現代外側開眶術

目的外側開眶術是治療眼眶中、後部腫瘤及泪腺腫瘤的一種標準術式,本文主要討論現代外側開眶術手術方法及適應癥.方法采用標準外側開眶,"S"形外側開眶和外側結合内側開眶術三種術式共做70例眼眶腫瘤.結果采用標準外側開眶適合于視神經以下腫瘤的切除(38例),"S"形外側開眶適合于視神經以上腫瘤的切除(28例),外側結合内側開眶適合于視神經周圍廣泛腫瘤的切除(4例).均獲較好效果.結論根據腫瘤的性質,位置和範圍采用不同術式的外側開眶.包括眶上、下緣的外側開眶使術野明顯擴大,提高J手術的成功率.     

Primary pelvic telangiectatic osteosarcoma metastatic to both orbits

We report a case of a 23-year-old man with primary pelvic telangiectatic osteosarcoma metastatic to both orbits. The patient had proptosis with optic neuropathies and intermittent third nerve palsies. His disease was unresponsive to chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and extensive craniofacial involvement precluded surgical resection. The patient died of his disease. Telangiectatic osteosarcoma, a rare variant of osteosarcoma that is distinguished by blood-filled cystic spaces, may metastasize to the orbit and skull base. Because telangiectatic osteosarcoma may radiographically resemble other benign and malignant lesions, biopsy is essential for accurate diagnosis that will ultimately dictate clinical therapy. However, patients with this disease have a poor prognosis.     

The Anatomical Location and Laterality of Orbital Cavernous Haemangiomas

Abstract

Purpose: To determine the anatomical location and laterality of orbital cavernous haemangiomas (OCH).

Design: Retrospective case series.

Methods: The records of 104 patients with OCH were analyzed.

Main outcome measures: The anatomical location of each OCH defined by the location of a point at the centre of the lesion, and its laterality.

Results: There were 104 patients included in the study. No patient had more than one lesion. Sixteen (15.4%) were located in the anterior third of the orbit, 74 (71.2%) were in the middle third, and 14 (13.5%) in the posterior third. In the middle third, 10 of 74 (13.5%) were extraconal and 64 intraconal (86.5%), with 30 of 64 (46.9%) middle third intraconal lesions lying lateral to the optic nerve. Of 104 lesions, 56 (53.8%) were left sided, showing a trend towards a predilection for the left side (p?=?0.065). If data from other published series which included data on laterality is added to our own data and analysed, 270 of 468 (57.7%) OCH occurred in the left orbit (p?<?0.005).

Conclusions: OCH may occur at almost any location within the orbit. The commonest location is the middle third of the orbit, in the intraconal space lateral to the optic nerve. This may reflect an origin of these lesions from the arterial side of the circulation, as there are more small arteries in the intraconal space lateral to the optic nerve than in other locations. A predilection for the left orbit remains unexplained.     

Therapie anterior gelegener Orbitatumoren

Tumors of the orbit are diagnosed on clinical and neuroradiological criteria. A biopsy may histologically confirm uncertain mass lesions. The patients' age and medical history predispose for certain tumor entities among the rather heterogenous spectrum of possible diagnoses. The therapy depends on the degree of malignancy and its location within the orbit. Among the different options, surgical excision is the most common followed by radiation therapy either in combination with surgery or alone. Chemotherapy plays a subsidiary role in certain lymphomas or metastases. This review covers the surgical techniques and treatment principles for tumors of the anterior orbit, explains radiotherapy techniques and briefly covers chemotherapy. Pediatric tumors of the orbit are covered separately.     

Surgical sectors of the orbit: using the lower fornix approach for large,medial intraconal tumors

PURPOSE: The orbit can be viewed as comprising four surgical sectors, with several alternative incisions and dissection paths to each. Large tumors in the medial intraconal sector pose particular problems of access, exposure, and removal without functional compromise. We report the use of the lower fornix approach for excision of large tumors in this high-risk sector. METHODS: The surgical technique is described. Its application to biopsy or subtotal resection of infiltrative lesions in the medial intraconal sector is noted. Its use for complete excision of solid, circumscribed lesions in this sector is presented in a retrospective, consecutive, noncomparative interventional case series of 5 large, medial intraconal cavernous hemangiomas. RESULTS: The lower fornix approach provided adequate exposure for the goal of surgery in each case. Among the 5 patients with large, medial intraconal lesions, 4 had postoperative improvement in vision and 1 maintained his preoperative central acuity of 20/20. No patient had persistent symptomatic diplopia after surgery. Ease or difficulty of tumor dissection was related to the tenacity of apical fibrous attachments, a factor that appeared to be independent of the surgical approach. CONCLUSIONS: The lower fornix approach to the orbit, an established technique for other indications, can be applied to the removal of large, medial intraconal tumors whose inferolateral poles protrude in the inferior surgical sector.     

Features of treating patients with combined damage to the orbit and eye in the late period in peacetime and war conditions

Analysing the diagnosis and treatment of 100 patients with combined injuries of the organ of vision and orbital zone of the face provided clinical features of lesions in peace-time or battle accidents. Battle accidents were found to be prognostically worse for visual functions. The use of immunotherapy for inflammatory complications of a traumatic process is demonstrated to be advisable. A program of stepwise treatment of combined lesions of the eye and the orbit with the priority of preserving the function of the vision organ. At stage 1 it is necessary to take measures for restoration of visual functions to avoid their decline or loss. At stage 2 reconstructive interventions in the orbit and visceral cranium, directed to the provision of topographic and trophic conditions for further restoration of eye functions should be performed. One-stage surgical intervention may be used if there are no real danger of vision loss. The peculiarities of reconstructive treatment of multifractional fractures of the orbit in the battle accident and fragmental fractures of the orbit in peace-time accident are described. Patients with combined injuries of the vision organ and the orbit in specialized institutions should be cared.     

眼眶及眶周骨纤维异常增殖症的手术治疗

目的 探索眼眶及眶周骨纤维异常增殖症及其造成畸形的有效安全的手术矫正方法。方法 对眼眶及眼周骨纤维异常增殖症患者10例进行手术治疗,术前根据患者颅部x线片、二维CT及三维CT确定病变的部位、范围及形状。根据不同情况设计不同手术切除和重建方案,分别经头皮冠状切口、口内切口及下睑缘切口入路,对病灶进行完全或部分切除;采用自体颅骨外板或内板、下颌骨外板、Medpor及个体化修复体修复眼眶。结果 10例患者中,完全切除4例,不完全切除6例。自体颅骨内板修复2例,Medpor修复2例,下颌骨外板修复1例,钛网及个体化修复体修复4例,效果均满意。结论在充分做好术前设计和严格防止并发症发生的情况下,手术治疗眼眶骨纤维异常增殖症可取得满意的效果。（中华眼科杂志,2004,40：800-803)     

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the orbit

PURPOSE: To describe a patient with mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the orbit, review clinical and imaging findings, and refine the differential diagnosis from other tumors of the orbit. METHODS: Interventional case report and literature review. RESULTS: A 21-year-old woman with a 6-month history of progressive proptosis presented with left-sided visual loss of recent onset. CT revealed a clearly outlined heterogeneous mass with calcified foci, whereas MRI showed an isointense signal to gray matter on T1- and T2-weighted images. The patient was diagnosed with mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the orbit only after orbitotomy and subsequent histopathologic study. After surgery, she received adjuvant therapy with irradiation of the orbit. CONCLUSIONS: Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor of the orbit capable of mimicking several other lesions. Early diagnosis requires a high level of suspicion, particularly with regard to internally calcified lesions. The treatment of choice is complete surgical resection, or, when the tumor is not resectable or residual mass is present after surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Prognosis for patients with orbital mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is tentative at best, in part because of the rarity of the lesion.     

Rhinoscleroma with exophthalmos: a case report.

This is a report of a 20-year-old Nigerian man with a 15-year history of exophthalmos and nasal blockage caused by rhinoscleromatous. The diagnosis was made by histopathological examination of a biopsy specimen taken from the nasal passages. Despite protracted antibiotic therapy the patient experienced recurrent exophthalmos. Computerised axial tomography and sinus films showed the lesion to have invaded through the sinus passage into the orbit. Further histopathological examination of tissue removed at the time of surgical decompression also revealed rhinoscleroma. This appears to be the third report of rhinoscleromatous spread to the orbit.     

Endoscopic approach to orbital apex lesions

PURPOSE: To examine the role of transnasal and transantral endoscopic surgical approaches in the management of apical orbital lesions. METHODS: Retrospective case series. RESULTS: Three patients underwent combined orbital and endoscopic surgery for treatment of apical orbital lesions. In two of these patients, the orbital apex was decompressed, which resulted in visual recovery. Using endoscopic approaches to the posterior orbit and orbital apex allowed better visualization, with minimal manipulation of tissues in an area where surgical access is limited. CONCLUSIONS: Apical orbital lesion management benefits from a multidisciplinary and individualized plan. Endoscopic approaches can be used to improve visualization and access to a difficult surgical area. They also allow extra instrumentation to be used through the relatively capacious paranasal sinuses. These advantages may obviate lateral orbitotomy in some situations. Although endoscopic techniques are useful for biopsy, debulking, and removal of orbital apex lesions, they may be more difficult to apply to an intraconal lesion at the orbital apex.     

Bilateral multifocal hemangiomas of the orbit in the blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome

PURPOSE: To report the clinical findings and surgical treatment of multifocal, bilateral orbital hemangiomas in a patient with the blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome, a rare vascular disorder characterized by distinctive cutaneous and visceral hemangiomas. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: Review of clinical findings, radiologic studies, and treatment of the patient. RESULTS: A 36-year-old female with multifocal, bilateral orbital lesions was seen with severe proptosis and decreased visual acuity of the left eye. Surgical debulking of multiple cavernous hemangiomas of the orbit resulted in decreased proptosis and an improvement in visual acuity. Subsequent histopathologic analysis and the results of a systemic workup revealing multiple, distinctive, cutaneous and visceral lesions were found to be consistent with the blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Although hemangiomas of the orbit are relatively common occurrences, multifocal, bilateral lesions may exist in the setting of underlying systemic hemangiomatosis. Bilateral or multifocal hemangiomas associated with cutaneous or visceral lesions should alert the clinician to the possibility of a number of syndromes that may have life-threatening consequences.     

Combined use of computerized tomography and echography in ophthalmology (author's transl)]

Computerized tomography does not give as fine an information as echography in the presence of intraocular changes, such as retinal detachments, organized vitreous hemorrhages or the differentiation of a choroidal prominence. Complementary computerized tomography, however, can be helpful in the presence of unclear echographic results in opaque media. Furthermore, an analysis of the value of computerized tomography and echography for the evaluation of orbital lesions is presented based mainly on the results of the preoperative tissue diagnosis in 31 histological proven lesions. The results show that a complementary CT-scan is not necessary in orbital lesions of the anterior third when a clear echographic tissue diagnosis exists. In lesions of the middle third of the orbit, echography and CT complement each other. For lesions situated within the orbital apex or for those which are in connection with adjacent structures, such as the intracranial space or the periorbital region, computerized tomography is superior and of a greater help than standardized A-scan echography aided by contact B-scan.     

Recurrent orbital schwannomas: clinical course and histopathologic correlation

Background

Subperiosteal hematoma of the orbit is one of the rare lesions that cause exophthalmos after craniomaxillofacial trauma. Presently, there is no consensus for how to treat this disease. Although some reports have suggested a conservative type of therapy, others have recommended surgical treatments be done during the early stages.

Case presentation

This case report provides details on the clinical course of a 9-year-old girl with subperiosteal hematoma of the orbit. In this particular patient, a rare case of ipsilateral subfrontal extradural hematoma was also observed. Due to our performing the surgical intervention during the subacute stage, functional complications as well as cosmetic problems were avoided.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that surgical treatments for subperiosteal hematoma of the orbit should be delayed until it can be confirmed that a patient has no other complications. On the other hand, once it has been confirmed that the patient has no other existing problems, immediate surgical therapy with a small skin incision followed by the setting of a drain is recommended in order to achieve an early resolution and avoid complications.     

Is it possible to diagnose lymphoproliferative lesions by fine needle aspiration biopsy?

Despite the fact that fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a commonly employed method in modern oncological diagnostic management, it has found no extensive use to diagnose lymphoproliferative lesions of the orbit and eye adnexa. Benign and malignant lymphoproliferative lesions and pseudotumor have a very similar clinical course. Microscopicaly, the lesions are also similar and hence even on histology it is difficult to differentiate between these conditions based on the morphology. We believed, that routine cytology and flow cytometry and/or PCR method in materials obtained in the course of FNAB are fast and sensitive methods and in many cases allow to avoid a surgical biopsy.     

Ectopic intraorbital lacrimal ductal cyst: a case report

Lacrimal ductal cysts are uncommon lesions that can occur everywhere in and around the eye. Ectopic location is very rare and can be misleading in the differential diagnosis of orbital masses. In this article we present the case of a 61-year-old-man with a medial intraconal ductal cyst of his right orbit. The patient was successfully treated with surgical excision.     

Ossifying fibroma: a rare cause of orbital inflammation

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical and radiologic features of 4 cases of ossifying fibroma affecting the orbit and to review the literature on orbital involvement by the tumor. METHODS: Small case series. RESULTS: Four patients (3 children and 1 adult) with ossifying fibromas invading the orbit were examined. Two of the 3 children were examined for ossifying fibromas on the orbital roof. One had the psammomatoid form of the disease and the other the trabecular variant. Despite striking differences in the histologic pattern and in the radiologic appearance of the lesions, both children displayed a significant degree of orbital inflammation mimicking orbital cellulitis. The third child and the adult patient had the orbit involved by trabecular ossifying fibromas invading the orbital floor. The tumor of the adult clearly originated in the maxilla, filled the maxillary sinus, and eroded the orbital floor. The tumor of the third child occupied the maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. In both cases, the clinical presentation was painless eye dystopia and proptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the histologic pattern (trabecular or psammomatoid), ossifying fibromas can induce a substantial degree of orbital inflammation in children and must be included in the differential diagnosis of acute orbital inflammation during childhood.     

209例眼眶海绵状血管瘤的诊断和手术治疗

目的探讨眼眶海绵状血管瘤的临床特点、术前定性诊断与手术入路选择。方法对1986至2000年在中山大学中山眼科中心住院的眼眶海绵状血管瘤患者进行回顾性分析。结果209例中,男86例,女123例;右眼86例,左眼123例;年龄5～68岁,平均39,2岁;以渐进性眼球突出和视力下降为主要临床表现。95％（199／209）根据超声波和CT或MRI可作出术前准确诊断。64％（134／209）采用前路开眶,36％（75／209）采用外侧开眶顺利摘除肿物。结论眼眶海绵状血管瘤术前基本上可作出诊断,约2／3的病例不需外侧开眶即可顺利摘除肿物,术后并发症少。     

Solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit: a clinicopathologic study of six cases with review of the literature

Solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit is a rare spindle cell neoplasm. There are 42 cases of solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit available in the literature. We present six more cases of orbital solitary fibrous tumors, which presented to our institute between 1999 and 2001. We highlight the need for clinical recognition of these tumors as a distinct entity and inclusion of this tumor in the etiological differential diagnosis of well-circumscribed orbital lesions presenting as unilateral proptosis in both children and in adults. The diagnosis may be suspected based on radiological features supported by histopathologic and immunohistochemical study. The strong CD34 immunoreactivity of this tumor supports its diagnosis. Complete surgical resection is the most important prognostic factor of this tumor.     

Intralesional injection of Tisseel fibrin glue for resection of lymphangiomas and other thin-walled orbital cysts

PURPOSE: Surgical removal of orbital lymphangiomas is often difficult because the capsule of these lesions is fragile, and, once violated, it tends to collapse, making identification of residual tumor difficult and dissection often incomplete. A surgical technique combining partial controlled decompression of the lesion with intralesional injection of Tisseel fibrin glue is evaluated to determine its effectiveness in resecting the lesion and preventing recurrences. METHODS: This is a retrospective interventional case series. Three young patients, two with lymphangiomas and one with congenital hydrocystoma, underwent surgical resection of their thin-walled cystic lesions of the orbit with the use of intralesional injection of Tisseel fibrin glue. Resolution of the signs and symptoms, complications of the surgery, and recurrence of bleeding are the parameters studied. RESULTS: All 3 patients had improvement of their signs and symptoms. None had complications related to the surgery, and no recurrence of bleeding occurred during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that this surgical technique with intralesional injection of Tisseel fibrin glue is an effective treatment modality for the resection of lymphangiomas and other orbital thin-walled cystic lesions.     

Biphasic solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit with distant metastases

The aim of this study is to report the first case of biphasic solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of the orbit with documented histological transformation and metastatic diffusion. We describe a case of a 23-year-old Caucasian man with recurrent SFT of the right orbit with intracranial invasion. The patient underwent surgical tumor removal via a right fronto-orbital approach. Histopathological examination showed a biphasic tumor pattern with both spindle cell and epithelioid components. The histopathological re-evaluation of previously removed lesions (1999 and 2004) confirmed the diagnosis of SFT, without any evidence of epithelioid component at that time. The patient developed local recurrence and systemic metastases (occipital foramen and clivus, paravertebral muscles and peritoneum) three years after surgery. We are unaware of previous reports of biphasic solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit with documented histological transformation and metastatic diffusion.