连续静脉-静脉血液滤过对多脏器功能障碍综合征血流动力学的影响

目的 :探讨连续静脉 静脉血液滤过对多脏器功能障碍综合征 (MODS)患者血流动力学的影响。方法 :选择MODS患者 19例 ,应用连续静脉 静脉血液滤过 (CVVH)进行治疗 ,治疗期间用Swan Ganz漂浮导管监测血流动力学变化。结果 :与CVVH前比较 ,CVVH治疗后 ,体血管阻力指数明显改善 ,平均动脉压回升 ,心率下降 ,肺动脉楔压也明显降低。结论 :CVVH可改善MODS患者的全身血流动力学状况 ,提高患者的氧供 ,但对氧摄取率无明显影响     

连续性血液净化对多脏器功能障碍综合征患者凝血功能的影响

目的 探讨连续性血液净化治疗(continuous blood purification,CBP)对多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)凝血功能的影响.方法 MODS患者39例,其中男21例,女18例,年龄40～97岁,均符合MODS诊断标准;予高容量连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(high volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration,HV-CVVH)模式治疗;于CBP前、CBP开始后4、12、24、48、72 h及CBP结束后6、24 h测定心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、心排血量指数(cardiac index,CI)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、凝血酶原时间(prothrombirtime,PT)、部分凝血酶原时间(activated partial thromboplast in time,APTT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,FIB)及血小板(platelet count,PLT)变化;治疗后24、48、72 h行急性生理功能和慢性健康状况(APACHEⅡ)评分,同时以未行CBP治疗的MODS患者25例作对照.结果 与CBP前比较,PaO2/FiO2、CI在CBP开始后4 h明显升高(P<0.05);CBP治疗组患者机械通气及血管活性药物使用时间明显缩短(P<0.05),APACHEⅡ评分及病死率均有下降(P<0.05),但低分子肝素抗凝组与无肝素组之间差异无统计学显著意义(P>0.05).结论 CBP能改善血流动力学,改善氧合功能,维持患者凝血-纤溶系统的平衡,从而起到防治MODS的作用.     

吹水瓶法呼气末正压通气提高氧合的临床实践

目的总结吹水瓶法呼气末正压通气(以下简称吹水瓶法)用于提高氧合的适应症、有效性及对血流动力学的影响。方法对住我院重症医学科的24例进行吹水瓶法治疗的呼吸衰竭的患者病例资料,对比患者治疗前后的氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)变化;分析引起该组患者呼吸衰竭的病因。结果吹水瓶法治疗后PaO2/FiO2及SaO2较治疗前明显升高(P<0.01),PCO2下降(P<0.05),HR、MAP、CVP与治疗前无显著性差异(P>0.05)。该组患者呼吸衰竭的病因有:1、被动性肺不张2、轻中度ARDS 3、心源性肺水肿。结论通过吹水瓶法进行10 cmH2O呼气末正压通气能改善轻症肺泡萎陷患者的氧合,对血流动力学无明显影响,能使部分患者避免呼吸机治疗或缩短上机时间。     

分子吸附再循环系统治疗肝衰竭多脏器功能不全

目的 评价分子吸附再循环系统(MARS)对肝衰竭合并多脏器功能不全(MODS)患者的治疗作用和机制。方法 24例肝衰竭合并MODS患者进行了60次6～24 h的MARS治疗。结果 MARS治疗可有效清除白蛋白结合毒素和水溶性毒素,降低一氧化氮(NO)及肿瘤坏死因子-α,白细胞介素-6、-8,和γ干扰素等细胞因子水平,改善肝性脑病、肾功能、呼吸功能以及血流动力学紊乱,序贯性脏器衰竭评估(SOFA)的计分由9.72±1.89降至6.98±2.34,24例危重肝衰竭患者中9例痊愈出院或接受肝移植,总存活率为37.5％。结论 MARS人工肝支持系统对肝衰竭合并MODS有肯定的治疗作用,其疗效除与全面清除肝衰竭蓄积的毒素外,尚与降低NO及细胞因子水平有关。     

PiCCO在脓毒性休克早期目标导向治疗中的应用

目的探讨脉波指示剂连续心排血量监测(PiCC0)技术在脓毒性休克患者早期目标导向治疗(EGDT)中的临床指导价值。方法将40例脓毒性休克患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各20例,治疗组于PiCC0技术指导下行EGDT,对照组常规参照中心静脉压(CVP)进行EGDT。记录两组治疗达标时间,达标时的血流动力学及病理生理参数,6、24 h复苏液体量及多巴胺用量,30 d多脏器功能障碍综合征(MODS)发生率及病死率。结果治疗组达标时间显著短于对照组(P<0.05),达标时的中心静脉血氧饱和度(ScvO2)、MAP、CVP、PaO2/FiO2均显著高于对照组(P均<0.05),6、24 h复苏液体量均显著多于对照组(P均<0.01),多巴胺用量显著少于对照组(P<0.05),30d内MODS发生率及病死率均显著低于对照组(P均<0.05)。结论对脓毒性休克患者在PiCCO技术指导下进行EGDT,可更快纠正血流动力学、氧代谢异常,改善患者预后。     

短暂高水平PEEP对压力控制通气ARDS患者氧合和血液动力学的影响

目的观察短暂高水平呼气末正压通气(PEEP)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者氧合情况及血流动力学的影响。方法 40例ARDS患者,随机分为实验组22例和对照组18例。实验组给予压力控制通气+短暂高水平PEEP促进肺复张,对照组仅给予压力控制通气。观察并比较两组患者的氧合及血流动力学变化。结果通气13、7、d后实验组患者PaO2/FiO2明显优于对照组(P均<0.05);通气17、d时实验组患者动脉血pH、PaCO2明显低于对照组(P均<0.05);通气1 d时实验组患者PaO2明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者通气1、2、3 d时HR、MAP、CVP相比,P均>0.05。结论短暂高水平PEEP可改善ARDS患者的氧合,对血流动力学无明显影响。     

ARDS患者仰卧位通气与俯卧位通气的对比

目的通过ARDS患者仰卧位通气与俯卧位通气血流动力学指标和血气指标，探讨俯卧位通气在ARDS肺保护作用。方法对19例ARDS患者按机械通气时体位分两组，仰卧位通气组（11例）和俯卧位通气组（8例），分别检测机械通气开始时（0h时）、2h时、24h时的血流动力学及血气的改变。结果两组对改善血流动力学方面作用不大，两组间MBP、CVP差异无明显性（P〉0．05），而俯卧位通气对HR的改善在24h时较明显，与仰卧位通气比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。仰卧位通气与俯卧位通气均能较好改善PO2、PaO2／FiO2，俯卧位通气与仰卧位通气比较能更好的改善PO2、PaO2／FiO2，在24h时最明显。差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；两组对PCO2改善不显著。结论俯卧位通气较仰卧位通气能明显改善ARDS患者的氧合，对血流动力学改变不明显。俯卧位通气可能通过改善通气／血流比例失调来促进ARDS患者氧合，纠正缺氧。     

肺开放通气对体外循环术后急性肺损伤婴幼儿呼吸力学和血流动力学的影响

目的:探讨肺开放治疗对体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)术后急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI) 婴儿血流动力学和呼吸力学的影响。方法: 随机选取2008年3月~2010年7月西京医院心血管外科接受心脏手术的 64例ALI婴幼儿,分为无肺复张治疗组(非肺复张组):采用小潮气量通气模式进行呼吸辅助及治疗,肺复张治疗组(肺复张组):在小潮气量通气模式下,加用肺开放治疗(lung recruitment maneuver,LRM)。结果: 在肺复张治疗后,呼吸力学和氧合都有显著的改善,肺复张组的PaO2［(284±19)mmHg］明显高于非肺复张组［(78±18)mmHg］(P< 0.01)。肺复张组的呼吸力学指标显著优于非肺复张组,血流动力学指标无显著性差异。结论: LRM可以大大改善婴儿CPB术后ALI的氧合及呼吸力学。     

肺复张法治疗非心源性肺水肿21例分析

目的 观察肺复张手法(RM)对非心源性肺水肿伴有严重低氧血症患者的临床疗效.方法 对21例非心源性肺水肿伴有严重低氧血症患者行RM,并维持合适水平的呼吸末正压(PEEP) 通气,分别观察患者肺复张前、复张后6 h和48 h的氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、经皮脉氧饱和度(SPO2)、肺顺应性、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、PH值以及肺复张中止和发生并发症的情况.结果 RM实施后,患者SPO2、PaO2/FiO2、均明显改善,肺顺应性明显增加(均P<0.01).HR、MAP、CVP无明显变化,血流动力学稳定,无CO2潴留(均P>0.05).结论 RM能改善非心源性肺水肿伴有严重低氧血症患者的氧合状态,对血流动力学影响小,实施过程中应严格掌握适应症及中止指征,防止并发症的发生.我院重症医学科2009年2月至2011年6月对21例非心源性肺水肿伴严重低氧血症患者行RM治疗,效果满意,报道如下.     

吸入伊洛前列素对不同类型肺动脉高压患者氧动力学的影响

目的 分析雾化吸入伊洛前列素对动脉型肺动脉高压(PAH)及慢性血栓栓寒性肺动脉高压(CTEPH)患者的氧动力学的急性影响.方法 顺序收集北京朝阳医院2006年6月至2009年1月连续收治的明确诊断为PAH的患者22例及CTEPH患者24例,均行右心导管检查,监测基线状态及吸人伊洛前列素20μg后的即刻血流动力学特征,同步抽取肺动脉及股动脉血行血气分析,计算氧动力学参数.结果 基线状态PAH及CTEPH患者的PaO2分别为(63±10)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)及(59 ±10)mm Hg,氧输送指数(DO2I)分别为(458±136)ml·min-1·m-2及(386 ±92)ml·min-1·m-2,氧消耗指数分别为(135±53)ml·min-1·m-2及(131±43)ml·min-1·m-2.吸入伊洛前列素后即刻,2组患者肺内分流率均显著升高(均P<0.01),P4O2显著升高(均P<0.01);动脉血氧含量均显著降低(均P<0.05);混合静脉血氧合指标及氧摄取率无明显变化;DO2I无明显增加,氧消耗指数出现不同程度降低;2组患者各项氧动力学参数变化幅度无差异.基线状态CTEPH患者混合静脉血氧饱和度(SvO2)、静脉血氧含量(CvO2)及DO2I均显著低于PAH患者(均P<0.05).吸药后,CTEPH患者PaO2、SvO2及CvO2均显著低于PAH患者(均P<0.05).结论 PAH及CTEPH患者存在低氧血症及氧动力学异常;雾化吸入伊洛前列素后患者肺内分流增加,氧动力学状态无改善.CTEPH患者的氧动力学状态较PAH患者更差,应用伊洛前列素时需加强氧合功能监测,必要时给予氧疗支持.     

Application of Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System to remove NO and cytokines in severe liver failure patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Background: Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System (MARS) is a new promising artificial liver support therapy, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of MARS to remove nitrous oxide (NO) and cytokines in severe liver failure patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Methods: Sixty single MARS treatments were performed with length of 6–24 h on 24 severe liver failure patients (18 males/6 females) with MODS. Results: The MARS therapy was associated with a significant removal of NO and certain cytokines such as TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8, and INF‐γ, together with marked reduction of other non‐water‐soluble albumin bound toxins and water‐soluble toxins, these were associated with a improvement of the patients' clinical conditions including hepatic encephalopathy, deranged hemodynamic situation and as well as renal and respiratory function, thus resulted into marked decrease of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and improved outcome: nine patients were able to be discharged from the hospital or bridged to successful liver transplantation, the overall survival of 24 patients was 37.5%. Conclusion: We can confirm the positive therapeutic impact and safety to use MARS on liver failure patients with MODS associated with elevated levels of NO and cytokines.     

乌司他丁对羊多脏器功能障碍综合征的防护作用

目的探讨乌司他丁（UTI）对多脏器功能障碍综合征（MODS）的防治作用。方法 21只杜泊绵羊随机分为对照组、模型组、UTI治疗Ⅰ组和治疗Ⅱ组。模型组、治疗Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组静脉注射内毒素（6μg/kg）,治疗Ⅰ组静脉注射UTI（30000U/kg）,1次/d,连续3d,治疗Ⅱ组静脉注射UTI（30 000U/kg）,2次/d,连续3d。各组分别于0,1,2,3,6和12h时间点测定动脉氧分压;于0,3,6,12,24,48和72h测定脏器生化指标天门冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、总胆红素（TBIL）、肌酐（Cr）和血常规指标。结果与模型组比较,UTI治疗组的氧分压下降幅度小;治疗组AST,ALT,TBIL和Cr的升高明显低于模型组（P〈0.05）,治疗Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组之间各项指标改善无统计学差异;模型组、治疗Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组绵羊的死亡率分别为66.6%、50.0%和33.3%。结论预防性应用UTI能降低内毒素诱导的MODS模型绵羊的死亡率,提高动脉氧分压,减轻内毒素所致的肺、肝和肾等脏器的损伤,具有保护作用。     

连续性血液净化治疗多脏器功能障碍综合征疗效观察

目的:观察连续性血液净化(CBP)对多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的疗效及血液动力学影响.方法:回顾性分析83例经CBP治疗的MODS患者的临床资料.结果:CBP清除了患者的尿毒症毒素,较快纠正水、电解质、酸碱平衡失调,使血压、平均动脉压回升,中心静脉压、心率下降.83例患者总病死率37.35%,病死率与脏器衰竭数目相关,4个或4个以上器官衰竭病死率近100%.结论:CBP能明显改善MODS患者的血液动力学及血液生化指标,降低2～3个器官衰竭患者的病死率,宜广泛应用于临床.     

Effect of Prometheus liver assist system on systemic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis： A randomized controlled study

AIM： To evaluate treatment safety and hemodynamic changes during a single 6-h treatment with the PrometheusTM liver assist system in a randomized, controlled study. METHODS： Twenty-four patients were randomized to either the study group or to one of two control groups： Fractionated Plasma Separation Adsorption and Dialysis, PrometheusTM system （Study group; n = 8）; Molecular Adsorbent Recirculation System （MARS）TM （Control group 1, n = 8）; or hemodialysis （Control group 2; n = 8）. All patients included in the study had decompensated cirrhosis at the time of the inclusion into the study. Circulatory changes were monitored with a Swan-Ganz catheter and bilirubin and creatinine were monitored as measures of protein-bound and water-soluble toxins. RESULTS： Systemic hemodynamics did not differ between treatment and control groups apart from an increase in arterial pressure in the MARS group （P = 0.008）. No adverse effects were observed in any of the groups. Creatinine levels significantly decreased in the MARS group （P = 0.03） and hemodialysis group （P = 0.04）. Platelet count deceased in the Prometheus group （P = 0.04）.CONCLUSION： Extra-corporal liver support with Prometheus is proven to be safe in patients with endstage liver disease but does not exert the beneficial effects on arterial pressure as seen in the MARS group,     

ECMO在严重胸外伤抢救中的应用研究并2例病例报告

目的：探讨体外膜肺氧合在严重胸外伤抢救中的应用。方法：将我院2016年1月至2016年2月收治的严重胸外伤2例作为研究对象,两例患者均采用穿刺置管,由颈内静脉及股静脉置管,接MAQUET离心泵血液灌注系统(体外膜肺氧合) v一v模式治疗,对两例患者治疗前后血流动力学以及氧代谢指标进行监测。结果：与治疗前相比,经过体外膜肺氧合之后,患者混合静脉血分压、静脉血氧饱和度、动脉血氧分压、血氧饱和度明显改善,氧供与氧耗也明显增加,患者经过治疗后动脉血乳酸含量明显低于治疗前,氧摄取率也明显高于治疗前,经分析,数据差异明显,具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。在体外膜肺氧合前后,患者血流动力学无明显变化（P>0.05）。结论：对于胸外伤抢救患者采用体外膜肺氧合进行治疗,能够有效的降低氧血症的发生,对机体的氧代谢进行改善,提高组织的氧摄取率,从而赢得了治疗原发病的时间,有利于胸外伤的抢救。     

Arterial oxygenation associated with portopulmonary hypertension

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To characterize arterial oxygenation in patients referred to Mayo Clinic for liver transplantation with a diagnosis of portopulmonary hypertension (portoPH). DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Liver transplantation program and pulmonary hypertension clinic in a tertiary referral center. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty consecutive patients with abnormal pulmonary hemodynamics documented by right-heart catheterization (mean pulmonary artery pressure [MPAP] > or = 25 mm Hg, pulmonary vascular resistance [PVR] > or = 120 dyne.s.cm(-5), and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure [PCWP] < or = 15 mm Hg). Liver transplant candidates with normal pulmonary hemodynamics via screening Doppler echocardiography (n = 40) served as control subjects. A subgroup of patients underwent postural and inspired 100% oxygen blood gas analysis, contrast echocardiography, and technetium-labeled macroaggregated albumin ((99m)TcMAA) lung/brain scanning to identify and quantitate the degree of intracardiac or intrapulmonary shunting. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: portoPH was moderate to severe (MPAP > 35 mm Hg) in 18 of 20 patients (90%). Arterial-alveolar oxygen pressure gradient (P[A-a]O(2)) was abnormal (> or = 20 mm Hg) in 16 of 20 patients (80%). PaO(2) was abnormal (< or = 70 mm Hg) in 3 of 20 patients (15%). Pa0(2) was significantly less and P(A-a)O(2) was significantly greater compared to control subjects (p < 0.001). All patients had normal (99m)TcMAA brain uptake (< 6%) and negative transthoracic contrast echocardiographic findings. No significant correlations were found between oxygenation and hemodynamic variables (MPAP, PVR, PVR index, and transpulmonary gradient). CONCLUSIONS: Arterial oxygenation associated with portoPH was frequently abnormal and significantly worse when compared to patients with normal pulmonary hemodynamics by Doppler echocardiography. Hypoxemia, as measured by PaO(2) and P(A-a)O(2), was usually mild even in the setting of moderate-to-severe portoPH.     

Clinical effects of continuous high volume hemofiltration on severe acute pancreatitis complicated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

AIM: To investigate the efficiency of continuous high volume hemofiltration (HVHF) in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) complicated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).METHODS: A total of 28 SAP patients with an average of 14.36±3.96 APACHE Ⅱ score were involved. Diagnostic criteria for SAP standardized by the Chinese Medical Association and diagnostic criteria for MODS standardized by American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) were applied for inclusion. HVHF was started 6.0±6.1 (1-30) days after onset of the disease and sustained for at least 72 hours, AN69 hemofilter (1.2 m2)was changed every 24 hours. The ultrafiltration rate during HVHF was 4 000 mi/h, blood flow rate was 250-300 mi/min,and the substitute fluid was infused with pre-dilution. Low molecular weight heparin was used for anticoagulation.RESULTS: HVHF was well tolerated in all the patients, and lasted for 4.04±3.99 (3-24) days. 20 of the patients survived,6 patients died and 2 of the patients quited for financial reason.The ICU mortality was 21.4%. Body temperature, heart rate and breath rate decreased significantly after HVHF.APACHE Ⅱ score was 14.4±3.9 before HVHF, and 9.9±4.3after HVHF, which decreased significantly (P＜0.01). Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood before HVHF was 68.5±19.5 mmHg, and increased significantly after HVHF,which was 91.9±25 mmHg (P＜0.01). During HVHF the hemodynamics was stable, and serum potassium, sodium,chlorine, glucose and pH were at normal level.CONCLUSION: HVHF is technically possible in SAP patients complicated with MODS. It does not appear to have detrimental effects and may have beneficial effects.Continuous HVHF, which seldom disturbs the hemodynamics and causes few side-effects, is expected to become a beneficial adjunct therapy for SAP complicated with MODS.     

Successful use of Molecular Absorbent Regenerating System (MARS) dialysis for the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure in children accidentally poisoned by toxic mushroom ingestion

Background: Acute liver failure (ALF) as a result of mushroom poisoning is associated with a high mortality (particularly in children), despite optimal medical therapy (OMT), including charcoal haemoperfusion and haemodiafiltration. MARS is a new, cell‐free, extracorporeal liver assistance method utilizing an albumin dialysate for the removal of albumin‐bound toxins. Methods: We describe the first series in the literature (also first MARS treatments in Romania) with ALF because of mushroom poisoning in children (M/F = 2/4, age = 7–16 years). Liver function was evaluated pre‐MARS and 15‐min post‐MARS, 24 h following each treatment and 30 days post‐MARS. Findings: All patients had severe hepatic dysfunction: hepatic encephalopathy (HE; four grade II, one grade III, one grade IV), ALT = 4082 (3400–5600) IU/L, bilirubin = 6.3 2 - 10 ) mg/dL, prothrombin time (PT) = 52.5 (23–141) s. MARS was uneventful and well‐tolerated. Two 6‐h sessions per patient were performed with a similar immediate impact on liver tests: mean drop in ALT of ?33 and ?35%, respectively, and in bilirubin of ?39 and ?36%, respectively. ALT levels 24 h following MARS‐1, remained unchanged but continued to drop by a further ?28% following MARS‐2. By contrast, all patients had a significant rebound in bilirubin (+39%) 24 h following MARS‐1; however, following MARS‐2 a rebound was seen only in two cases (+220%). PT improved by 37% after MARS‐1 and normalized in four patients after MARS‐2. Outcome: Four patients survived and completely recovered the hepatic function. Negative prognostic markers: lack of complete correction of PT, continuous rebound and increase in bilirubin, and lack of improvement in HE post‐MARS‐1. Survival in six well‐matched cases, treated by OMT = 0/6 (P < 0.05). Conclusions: MARS is a safe and highly effective depurative therapy in children with ALF. Survival is predicted only by the impact/results of the initial MARS sessions and not by any of the baseline parameters.