Nephrotoxicity of Cephalosporin-Gentamicin Combinations in Rats

To study the possibility that cephalosporins augment the nephrotoxicity of gentamicin, groups of rats were given four hourly subcutaneous doses of: gentamicin (5 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cephalothin (100 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cefazolin (20 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cefazolin (50 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cephaloridine (50 mg/kg), or saline diluent for 15 days. Periodic measurements were made of urine volume, urine osmolality, urine protein excretion and lysosomal enzymuria, as well as blood urea nitrogen, creatinine clearance, and drug concentrations in renal cortex and medulla. Tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy. Enzymuria and proteinuria increased early in the course of all treatment groups, whereas urine osmolality declined. No distinct patterns of these variables were discernable among the groups. Gentamicin alone, gentamicin plus cephalothin, and gentamicin plus cefazolin (20 mg/kg) caused the same significant fall in glomerular filtrate rate from control values by day 15 (P < 0.05). Gentamicin plus cefazolin (50 mg/kg) and gentamicin plus cephaloridine failed to cause a decline in glomerular filtration rate compared with controls (P > 0.05). Gentamicin concentrations in renal cortex were 5 to 10 times higher than those in medulla in all groups. Cephaloridine and cefazolin (50 mg/kg) also displayed a gradient pattern in renal cortex, whereas cephalothin and cefazolin (20 mg/kg) did not. Cytosegrosomes with myeloid figures were characteristic ultra-structural changes seen in all groups; however, they tended to be smaller with less numerous myeloid bodies in the groups receiving gentamicin plus cephalothin, cefazolin (50 mg/kg), or cephaloridine. Cephalosporins did not augment gentamicin toxicity. High doses of cefazolin and cephaloridine protected kidneys from gentamicin nephrotoxicity. The protection may involve intracellular drug interaction within the renal cortex.     

Effect of experimental hemorrhagic shock on hepatic drug elimination.

OBJECTIVE: Exogenous substrates were used to measure hepatic function for the purposes of determining organ dysfunction and to evaluate the effect of experimental hemorrhagic shock with resuscitation on hepatic drug elimination. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled, non-randomized crossover trial. INTERVENTIONS: Eleven chronically instrumented immature swine were studied using a fixed-volume hemorrhage model (45 mL/kg blood removal over 15 mins) followed by resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution at three times the volume of shed blood. One week before and immediately after hemorrhage and resuscitation, hepatic function markers (indocyanine green and antipyrine) were simultaneously administered intravenously. MEASUREMENTS: Physiologic data and blood samples were collected over 12 hrs after drug administration. Drug clearances, volumes of distribution, and half-lives were determined. MAIN RESULTS: For indocyanine green, there was no substantial change in pharmacokinetics from preshock to postshock, suggesting minimal change in hepatic blood flow. For antipyrine, clearance was decreased by 30% after shock and resuscitation (p = .05), suggesting that oxidative metabolism was acutely impaired. CONCLUSIONS: The information indicates that hepatic oxidative drug metabolism may be impaired early after hemorrhagic shock and that dosages of drugs in this class should be carefully examined when administered to patients who have sustained injury with hemorrhagic shock.     

Protective effect of crocetin on hemorrhagic shock-induced acute renal failure in rats

Multiple organ failure is a common outcome of hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation, and the kidney is one of the prime target organs involved. The main objective of the study was to evaluate whether crocetin, a natural product from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, has beneficial effects on renal dysfunction caused by hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in rats. Anesthetized rats were bled to reduce mean arterial blood pressure to 35 (SD, 5) mmHg for 60 min and then were resuscitated with their withdrawn shed blood and normal saline. Crocetin was administered via the duodenum at a dose of 50 mg/kg 40 min after hemorrhage. The increase in creatinine and blood urea nitrogen was significantly reduced at 2 h after hemorrhage and resuscitation in crocetin-treated rats. The increases in renal nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 6 were also attenuated by crocetin. Hemorrhagic shock resulted in a significant elevation in malondialdehyde production and was accompanied by a reduction in total superoxide dismutase activity, activation of nuclear factor κB, and overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. These changes were significantly attenuated by crocetin at 2 h after resuscitation. These results suggested that crocetin blocks inflammatory cascades by inhibiting production of reactive oxygen species and restoring superoxide dismutase activity to ameliorate renal dysfunction caused by hemorrhage shock and resuscitation.     

DADLE模拟冬眠对休克大鼠血流动力学的影响

目的：探讨DADLE（冬眠诱导触发物类似物）对失血性休克大鼠血压和心功能的影响。方法：36只健康雄性SD大鼠,随机分成假手术对照组、休克对照组和DADLE实验组（分成1mg/kg组和5mg/kg组）,制成失血性休克大鼠模型,监测复苏后3小时内各时点动脉血压（MAP）和心功能指标（±dp/dtmax）。结果：DADLE实验组（包括1mg/kg组和5mg/kg组）复苏后5分钟MAP和±dp/dtmax开始升高,30分钟达高峰,复苏后同一时点各项指标均显著高于休克对照组（P〈0.05）,其中1mg/kg组和5mg/kg组没有显著差异。结论：DADLE能改善失血性休克大鼠的血压和心功能。     

Small-volume resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in dogs: effects on systemic hemodynamics and systemic blood flow.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: This study compared canine systemic hemodynamics and organ blood flow (radioactive microsphere technique) after resuscitation with 0.8% saline (Na+ 137 mEq/L), 7.2% hypertonic saline (Na+ 1233 mEq/L), 20% hydroxyethyl starch in 0.8% saline, or 20% hydroxyethyl starch in 7.2% saline, each in a volume approximating 15% of shed blood volume. Twenty-four endotracheally intubated mongrel dogs (18 to 24 kg) underwent a 30-min period of hemorrhagic shock, from time 0 to 30 min into the shock period, followed by fluid resuscitation. Data were collected at baseline, 15 min into the shock period, immediately after fluid infusion, 5 min after the beginning of resuscitation, and at 60-min intervals for 2 hr, (65 min after the beginning of resuscitation, and 125 min after the beginning of resuscitation). The animals received one of four randomly assigned iv resuscitation fluids: saline (54 mL/kg), hypertonic saline (6.0 mL/kg), hydroxyethel starch (6.0 mL/kg) or hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch (6.0 mL/kg). RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure increased in all groups after resuscitation. Cardiac output increased with resuscitation in all groups, exceeding baseline in the saline and hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch groups (p less than .05 compared with hypertonic saline or hydroxyethyl starch). Sixty-five minutes after the beginning of resuscitation, cardiac output was significantly (p less than .05) greater in either of the two colloid-containing groups than in the hypertonic saline group. After resuscitation, hypertonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch produced minimal improvements in hepatic arterial flow, hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch increased hepatic arterial flow to near baseline levels, and saline markedly increased hepatic arterial flow to levels exceeding baseline (p less than .05, saline vs. hydroxyethyl starch). One hundred twenty-five minutes after the beginning of resuscitation, hepatic arterial flow had decreased in all groups; hepatic arterial flow in the hypertonic saline group had decreased to levels comparable with those during shock. Myocardial, renal, and brain blood flow were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Small-volume resuscitation with the combination of hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch is comparable with much larger volumes of 0.8% saline, and is equal to hypertonic saline or hydroxyethyl starch in the ability to restore and sustain BP and improve organ blood flow after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock.     

乌司他丁对失血性休克大鼠回肠黏膜细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨乌司他丁对失血性休克大鼠回肠黏膜细胞凋亡的影响。方法 采用前瞻对照动物研究，用改良Chaudry方法制备大鼠失血性休克模型，60min后回输血液和生理盐水进行复苏，部分加用乌司他丁治疗。检测不同时间点血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、丙二醛（MDA）含量和回肠黏膜细胞Bax、Bcl-2、caspase3蛋白的表达水平。结果 大鼠失血性休克及复苏后血清TNF-α、MDA含量以及回肠黏膜细胞Bax、caspase3蛋白的表达较正常对照组均明显升高，Bcl-2明显降低。复苏后血清TNF-α含量下降，MDA含量升高；回肠黏膜细胞Bax、caspase3蛋白的表达均明显下降，Bcl-2蛋白明显升高；乌司他丁复苏组上述指标的恢复程度较生理盐水复苏组为好。结论 乌司他丁可抑制失血性休克大鼠回肠黏膜细胞的凋亡，对失血性休克大鼠起保护作用。     

Administration of recombinant interleukin-11 improves the hemodynamic functions and decreases third space fluid loss in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation

We have previously demonstrated that the administration of recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) during resuscitation improves the blood pressure in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the effects of rhIL-11 could be reproduced in a large animal model and to elucidate the impact of rhIL-11 administration on the intravascular volume status and the degree of third space fluid loss after resuscitation. A 40% blood volume hemorrhage was induced in swine (n = 45, weight of 25-35 kg) followed by a 1-h shock period and resuscitation with 0.9% sodium chloride (three times the shed blood volume). The animals were randomized to receive sham hemorrhage (group I, sham); sham hemorrhage and 50 microg/kg rhIL-11 (group II, sham + IL-11); no drug (group III, saline); or 50 microg/kg rhIL-11 (group IV, IL-11). Blood and urine samples were obtained and analyzed at baseline, at the end of hemorrhaging, and thereafter once every hour. The pleural and peritoneal effusions were precisely quantified by using clinically accepted criteria. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was higher postresuscitation (PR) in groups I, II, and IV (71.4 +/- 7.5 mmHg, 71.0 +/- 8.9 mmHg, and 72.9 +/- 12.3 mmHg, respectively) than in group III (59.9 +/- 10.9 mmHg), and the cardiac output of PR was higher in group IV (3.46 +/- 0.56 L/min) than in group III (2.99 +/- 0.62 L/min; P < 0.01). The difference in MAP between groups I and II became statistically significant at 40 min after rhIL-11 injection and such a difference persisted for 90 min. After resuscitation, the urine output was higher, and the urine specific gravity and third space fluid loss were lower in group IV (1434 +/- 325 mL and 1.0035, 82 +/- 21 mL) than in group III (958 +/- 390 mL and 1.0053, 125 +/- 32 mL; P < 0.05). In a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock, the administration of rhIL-11 at the start of resuscitation significantly improved the cardiac output and blood pressure. This strategy also significantly reduced the extent of third space fluid losses while also having a favorable impact on the intravascular volume status as evidenced by the improved urine output.     

Depletion of lactate by dichloroacetate reduces cardiac efficiency after hemorrhagic shock

We have demonstrated previously that dichloroacetate (DCA) treatment in rodents ameliorates, via activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the cardiovascular depression observed after hemorrhagic shock. To explore the mechanism of this effect, we administered DCA in a large animal model of hemorrhagic shock. Mongrel hounds were anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane and were measured for hemodynamics, myocardial contractility, and myocardial substrate utilization. They were hemorrhaged to a mean arterial pressure of 35 mm Hg for 90 min or until arterial lactate levels reached 7.0 mM (1137 +/- 47 mL or 49 +/- 2% total blood volume). Animals were chosen at random to receive DCA dissolved in water or an equal volume of saline at the onset of resuscitation. Two-thirds of the shed blood volume was returned immediately after giving an equivalent volume of saline. Two hours after the onset of resuscitation, mean arterial pressure was not different between DCA and control groups (79 +/- 3 vs. 82 +/- 3 mm Hg, respectively). Arterial lactate levels were significantly reduced by DCA (0.5 +/- 0.06 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.2 mM). However, DCA treatment was associated with a decreased stroke volume index (0.56 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.82 +/- 0.08 mL/kg/beat) and a decreased myocardial efficiency (19 vs. 41 L x mm Hg/mL/100 g tissue). During resuscitation by DCA, myocardial lactate consumption was reduced (21.4 +/- 3.7 vs. 70.7 +/- 16.3 micromole/min/100 g tissue) despite a three-fold increase in myocardial pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, while free fatty acid levels actually began to rise. Although increased lactate oxidation should be beneficial during resuscitation, we propose that DCA treatment led to a deprivation of myocardial lactate supply, which reduced net myocardial lactate oxidation, thus compromising myocardial function during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock.     

Effects of different resuscitation fluids on the rheologic behavior of red blood cells,blood viscosity and plasma viscosity in experimental hemorrhagic shock

Background

Hemorrhagic shock is associated with severe rheological abnormalities. We hypothesized that in the setting of hemorrhagic shock, resuscitation can alter hemorheological characteristics dramatically, and different fluids cause different effects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the type of fluid administered has an impact on hemorheological characteristics at the early stage of resuscitation in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock.

Methods

Animals were randomized into five groups: (1) sham hemorrhage (SHAM); (2) shock and sham resuscitation (SHOCK); (3) shock and resuscitation with normal saline 32 ml/kg (NS); (4) shock and resuscitation with 7.5% hypertonic saline 4 ml/kg (HS); (5) shock and resuscitation with 7.5% hypertonic saline/6% Dextran 70 4 ml/kg (HSD). Hemorheological characteristics were measured at 60 min after resuscitation.

Results

Results showed that NS resuscitation deteriorated red blood cell (RBC) deformability compared with the SHOCK group. The HS group showed improved RBC deformability compared with the NS group, although the differences were not statistically significant. There were significant improvements of RBC deformability at all shear rates in the HSD group compared with the NS group. Whole blood and plasma viscosities decreased significantly in the SHOCK group compared with the SHAM group. At shear rates of 60 and 150 s⁻¹, the NS group decreased whole blood viscosity compared with the SHOCK group. The HSD group showed elevated plasma viscosity compared with the SHOCK, NS and HS groups.

Conclusion

These results suggested that at the early stage of hemorrhagic shock resuscitation, hypertonic–hyperoncotic resuscitation could improve RBC deformability compared with isotonic crystalloid resuscitation. Dextran 70 could elevate plasma viscosity to nearly baseline level. These effects of hypertonic–hyperoncotic resuscitation could be beneficial to maintain microcirculation.     

高渗盐溶液联合己酮可可碱用于失血性休克早期复苏的研究现状

失血性休克液体复苏时如何减轻复苏后器官损伤是该领域近年来的研究热点.已有研究显示高渗盐溶液联合己酮可可碱用于失血性休克早期复苏时不仅能迅速提高有效循环血量、改善组织灌注,还能有效地减轻复苏后器官损伤,这为入院后进一步的治疗提供了良好的救治基础.这种复苏液联合"复苏药物"的模式为临床失血性休克患者的院前急救提供了新的思路,有进一步深入研究的价值.     

不同容量液体对失血性休克家兔早期复苏效果的影响

目的观察不同容量液体复苏对失血性休克家兔复苏即刻重要器官体系数、血液流变学指标的影响。方法27只健康实验家兔随机均分3组,颈总动脉放血复制家兔失血性休克模型。休克20min后将放出的全血加等倍生理盐水（1：1复苏组）或放出的全血加2倍生理盐水（1：2复苏组）行液体复苏,并设对照组。液体复苏后,观察重要器官体系数、血液流变学指标的变化。结果经不同容量液体复苏后,两组动物血压基本恢复正常;1：1复苏组复苏即刻的肝系数小于对照组与1：2复苏组（P〈0．01）,三组间的心、肾、肺系数无统计学差异（p〉0．05）;1与1：2复苏组各切变率下的全血粘度均显著低于对照组（p〈0．01）,三组间的血浆粘度与相对粘度无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论失血性休克行液体复苏后．能较好地恢复血容量,但全血粘度及肝系数下降;休克早期的低粘血症,值得重视。     

减阻剂对急性失血性休克合并内毒素致伤二次打击大鼠血清细胞因子水平的影响

目的观察减阻剂对急性失血性休克合并内毒素致伤二次打击大鼠血清细胞因子水平的影响。方法60只SD大鼠,雌雄不拘,体质量（331±29）g,随机分为三组,每组20只。在30min内自颈动脉放血完成失血性休克,最终的指标为平均动脉压（40±5）mmHg,然后静脉给予内毒素10mg／kg,休克30min后开始液体复苏。复苏时间为5min,随后继续观察180rain。A组为对照组,静脉给予3．5ml／kg．的生理盐水;B组使用内含0．4mg／ml的透明质酸和0．05mg／ml聚氧化乙烯作为减阻剂的等量生理盐水复苏;C组复苏液为内含芦荟提取物0．05mg／ml的等量生理盐水。观察大鼠生存情况。在不同时间点测定大鼠血清细胞因子TNF-α、IL—1和IL-10水平的变化。结果A、B、C。C三组的生存率分别为20％、60％和65％。A组血清细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1和IL-10浓度均明显增加。与A组相比,减阻剂干预组（B和c组）TNF-α和IL-1水平显著降低（P〈0．01）,同时IL．10水平明显增加（P〈0．01）。但B组和C组各时间点的细胞因子水平无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论在急性失血性休克复合内毒素二次打击大鼠模型中,减阻剂可提高大鼠生存率,此效果的作用机制之一可能是通过降低促炎性细胞因子TNF一仪、IL-1浓度和升高抗炎性细胞因子IL-10水平发挥的。     

Beneficial effects of mercaptoethylguanidine, an inhibitor of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase and a scavenger of peroxynitrite, in a porcine model of delayed hemorrhagic shock.

OBJECTIVE: In rodent models, enhanced formation of nitric oxide and formation of peroxynitrite have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various forms of shock. Here we examined the effect of mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG), an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and peroxynitrite scavenger, in a severe hemorrhagic shock model. DESIGN: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Animal laboratory. SUBJECTS: Twenty-one anesthetized immature Yorkshire pigs. INTERVENTIONS: Mechanical ventilation, sternotomy, continuous cardiac output (pulmonary artery flowmetry), and systemic and intracardial pressure measurements were taken. Pigs were bled to a cardiac index of 40 mL/kg/min for 2 hrs, which was followed by saline resuscitation (20 mL/kg). MEG was administered in the resuscitation fluid (15 mg/kg bolus plus 15 mg/kg/hr infusion). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Hemodynamic variables, systemic and mixed venous blood gas tensions and oxygenation, arterial lactate concentration, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde content, and histologic injury in the lung and intestine were measured. Reduction of cardiac output to 40 mL/kg/min led to the following changes during hypovolemia: decreases in mean arterial blood pressure (to 30-35 mm Hg), both atrial pressures, systemic oxygen consumption (by 35%), mixed venous saturation (by 65%), and lactic acidosis (5.5-6.0 mM). Fluid replacement failed to restore blood pressure and cardiac output during resuscitation and was followed by gradual hemodynamic decompensation. Hemorrhagic shock induced lipid peroxidation, neutrophil deposition, and severe histologic alterations in the lung and intestine. MEG significantly ameliorated the decrease in blood pressure and cardiac output during resuscitation, improved survival rate, reduced lipid peroxidation in the intestine, and ameliorated neutrophil accumulation in the lung and intestine. MEG prevented the reduction in oxygen consumption during resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: When given during resuscitation, MEG exerted beneficial effects in a porcine model of severe hemorrhagic shock. We propose that the mode of MEG's action is related to improved cardiac contractility.     

Five percent human albumin in lactated Ringer's solution for resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock: efficacy and cardiopulmonary consequences

Using an ovine model of acute hemorrhagic shock, we evaluated the utility of 5% albumin in lactated Ringer's (5% ALR) solution as a resuscitation solution. After instrumentation and obtaining baseline values for BP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (WP), CVP, cardiac output, extravascular lung water (EVLW), and blood gases (mixed venous and arterial), animals were rapidly exsanguinated to an MAP of 50 mm Hg. After 30 min at this pressure, measurements were repeated and 5% ALR was administered until two of three variables (WP, MAP, cardiac output) were restored to baseline values. The administration of 5% ALR was continued as needed to maintain baseline values of these variables. Sixty minutes later, data were again recorded. For induction of shock, 15.7 +/- 5.2 ml of blood/kg body weight was removed. Pulmonary artery pressure, WP, MAP, and cardiac output all significantly decreased with shock. After resuscitation, all values except MAP returned to baseline. The resuscitation volume of 5% ALR was 25.2 +/- 18.4 ml/kg. There were no changes in EVLW or intrapulmonary shunt. Oxygen delivery was significantly compromised during shock but returned to baseline after resuscitation. We conclude that in a model such as ours, 5% ALR can reverse the hemodynamic effects of acute hemorrhagic shock.     

Hypertonic saline resuscitation reduces apoptosis and tissue damage of the small intestine in a mouse model of hemorrhagic shock

The effect of hypertonic saline resuscitation on intestinal damage and the incidence of apoptosis after hemorrhagic shock were investigated. After anesthesia, male BALB/c mice weighing 24-34 g were hemorrhaged to the mean arterial pressure of 40 +/- 5 mmHg for 90 min. Animals were randomly assigned to four groups: 1) resuscitation with 4 mL/kg of 7.5% NaCl (hypertonic saline; HS) + shed blood (SB); 2) resuscitation with two times the volume of shed blood of lactated Ringer's solution (2LR) + SB; 3) sham (catheter only); or 4) control (no treatment). Intestinal damage was graded based on the extent of the vacuolation at the basal area of the intestinal villi. Apoptosis of the small intestines was examined with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick-end labeling method and with DNA laddering. Caspase-3 activation, heat shock protein (HSP) 70, and HSP40 were assessed by western blotting. Apoptosis of the small intestine and intestinal damage were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the HS+SB group compared with the 2LR+SB group 2 h and 6 h after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation, respectively. This corresponded with more DNA fragmentation in the small intestine of the 2LR+SB group compared with the HS+SB group 2 h after hemorrhage and resuscitation. In addition, we observed less caspase-3 activation in the small intestine of the HS+SB group compared with the 2LR+SB group at 2 h after resuscitation. The content of HSP40 and HSP70 in the HS+SB group was similar to that in controls, but slightly decreased in the 2LR+SB group. HS resuscitation reduced intestinal damage and apoptosis after hemorrhagic shock, suggesting that HS resuscitation may improve the outcome after hemorrhagic shock by reducing apoptosis and damage to the small intestine.     

Acadesine during fluid resuscitation from shock and abdominal sepsis

OBJECTIVE: To determine properties of acadesine, the prototype adenosine regulating agent, in an experimental model in which abdominal sepsis is superimposed onto hemorrhagic shock. DESIGN: Randomized, blinded animal study. SETTING: University-based animal research facility. SUBJECTS: Twenty-eight anesthetized mongrel pigs (35.5 +/- 1.1 kg). INTERVENTIONS: The cecum was ligated and punctured to produce abdominal sepsis. To produce hemorrhagic shock, 45% to 47% of the estimated blood volume was withdrawn. After 1 hr, shed blood plus supplemental crystalloid (twice the shed blood volume) plus either acadesine (5 mg/kg bolus + 1 mg/kg x 60 min, n = 10) or its vehicle (n = 10) was administered. All animals were awakened and observed for 48 hrs. At 48 hrs, cardiac function, bacterial cultures from the septic focus, and inflammatory changes in the abdomen were quantified. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: After resuscitation with acadesine vs. vehicle, we observed the following: a) arterial blood pressure and cardiac filling pressures were similar but cardiac index, systemic oxygen delivery, and systemic oxygen consumption were increased; b) plasma lactate was higher, systemic vascular resistance was lower, but ileal mucosal blood flow was not measurably altered; c) lipopolysaccharide-evoked tumor necrosis factor production in whole blood ex vivo was reduced; d) in those animals that survived 48 hrs (10/10 vs. 8/10), sepsis-induced cardiac depression, amount of free intraperitoneal fluid, extra abscess inflammatory reaction, abscess wall formation, abscess bacterial counts, and peritoneal bacterial counts, were all similar, but blood bacterial counts were higher. CONCLUSIONS: Fluid resuscitation with acadesine produced no adverse hemodynamic consequences and probably improved washout of metabolites from the reperfused microcirculation in sites other than the small intestine or heart. Taken together, these observations suggest that adenosine regulating agents might have therapeutic potential during fluid resuscitation from trauma. However, at least in these extreme conditions, the acute salutary effects of acadesine were probably overwhelmed by polymicrobial sepsis. Further studies must determine whether supplemental adjuvants to boost host defense during recovery from trauma will optimize adenosine-based resuscitation solutions.     

7．2％氯化钠加6％羟乙基淀粉200／0．5注射液用于创伤失血性休克复苏治疗的有效性与安全性评价

目的：贺苏（7．2％氯化钠／6％羟乙基淀粉200／0．5注射液）用于创伤失血性休克的有效性与安全性。方法：48例急诊创伤性失血性休克患者随机分成7．2％氯化钠／6％羟乙基淀粉200／0．5注射液复苏组（实验组24例）和0．9％氯化钠／6％羟乙基淀粉200／0．5注射液复苏组（对照组24例）,观察记录两组按4ml／kg初次复苏后30min内血流动力学变化,检测复苏前和观察终点时血常规、凝血功能、肝、肾功能、电解质指标,分析比较两组疗效（血压、休克指数）和安全性（血常规、凝血功能及生化指标变化）。结果：2组复苏后血压均明显升高,同时休克指数也均显著下降;实验组血压上升幅度及休克指数下降程度大于对照组;2组初次复苏后30min,红细胞（RBC）、血小板（PLAT）、血红蛋白（HB）、红细胞比积（HCT）均下降,凝血酶原时间（PT）、部分凝血活酶时间（KPTT）时间均延长,但其变化于2组间无显著差异;除实验组复苏后血CL轻度升高外,2组肝肾功能等生化指标于复苏前后均无显著变化。结论：贺苏（7．2％氯化钠／6％羟乙基淀粉200／0．5注射液）对低血容量性低血压复苏效率高,对于内环境无显著影响,可安全用于创伤失血性休克的救治。     

The effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on hemorrhage-induced suppression of cellular immune function

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) improves cellular immune functions after hemorrhagic shock. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective controlled study in a research laboratory at an university medical center. SUBJECTS: Male NMRI mice. INTERVENTIONS: Animals received 0.9% saline or DHEA (20 mg/kg subcutaneously) before induction of a volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock (55% of estimated circulating blood volume) by retro-orbital puncture. One hour after hemorrhage mice underwent fluid resuscitation by intravenous infusion of lactated Ringer's solution (300% of the shed blood). Separate groups of mice were killed to obtain whole blood and spleen 1 h after hemorrhage, 1 h after fluid resuscitation, and 24 h after hemorrhage to determine lymphocyte distribution (CD4(+), CD8(+), NK1.1-AG(+)), splenocyte apoptosis, and plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Hemorrhage in control mice was associated with a rapid increase in circulating NK cell numbers. Elevated splenocyte apoptosis, an increased CD4/CD8 ratio, and decreased number of circulating CD8(+) T-cells was observed 24 h after hemorrhagic shock. DHEA administration was accompanied by a normalization of splenocyte apoptosis and lymphocyte migration. Induction of hemorrhagic shock did not affect TNF-alpha or IL-10 plasma concentrations in either treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: DHEA administration improves cellular immune function after hemorrhage and may therefore be beneficial in patients with hemorrhagic shock.     

Prolonged Blood Storage Does Not Effect Survival in an Animal Model of Hemorrhagic Shock

SUMMARY: BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in hemorrhagic shock is life saving. However, several clinical trials have shown that blood transfusion in the critically ill patient might be associated with adverse outcomes. Furthermore, an association between prolonged blood storage and adverse effects of RBC transfusion has been postulated. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of blood storage time on resuscitation outcome, in an animal model of hemorrhagic shock. METHODS: 20 Wistar rats were phlebotomized in order to induce reversible hemorrhagic shock. Half of them were resuscitated with blood stored for a short period of time (4 days), and the other ones were resuscitated with blood stored for a prolonged time (14 days). Blood samples for hemoglobin, pH, lactate, bicarbonate and creatinine were drawn prior to the induction of shock and 24 h after resuscitation. Five days after resuscitation the animals were sacrificed, and liver, lung and kidney histology was examined. RESULTS: At 24 h after bleeding, the hemoglobin levels decreased by 3.2 and 1.7 g/dl, the pH decreased by 0.008 and 0.001, while the lactate levels increased by 1.6 and 2.7 mg/dl in the fresh and old blood resuscitation groups, respectively, with no significant difference between the groups. A trend toward more severe renal damage occurred in the old compared to the fresh blood resuscitation group (p = 0.089). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study show that in this animal model of hemorrhagic shock the duration of storage of RBCs used for transfusion did not affect the outcome of resuscitation.     

Superoxide dismutase mimetics with catalase activity reduce the organ injury in hemorrhagic shock

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the multiple organ failure (MOF) in hemorrhagic shock. Here we investigate the effects of two superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics with catalase activity (EUK-8 and EUK-134) on the circulatory failure and the organ injury and dysfunction associated with hemorrhagic shock in the anesthetised rat. Hemorrhage (sufficient to lower mean arterial blood pressure to 45 mmHg for 90 min) and subsequent resuscitation with shed blood resulted (within 4 h after resuscitation) in a delayed fall in blood pressure, liver injury and renal dysfunction as well as pancreatic injury. Treatment of rats on resuscitation with EUK-8 (3 mg/kg i.v. bolus followed by 3 mg/kg/h i.v. infusion) significantly attenuated liver injury, renal dysfunction and pancreatic injury caused by hemorrhage and resuscitation. Administration of EUK-134 (3 mg/kg i.v. bolus followed by 3 mg/kg/h) reduced the liver injury and renal dysfunction (but not the pancreatic injury) caused by hemorrhagic shock. However, neither EUK-8 nor EUK-134 reduced the delayed circulatory failure associated with hemorrhagic shock. Thus, we propose that an enhanced formation of ROS contributes to the MOF in hemorrhagic shock, and that membrane-permeable SOD-mimetics with catalase activity, such as EUK-8 or EUK-134, may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the therapy of hemorrhagic shock.