8 法检测细胞增殖;流式细胞仪检测转染后48 h 细胞的凋亡情况;Western blot 检测凋亡相关蛋白B 细胞淋巴瘤/ 白血病-2(Bc-2)、Bcl-2 相关X 蛋白(Bax)及Notch1 信号通路Notch1、Hes1 的蛋白表达。结果:HOXB7 转染组HOXB7 的mRNA 及蛋白表达均显著低于空白组(P<0.05);转染24 h 后三组细胞的OD 值间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),48、72、96 h 后,与空白组比较,HOXB7 转染组OD 值均显著降低(P<0.05);与空白组比较,HOXB7 转染组细胞凋亡率显著升高,Bcl-2、Notch1、Hes1 蛋白显著下调表达,Bax 蛋白显著上调表达(P<0.05)。结论:RNAi 结肠癌HOXB7 基因表达可通过抑制Notch1 信号通路降低癌细胞的增殖,并诱导细胞凋亡。     

芹菜素对人肺癌A549细胞凋亡及相关蛋白Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响

目的研究芹菜素对人肺癌 A549细胞增殖抑制和凋亡诱导作用与 Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响。方法10~80μmol/L 不同浓度芹菜素作用 A549细胞,采用 MTT 法检测芹菜素对 A549细胞增殖抑制作用;Hoechst 33258细胞核染色法观察芹菜素诱导细胞凋亡形态学的变化;流式细胞仪 AnnexinV- FITC/PI 双染色法检测细胞凋亡率;Western blot 法检测凋亡相关蛋白 Bax 和 Bcl-2表达的变化。结果 MTT 法显示,芹菜素对 A549细胞有显著的增殖抑制作用（P <0.01）,且具浓度和时间依赖性;荧光显微镜下观察到芹菜素处理组细胞出现典型的凋亡形态学改变：细胞核固缩、染色质凝集和核碎片化等;流式细胞仪分析结果显示,芹菜素呈浓度依赖性诱导 A549细胞凋亡;Western blot结果显示,促凋亡蛋白 Bax 随着芹菜素浓度升高表达增加,抗凋亡蛋白 Bcl-2随着芹菜素浓度升高表达减少。结论芹菜素具有抑制人肺癌 A549细胞增殖,诱导其凋亡的作用,其机制可能与上调 Bax 蛋白表达和下调 Bcl-2蛋白表达有关。     

下调SLP-2基因表达抑制脑胶质瘤细胞增殖及诱导凋亡的机制研究

目的：探讨下调人Stomatin like protein 2(SLP-2)基因表达对脑胶质瘤细胞增殖凋亡的影响。方法：SLP-2的靶向siRNA序列转染人脑胶质瘤U251细胞（SLP-2敲低组）,另设空白组（细胞未做任何处理）和阴性对照组（细胞转染无义siRNA序列）,转染48 h后Western blot检测各组细胞中SLP-2、B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2（Bcl-2）、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、Notch1、Hes1的蛋白表达;CCK8检测细胞增殖;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。结果：阴性对照组SLP-2的蛋白表达与空白组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,而SLP-2敲低组SLP-2的蛋白表达显著低于空白组（P<0.05）;阴性对照组细胞存活率、细胞凋亡率、IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA表达及Bcl-2、Bax、Notch1、Hes1蛋白表达与空白组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,而SLP-2敲低组细胞存活率、IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA表达及Bcl-2、Notch1、Hes1的蛋白表达显著低于空白组,细胞凋亡率及Bax蛋白表达显著高于空白组（P>0.05）。结论：下调SLP-2基因表达可显著抑制脑胶质瘤细胞增殖及诱导细胞的凋亡,下调炎症细胞因子IL-6和TNF-α的表达,其机制与抑制Notch1信号通路有关。     

MiR-429通过CRKL靶向作用对U87胶质瘤细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的研究miR-429对人U87胶质瘤细胞增殖和凋亡的影响及可能机制。方法培养人U87胶质瘤细胞,应用LipofectamineLTX试剂将pre-miR-429质粒载体以及anti-miR-429质粒载体分别稳定转染人U87胶质瘤细胞;应用Real-time-PCR验证转染效率;应用CCK-8试剂盒检测miR-429对人U87胶质瘤细胞增殖能力的影响;应用Real-time PCR和Western blot检测人U87胶质瘤细胞中接头蛋白CRKL(v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10oncogene homolog-like,CRKL)的mRNA和蛋白表达含量变化;将CRKL分别转染至U87胶质瘤细胞和miR-429过表达的U87胶质瘤细胞,应用CCK-8试剂盒检测人U87胶质瘤细胞增殖,应用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡的变化,应用Western blot法检测凋亡相关蛋白caspase-3和Bcl-2的蛋白表达变化。结果与对照组相比,miR-429过表达显著抑制了人U87胶质瘤细胞增殖,明显诱导了凋亡发生,显著降低了CRKLmRNA和蛋白在人U87胶质瘤细胞的表达水平,caspase-3的表达水平显著上调,Bcl-2的表达水平显著降低。CRKL过表达显著增强了人U87胶质瘤细胞增殖能力并且抑制了细胞凋亡,caspase-3的表达水平显著下调,Bcl-2的表达水平显著增强;CRKL过表达有效阻断了miR-429上调caspase-3、降低Bcl-2的作用,有效阻断了miR-429抑制U87胶质瘤细胞增殖和诱导凋亡的作用。结论 MiR-429抑制CRKL从而降低人U87胶质瘤细胞的增殖能力,诱导细胞凋亡。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.