Beijing Declaration of International Association of Neurorestoratology （IANR）Version Beijing 2009

1. With rapid development of basic and clinical advancement on neural restoration, neurorestoratology has become a distinct discipline within neurosciences.     

Awareness intervention for Beijing neurologists regarding secondary prevention of cerebral infarction/transient ischemia——Cross-sectional investigation

BACKGROUND： Stroke prevention guidelines should be made available application to aid in uniformity, timing, preciseness, and acceptance of disease. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the awareness of neurologists in some Beijing secondary prevention of cerebral infarction/transient ischemia. DESIGN： Cross-sectional study. to neurologists for clinical hospitals of intervention in SETTING： Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, General Hospital of Beijing Military Area, Command of Chinese PLA, Beijing Chuiyangliu Hospital, Beijing 6^th Hospital, Beijing Hepingli Hospital, and Beijing Daxing District Hospital. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 28 （associate） chief physicians, 58 attending physicians, and 54 resident physicians who engaged in clinical treatment of cerebrovascular diseases were selected from 8 hospitals in Beijing from March to April 2007. All physicians provided informed consent. METHODS： Self-made closed questionnaires were provided for data collection, consisting of 16 questions that were single choice or multiple choice. Specifically, questions 1-7 focused on awareness of blood pressure regulation in different patients and first choice of decompression drug; questions 8-12 focused on awareness of lipid regulation; and questions 13-16 focused on awareness of anti-blood platelet drugs applied in secondary prevention. The scores ranged from 0-100 points, and each question was worth 6.25 points. The scores positively correlated with the awareness rate. To test leveling real-time, the survey lasted for a maximum of 20 minutes. One questionnaire was independently finished by each subject in the survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Awareness intervention among neurologists during secondary prevention of cerebral infarction/transient ischemia and questionnaire scores. RESULTS： 140 subjects were included in the final analysis. ① The awareness rate among neurologists for intervention during secondary prevention of cerebral infarction/transient ischemia ranged from 0.7-57.9%, the scores ranged betw     

A pilot study of psychometric properties of the Beijing version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment in patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease in China

Cognitive dysfunction is one of the most critical clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and its accurate and efficient diagnosis is crucial for treatment. We evaluated the psychometric properties of the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (BJ–MoCA) in 123 Chinese patients with idiopathic PD. The internal consistency and convergent validity of the BJ-MoCA were examined and psychometric characteristics of BJ–MoCA scores were analyzed in PD patients with ‘‘normal’’ Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. More than half (56.9%) of the patients with normal MMSE scores showed cognitive impairment in multiple cognitive domains, including visuospatial and executive functions, naming, attention, language, delayed recall, and orientation. The impaired delayed recall was less likely to occur in newly diagnosed patients, and the orientation ability in patients with early onset was rarely affected. The multivariate regression analysis revealed that the age of symptom onset and disease severity were independent predictors of cognitive impairment. Thus, the current findings demonstrate that the BJ–MoCA is a reliable tool for screening cognitive dysfunction in Chinese patients with idiopathic PD. It is more sensitive than the MMSE for screening early cognitive decline in non-memory dysfunction.     

Editor's Choice——Neuroprotective effects of baicalin

Baicalin is a type of flavonoid,which is extracted from dried roots of Scufellarla baicalensis Georgi.Baicalin has been shown to exhibit anti-microbial and anit-allergy effects, as well as provide liver protection and reduce blood pressure. f3aicalin protects     

Dopaminergic system abnormalities——Etiopathogenesis of dystonia

BACKGROUND： Much research has focused on the close relationship between etiopathogenesis of dystonia and abnormalities of the dopaminergic system. Nevertheless, details of the mechanism are still not clear. OBJECTIVE： To review studies from the past few years about pathogenesis and molecular interactions involved in the relationship between dystonia and abnormalities of the dopaminergic system. RETRIEVAL STRATEGY： Using the key words ＂dystonia＂ and ＂dopamine＂, PubMed database and SCI databases were searched from January 1990 to December 2005 for relevant English publications. A total of 73 articles were searched and, initially, all articles were selected. Inclusive criteria： studies based on pathogenesis and molecular interactions involved in the relationship between dystonia and abnormalities of the dopaminergic system. Exclusive criteria： duplicated studies. A total of 19 articles were extracted after preliminary screening. LITERATURE EVALUATION： The data sources were the PubMed and SCI databases. The types of articles chosen were reviews and original articles. DATA SYNTHESIS： Metabolism and function of dopamine in the central nervous system： the chemical constitution of dopamine is a single benzene ring. The encephalic regions of dopamine synthesis and their fiber projections comprise four nervous system pathways. One of these pathways is the substantia nigra-striatum dopamine pathway, which is a side-loop of the basal ganglia circuitry that participates in movement control and plays a main role in the adjustment of extracorticospinal tract movement. Dopamine can lead to the facilitation of movement. Dystonia and abnormalities of the dopaminergic system： different modes of dopamine abnormality exist in various forms of dystonia. Abnormalities of the dopaminergic system in several primary dystonias： at present, fifteen gene loci of primary dystonia have been reported （DYT1-DYT15）. The relationship between abnormalities of the dopaminergic system and the etiopathogenesis of severa     

Editor's Choice——Application of genetic engineering for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases

Gene therapy has been shown to be an effective m ethod for protecting neural functions in the substantia nigra,as well as for treating Parkinson’s disease.The regulatiion     

DNA-flow fluorescence — Cytometry of ependymomas

Summary The distribution of DNA is estimated from flow cytometric histograms in surgical specimens of ten ependymomas of different location and varying anaplasia. In three cerebral tumours grade I–II, including one ependymoma of the 4th ventricle, only limited elevation of the 4 C maxima was a prominent feature, corresponding to the microscopical frequency of typical mitoses. Four grade-III ependymomas showed aneuploid or polyploid histograms with stem lines. One frontal tumour was classified as transitional because of more numerous mitoses and abnormally elevated S and G2+M phases, which increased in tissue culture. A correlation between the degree of anaplasia with the DNA pattern was difficult to pursue in two spinal ependymomas obviously lacking microscopical mitoses: Both — one a so-called tanycytic variant of grade I–II, and the other probably a metastasis from a cerebellar tumour — had a clear polyploid DNA histogram with a strikingly increased proliferation index, similar to the more malignant tumours of grade III. Also flow DNA measurements probably allow the decoding of heterogenous mixtures of tumour cells which are not always benign in ependymomas of lower grades of anaplasia microscopically.Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

Gamma knife treatment of rat glioma——Influences of irradiation dose on apoptosis and necrosis

BACKGROUND： Apoptosis and necrosis are cellular death mechanisms that are induced in glioma cells following gamma knife irradiation. Increased apoptosis is essential for maintaining and enhancing treatment efficacy. OBJECTIVE： To observe apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms of rat glioma models induced by gamma knife treatment and to analyze the influences of irradiation doses on apoptosis and necrosis. DESIGN： Controlled animal experiment. SETTING： Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University and Gamma Knife Center of Hefei Brain Hospital. MATERIALS： Eighteen female specific pathogen free Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 180 210 g and 5 6 weeks old, were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center, Medical College of Suzhou University. Rat C6 glioma cells were purchased from the cell bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Annexin V-FITC Reagent Kit （Bender Med System. Company, USA） and a flow cytometer （Becton Dickinson FACSCalibur） were provided. METHODS： The experiment was conducted at the Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University and Gamma Knife Center of Hefei Brain Hospital from December 2006 to May 2007. All rats were inoculated with C6 glioma cells, i.e., 4 μL of a C6 glioma cell suspension was injected 5 mm deep in the cortex. All rats were divided randomly into a model group, 9-Gy treatment group, and 12-Gy treatment group. There were six rats in each group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Apoptosis and necrosis of normal brain tissue and glioma were observed by Flow Cytometry one week after irradiation, and pathological changes to tumor tissue were identified by HE staining. RESULTS： Eighteen rats were initially selected for the study： two rats from the model and 12-Gy treatment groups died from accidental anesthesia. The remaining 16 rats were included in the final result analysis. Cellular apoptosis and necrosis： apoptosis and necrosis were significantly increased in the treatment groups after gamma knife irradiation, compared to the model group （P 〈 0.05）. Apoptosis was grea     

Editor's Choice — Electrophysiological characteristics of epilepsy

Electroencephalographic signalscan act as an indicator of abnormaldischarge during epileptic seizures,providing important evidence fordiagnosing epilepsy. Abnormalelectroencephalographic activitywas detected during seizures, and     

Planning Mental Health Needs of China——A Great Leap Forward

<正>It is an enormous challenge to plan the mental health needs of China.Professor Wang~([1]) and Professor Xie~([2])have outlined broad strategies focusing on clinical services and the shortage of mental health professionals.The National Mental Health Plan may also need to address urgent mental health issues related to the     

Detrimental and synergistic role of epilepsy——Alzheimer's disease risk factors

<正>Identification of individuals at risk for developing Alzheimer's disease(AD)is an important issue for its pretreatment.Perspective studies predicting the disease are based on the genetic approaches emerging from the nucleotide polymorphism analysis in different loci through the entire genome in AD patients.Considerable diversity of genes located in these regions     

Continuity of Care in the Treatment of Suicide Attempters—Current Challenges

A nationally representative sample of Norwegian high school students (ages 14 to 19, N = 2,924) completed self-reports in school about non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicide attempt (SA), and risk and protective factors. They were re-examined 5 years later. In all 2.2% reported NSSI with no SA during the follow-up period and 3.2% reported SA. Several risk and protective factors were common to NSSI and SA: previous SA, young age, debut of sexual intercourse before the age of 15, and non-heterosexual sexual interest. However, other risk and protective factors were unique to NSSI or SA: Previous NSSI increased the risk for future NSSI whereas satisfaction with social support protected against later NSSI. Suicidal ideation increased the risk for SA whereas attachment to parents protected against it. NSSI did not increase the risk of future SA. NSSI and SA may be thus conceived of as only partly overlapping phenomena, and not necessarily just representing different degrees of suicidality.     

北京神经内科会诊中心(Beijing Neurology Consultation Center)简介

北京神经内科会诊中心成立于 1994年 3月。该中心是在北京神经内科学会主任委员丁铭臣教授和中华医学会北京分会秘书长刘援增的倡议下与首都医科大学宣武医院共同组织成立。中心以解决一些疑难的神经系统疾病的诊断和治疗问题 ,有效地利用医疗资源满足疑难病患者的需要为宗旨。会诊中心汇集了 2 0多位国内一流的北京各大医院神经内科的著名教授参加会诊。这些专家分别来自卫生部北京医院、首都医科大学宣武医院、北京协和医院、解放军 30 1医院、北京军区总医院、北京大学第一医院和第三医院、北京友谊医院、天坛医院、中日友好医院、中国康…     

Orgasmic aura—a report of seven cases

We report on seven patients who experienced an orgasmic aura at the start of their seizures. The patients (five women, two men) were aged 36–58. Three of seven patients described the exact nature of their auras only many years after their appearance, when the epilepsy diagnostic procedure became more intensive due to drug resistance. Moreover, one patient even refused any new therapeutical options due to the reportedly positive role of the orgasmic aura in her life. All of our patients had temporal lobe epilepsy. The clinical picture, EEG, MRI or SPECT findings suggested a right temporal epileptic focus in six patients, while in one patient the epileptogenic region was localised in the left temporal lobe. In the latter case, the left hemisphere was speech-dominant, while in the other cases no Wada tests were done. Our results confirm that orgasmic aura could be considered as an ictal lateralising sign to the right hemisphere, however, it has no 100% lateralising value.     

Democratic Development of Standards: The Community of Communities—A Quality Network of Therapeutic Communities

As the inevitability of regulation and accountability dawned on the British Therapeutic Community movement at the end of the 1990s, a polarised debate took place. The product of that debate is now an action research based system of audit, with its principles and methods based on therapeutic community practice. This paper is written four years after the discussions started, and describes how the "Community of Communities" was conceived, what its methods are, some of the results from it first year of operation, and reflection about the nature of the process itself