171例慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者临床与肝组织病理分析

目的:观察171例HBV DNA阳性的慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染者临床检测指标与肝脏组织病理的关系.方法:将171例患者分为4组,A组丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)≤0.5 ×ULN(正常值上限),B组0.5 ×ULN＜ALT≤1×ULN,C组1×ULN＜ ALT≤2×ULN,D组2×ULN＜ ALT≤5 × ULN,观察各组患者肝脏炎症分级(G)和纤维化分期(S)的差异,进一步分析各组炎症分级和纤维化分期与其他肝脏生化学指标如天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、血小板(PLT).及肝纤维化模型(APRI,以AST/PLT比值的统计量作为数字化模型)的关系.结果:A组25％患者肝组织炎症为G2,B组和C组分别有16.4％、49.2％患者肝组织炎症分级为G2～G3,不同ALT组间肝组织炎症分级的差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05),随着ALT水平升高,肝组织G2～G3检出比例增加;171例患者不同肝组织炎症分级组,球蛋白(Glo)、AST、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、PLT、APRI的差异均有显著性意义(P＜0.05);不同肝组织纤维化分期组,年龄、HBeAg状态、白蛋白(Alb)、AST、GGT、PLT、HBV DNA、APRI的差异均有显著性意义(P＜0.05),其中随着纤维化程度进展,AST、APRI值逐渐升高,Alb、PLT逐渐下降.结论:HBV DNA阳性的慢性HBV感染者,即使ALT正常,仍有不同程度的肝组织炎症和纤维化改变,需综合观察年龄、AST、GGT、APRI、HBeAg状态和HBV DNA水平,必要时建议患者行肝脏穿刺病理检查,以准确了解肝脏疾病进展.     

ALT小于2×ULN慢性乙型肝炎患者的肝组织病理学分析

目的 观察ALT小于2×ULN慢性乙型肝炎患者的肝组织病理学与ALT的相关性.方法 选择符合诊断标准的303例慢性乙型肝炎患者,检测血清肝功能、进行肝脏活检,肝脏组织标本进行常规病理检测.结果 ALT小于2×ULN慢性乙型肝炎患者肝组织64.68%有2级以上的炎症改变,56.44%有2期以上的纤维化.本组中ALT男性均值为(39.73±19.14)U/L,女性为(29.21±13.90)U/L.结论 ALT与炎性分级、纤维化分期均有相关性.ALT正常与不正常的慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脏组织炎性分级、纤维化分期不同,随着ALT数值的升高肝组织炎症及纤维化改变越明显.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者肝组织病理研究

目的:探讨慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者临床表现和病理诊断的相关性.方法:收集30例CHB患者的临床资料,分析临床表现与病理诊断的相关性.结果:肝组织的炎症和纤维化程度的相关性显著(r=0.659,P＜0.01),白蛋白/球蛋白比值(A/G)与肝脏炎症和纤维化分级显著负相关(r=-0.368,P＜0.05;r=-0.401,P＜0.05).年龄、性别及其他化验指标如ALT、AST、TP、ALB、GLO、TBil、PLT、PT、PTA、门静脉宽度、脾脏厚度等与肝组织炎症和纤维化分级无显著相关性(P＞0.05).结论:慢性乙型肝炎肝脏炎症和纤维化的严重程度密切相关,仅根据肝功能判断轻中度的CHB患者的肝脏炎症及纤维化程度有相当的局限性.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者肝功能与血清HBVDNA负荷及肝脏病理的关系

探讨慢性乙型肝炎患者肝功能与血清HBVDNA负荷及肝脏病理的相关性。随机选择207例慢性乙型肝炎患者,检测其血清ALT、HBVDNA含量,肝穿刺活检,光镜多视野观察其肝组织的病理情况。随着慢性乙型肝炎患者血清ALT的升高,HBVDNA复制程度的增高,其肝组织的炎症活动度、纤维化程度明显升高(P<0.01)。慢性乙型肝炎患者血清ALT、HBVDNA含量与肝组织的炎症活动度、纤维化程度有相关性。     

乙肝肝硬化患者血清IFN-γ及相关因子水平与肝脏炎症活动的关系

目的:探讨乙肝肝硬化患者血清中IFN-γ、IL-2及sIL-2R的水平与肝脏炎症活动的关系. 方法:应用双抗体夹心ELISA方法测定43例乙肝肝硬化患者(其中静止性肝硬化23例;活动性肝硬化20例)及19例正常人血清IFN-γ、IL-2及sIL-2R水平;并分析其与肝脏炎症青况的关系. 结果:活动性肝硬化患者血清IFN-γ、IL-2及sIL-2R浓度均明显高于静止性肝硬化组及正常对照组(35.881±9.032 vs 23.619±8.183 and 21.213±5.876,11.989±7.232vs 6.003±2.174 and 5.404±2.161,848.656±368.105vs 380.571±290.107 and 94.917±83.672;P＜0.01),肝硬化患者血清IFN-γ与ALT、IL-2与SB、sIL-2R与ALT、SB有相关性,且IFN-γ与IL-2呈正相关. 结论:IFN-γ及相关因子在肝硬化免疫病理中起重要作用,且与肝脏炎症活动密切相关,肝组织损伤可能是IFN-γ及相关因子活性增加的原因.     

急慢性肝病患者血清C3氨基端肽和层粘素水平与肝脏病理学 …

目的探讨急慢性肝病患者肝组织损害与血清C3氨基端肽(PⅢP)和层粘素(LN)水平的关系.方法采用放射免疫法测定了110例急、慢性乙型肝炎患者的血清PⅢP和LN水平,并与肝组织病理损害程度进行对比分析.结果急性组和慢性轻度组与正常对照组比较其血清PⅢ P和LN水平无显著性差异(P＞0.05),而慢性中度、重度和肝硬变组与正常对照组、急性组和慢性轻度组比较差异显著(P＜0.05或0.01);并且,慢性肝病肝纤维化程度越重其血清PⅢ P和LN水平也明显升高(P＜0.05或0.01).此外,血清PⅢ P、LN与胆红素(TBil)水平呈正相关((P＜0.05或0.05),与白蛋白(A)、白/球比值(A/G)和凝血酶原活动度(PTA)呈负相关(P＜0.05或0.01),而与血清丙氨酸转移酶(ALT)和γ球蛋白(γ-G)不相关(P＞0.05).结论测定血清PⅢ P和LN水平对判断慢性肝病肝组织的炎症坏死活动程度和肝纤维化程度有较大的参考价值.     

慢性HBV感染者肝脏病理与ALT、性别及年龄等因素关系研究

目的探讨慢性HBV感染者肝脏病理特征与ALT、性别、年龄和HBV DNA的相关性。方法选取282例慢性HBV感染者行肝脏穿刺病理检查,分别就炎症分级和肝纤维化分期与性别、年龄、ALT、HBV DNA水平的关系进行研究。结果 282例中炎症分级≥2级所占比例为58.51%,肝纤维化分期主要分布在S1(35.11%)和S2(34.75%);不同炎症分级之间,性别差异无统计学意义;在年龄方面,G2~G4组均高于G0组(P坶0.05);在ALT方面,G2~G4组均高于G0和G1组(P均0.05),G4组高于G2和G3组(P均0.05);不同炎症分级组HBV DNA水平差异无统计学意义。不同肝纤维化分期之间,患者性别分布方面S2组男性比例高于S3组(P0.05);在年龄方面,S1、S2、S3组年龄依次升高(P均0.05);ALT方面,S4组高于S0~S3组(P均0.05);HBV DNA水平方面,S3组高于S1组(P0.05),S4组高于S0~S3组(P均0.05)。结论慢性HBV感染者大部分炎症分级为G2以上,肝纤维化分期为S4以下。随着ALT升高,炎症分级和肝纤维化分期逐渐加重,但ALT≥2倍正常值上限后肝纤维化程度不再随之变化。男性患者肝纤维化程度较重。随着年龄增加肝脏炎症程度逐渐增加。     

388例慢性HBV感染者血清学与肝组织病理学指标的相关性分析

分析388例慢性HBV感染血清学及肝组织病理学指标的相关性.结果发现,HBeAg阳性者肝组织炎症分级为G2、G3-G4及纤维化分级为S2、S3～s4所占比率较阴性者低;纤维化分级为SO、炎症分级为GO～G1者的HBV-DNA均值显著高于纤维化分级S1～S4、炎症分级G2～G4者(P＜0.05、0.01);肝组织HBsAg表达为"+"者与"++～+++"者的血清HBV-DNA均值无显著差异;肝组织HBcAg阳性者HBV-DNA均值显著高于阴性者(P＜0.01);血清ALT水平正常及轻度升高者肝组织纤维化和(或)明显炎症发生率显著低于ALT中、重度升高者(P＜0.05).认为血清HBV-DNA与肝组织HBcAg表达有一致性,与肝内HbsAg表达无明显相关,HBV.DNA水平低可能提示肝组织炎症活动度和纤维化程度高;对慢性乙肝病毒携带者行肝活检可判断肝组织病变程度并决定是否行抗病毒治疗.     

352例ALT<2ULN慢性乙型肝炎患者肝活检病理分析

目的对比丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)2倍正常值上限(ULN)的慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染者中,乙型肝炎E抗原(HBeAg)阳性患者与HBeAg阴性患者肝组织病理学炎症活动度及纤维化程度的差异,病理改变与年龄的关系。方法回顾性分析352例ALT2 ULN慢性HBV感染者,分为HBeAg阳性与HBeAg阴性组,对比两组患者肝脏炎症活动度、纤维化程度的差异;并分析所有患者病理改变与年龄关系。结果 (1)HBeAg阳性组患者144例,肝脏炎症改变在G1~G3级,纤维化程度在S0~S4期,其中达G2及以上、达S4者分别为121例(84.03%)、14例(9.72%);HBeAg阴性组患者208例,肝脏炎症改变在G1~G4级,纤维化程度在S0~S4期,其中G2及以上、达S4者分别为164例(78.85%)、67例(32.21%)。HBeAg阳性组与HBeAg阴性组患者炎症活动度无明显差异;HBeAg阴性组患者的肝脏纤维化程度明显高于HBeAg阳性组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)352例慢性乙型肝炎患者炎症活动度及纤维化程度随着年龄增长,炎症活动度无明显差异,但纤维化程度逐渐加重,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论ALT2ULN的慢性HBV感染者中,HBeAg阴性组患者的肝脏纤维化程度明显高于HBeAg阳性组患者,而两组患者炎症活动度无明显差异;随着年龄增长,慢性乙型肝炎患者纤维化程度则在加重。     

血清GP73对慢性乙型肝炎病毒携带者肝脏炎症损伤的预测价值

目的观察慢性乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)携带者血清GP73水平与肝脏病理变化的关系,探讨血清GP73水平对慢性HBV携带者肝脏炎症损伤的预测作用。方法选取2012年1月-2014年10月在解放军第一八〇医院就诊的慢性HBV感染者300例,其中慢性HBV携带者100例,慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)100例,HBV相关肝硬化(liver cirrhosis,LC)100例。选取同期健康体检者50名作为对照组。采用ELISA法检测血清GP73浓度。100例慢性HBV携带者进行肝脏穿刺活检术,分析血清GP73水平与肝脏炎症活动度分级(G)和纤维化分期(S)的关系。结果慢性HBV感染者血清GP73水平显著高于对照组(P0.001),且随着病情的进展,血清GP73浓度在慢性HBV携带者(47.21±17.69)ng/ml、CHB(98.45±65.29)ng/ml和HBV相关LC(229.93±95.00)ng/ml中持续升高,各组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。经过相关性分析,血清GP73含量与慢性HBV感染者病情严重程度呈正相关(r=0.746)。100例慢性HBV携带者进行肝脏穿刺活检术后发现,血清GP73含量随着肝脏炎症活动度分级、肝纤维化分期的加重而逐渐升高(P0.001),血清GP73水平与肝脏炎症活动度分级(r=0.549)和肝纤维化分期(r=0.528)呈正相关。在100例ALT正常的慢性HBV携带者中,有显著肝脏炎症(≥G2)和纤维化(≥S2)的患者分别为29例(29.00%)和33例(33.00%)。病理分级为≥G2和≥S2的慢性HBV携带者血清GP73水平显著高于无明显坏死性炎症(G0~G1)和纤维化(S0~S1)患者(P0.001)。多变量Logistic回归分析结果显示,诸因素中只有血清GP73水平被确定为预测肝脏坏死性炎症和肝纤维化的独立因素。结论血清GP73水平与慢性HBV携带者肝组织病理分级分期密切相关。部分慢性HBV携带者尽管ALT水平正常,但是肝组织却存在明显的炎症坏死和纤维化,其血清GP73水平明显升高。因此,血清GP73可用于慢性HBV携带者预测肝脏炎症损伤的标志物。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.