慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV C基因启动子变异的临床意义

目的:探讨慢性乙型肝炎中C基因启动子(BCP)变异的临床意义。方法:采用错配PCR与限制性长度片段多态性分析(RFLP)相结合,检测35例慢性乙型肝炎患者BCP区核苷酸(nt)1762碱基A→T和1764G→A联合突变及前C区nt1896G→A终止变异。结果:在35例慢性乙型肝炎中检出BCP区T1762A1764变异8例(23％),其中6例血清HBeAg( ),2例抗HBe( ),而7例前C区A1896变异中HBeAg( )2例,抗HBe( )5例,未见T1762A1764变异和A1896变异同时出现者。结论:提示HBV毒株BCP区T1762A1764变异可能与前C区A1896变异不同,它的出现不足以导致HBeAg(—)型的慢性肝炎。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV前C区G1896A、核心启动子1762/1764变异与乙型肝炎自然史、血清HBsAg定量及疾病程度的相关性

目的研究HBV前C区G1896A、核心启动子1762/1764变异与HBV自然史、血清HBsAg水平间的相关性及对疾病严重程度的影响。方法分别各选取40例HBV野生株、前C区G1896A或核心启动子1762/1764变异以及两者联合变异的慢性乙型肝炎感染者为研究对象。采用PCR反向点杂交技术检测HBV前C区G1896A位点、核心启动子1762/1764变异及HBV基因分型。同时检测HBsAg定量、HBeAg、HBV DNA定量、肝脏生化指标等。结果(1)HBV前C区G1896A、核心启动子1762/1764变异患者的年龄、ALT高于野生株感染者(P0.001),Alb低于野生株感染者(P0.001)。(2)HBV自然史免疫耐受期以野生株感染为主(P0.001),免疫清除期、低(非)复制期野生株及PC G1896A或/和BCP1762/1764变异株差异无统计学意义(P0.05),再活动期以PC G1896A或/和BCP1762/1764变异株为主(P0.001)。(3)PC G1896A或/和BCP1762/1764变异株的HBsAg水平(lgIu/mL)、HBeAg阳性率较野生株组降低(P0.001),基因C型、HBV DNA水平(≥6 lg拷贝/mL)较野生株组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(4)HBV PC G1896A或/和BCP1762/1764变异中肝硬化患者多于野生株(P0.05)。结论慢性HBV感染者前C区G1896A、核心启动子1762/1764变异与乙型肝炎自然史、HBsAg水平、HBeAg的状态及疾病严重程度相关。     

HBV前-C区和BCP区变异与肝细胞癌的相关性分析

目的探讨HBV前-C区G1896A和BCP区A1762T/G1764A变异与肝细胞癌(HCC)的关系及其可能的机制。方法选择于青岛市传染病医院住院的HBV DNA104拷贝/ml的慢性HBV感染者82例,其中慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)29例,乙型肝炎肝硬化(LC)27例,HBV相关肝细胞癌(HCC)26例,采用实时荧光PCR法检测其HBV前-C区1896位变异和BCP区1762/1764位变异,并采用ELISA法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平。结果 HCC组和LC组前-C区G1896A和BCP区A1762T/G1764A变异率、血清TNF-α水平均显著高于CHB组,但HCC组和LC组间无显著差异。前-C区G1896A和BCP区A1762T/G1764A变异者血清TNF-α水平均显著高于非变异组。结论 HBV前-C区G1896A和BCP区A1762T/G1764A变异与HCC形成有关,机制是否与HBV变异和TNF-α水平间的因果关系相关,有待进一步研究。     

HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎初治患者BCP区A1762T/G1764A变异株定量检测结果分析

目的探讨HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎初治患者BCP区A1762T/G1764A变异株定量检测的临床意义。方法通过单标记探针联合选择性阻断实时荧光定量PCR法精确定量检测97例HBV DNA阳性慢性乙型肝炎初治患者BCP区A1762T/G1764A变异株,并进行统计学分析。结果 97例HBeAg阳性患者变异株的含量会随着HBV DNA水平的升高而降低(P0.01)。变异株含量同时与HBeAg水平呈显著相关,随着HBeAg水平的升高,变异株含量降低(P0.01)。结论对HBV感染者的BCP区A1762T/G1764A变异株进行定量检测,可对患者病情的可能发展进行预测,从而可以采取有效的防治措施。     

HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者出现前C和基本核启动子联合突变的意义

目的 探讨HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者出现前C区G1896A突变和基本核启动子(BCP)区A1762T／G1764A双突变，以及两者的联合突变对患者血清病毒含量的影响。方法 收集240份HBeAg阴性、60份HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者血清及40份阴性对照血清，采用竞争分化聚合酶链反应(CD-PCR)检测G1896A突变及A1762T/G1764A双突变，采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测血清中病毒含量。结果 G1896A突变在HBeAg阴性和HBeAg阳性患者中的检出率分别为57．6％和6．7％；A1762T／G1764A双突变的检出率分别为37．9％和31．7％；其中两者联合突变在HBeAg阴性患者中的检出率为13．5％。在HBeAg阴性患者中，G1896A突变主要出现在血清病毒含量低的患者，而A1762T／G1764A双突变与血清病毒含量无关。联合变异株主要见于重度慢性乙型肝炎患者，与血清病毒含量无关。结论 G1896A变异株复制能力较低，而A1762T／G1764A变异株对病毒复制能力影响可能较为复杂，对HBeAg合成的影响较G1896A变异株小。联合变异株的致病力相对较强，其复制能力较单纯G1896A强，值得警惕。     

黎族HBV感染者其病毒基因型及C基因启动子/前C区基因突变与肝硬化和肝癌的关系

HBV感染是一个严重的公共卫生问题.在中国,慢性乙型肝炎是导致肝硬化和原发性肝癌的主要危险因素之一[1].目前,根据HBV核苷酸变异＞8％,将HBV分为A～H8种基因型[2].有研究结果显示,HBV基因型、HBV基因组前C区(PreC)第1896位核苷酸G→A(G1896A)以及其启动子(BCP) 1762位核苷酸A→T和1764位核苷酸G→A的突变(BCP A1762T/G1764A)与病毒的复制、转录、抗原表达水平以及疾病的临床过程密切相关[3-4].黎族是海南岛的原住居民,目前关于海南岛黎族肝硬化及肝癌患者HBV基因型、PreC G1896A基因突变和BCP A1762T/G1764A基因突变流行病学分布的研究鲜见报道.本研究旨在了解HBV基因型、PreC G1896A基因突变和BCP A1762T/G1764A基因突变与海南岛黎族肝硬化及肝癌患者发病机制的关系.     

乙型肝炎

HBeAg阴性慢型乙型肝炎的临床分析及其与基因变异的关系——高玉金等（江苏徐州市传染病医院、徐州市肝病研究所221004）；《临床消化病杂志》，2006，18（3）：151-152[目的：探讨HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎（以下简称e^-CHB）的临床特点及与前C区G1896A变异及基本核心启动子（BCP）区A1762T／G1764A双变异的关系。方法：采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测HBV DNA，采用时间分辨荧光免疫分析法定量检测乙型肝炎病毒标志物，采用基因芯片检测基因变异。     

HBV BCP区1762/1764位点变异对肝脏疾病进展及预后的影响

目的:探讨乙型肝炎病毒BCP区A1762T/G1764A变异与肝脏疾病进展的关系。方法:收集78例慢性乙型肝炎患者(CHB)和125例慢性重型乙型肝炎患者(CSHB)的血清及临床资料,并对所有入组患者进行随访,采用聚合酶链反应扩增HBV BCP区基因片段,产物纯化后直接测序,检测BCP区T1762/A1764位点变异。结果:CSHB组患者A1762T、G1764A及A1762T+G1764A的变异频率分别为64.0%(80/125)、60.0%(75/125)、60.0%(75/125),CHB患者3种变异的变异频率分别为30.8%(24/78)、28.2%(22/78)、25.6%(20/78),CSHB组3种变异的变异频率均明显高于CHB组,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。125例CSHB患者随访48周,死亡组A1762T/G1764A位点变异频率明显高于存活组,差异有统计学意义(x~2=12.42,P0.001);A1762T/G1764A位点变异组的患者累积存活率明显低于未变异组(x~2=9.742,P0.01)。结论:HBV BCP区1762/1764位点变异可能会加重HBV感染后肝脏疾病病情,并且对慢性重型乙型肝炎的发病及预后可能起重要的作用。     

慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化结节样变与病毒变异的关系

目的：分析慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化结节样变与 HBV 变异的关系以及 HBV 变异在慢性肝硬化、肝癌进展中的作用。方法收集临床诊断慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化患者104例,其中不典型结节样增生病例43例,单纯肝硬化患者41例,肝癌患者20例。采用荧光探针实时定量 PCR 试剂盒提取 HBV 基因组,选取 PCR 强阳性产物用 Sanger 双脱氧链末端终止法对 HBV 前 C 区变异基因 G1896A ,BCP 区 G1764A、A1762T 位点在全自动核苷酸分析仪上测序,测序结果与 Gene Bank 中 pADR 标准株序列作对比分析。结果结节性增生组、单纯肝硬化组、肝癌组患者 HBV 前 C Gl896A 变异检出率分别是52．3％、40．1％和37．4％,差异无统计学意义（χ2＝0．547,P ＝0．05）;结节性增生组 BCP A l762T 变异率68．4％,与单纯硬化组36．3％比较,差异有统计学意义（P ＝0．038）,与肝癌组 G1764A 变异检出率分别是73．0％,与对照组比较具有显著性差异（P ＝0．0411）。单纯肝硬化组、结节性增生组 BCP 基因变异（＋）组,HBV DNA 载量2．18×107、1．2×106高于基因变异（-）组1．18×104、2．95×103,差别有统计学意义（P ＝0．0451,P ＝0．0412）;结节性增生组、肝癌组 BCP 基因变异（＋）组HBeAg 定量750．00 IU／mL,1300．00 IU／mL 高于基因变异（-）组416．13 IU／mL,927．60 IU／mL 差别有统计学意义（P ＝0．0451,P ＝0．0073）。结论前 C 区变异与乙肝肝硬化结节样变临床进展为肝癌无关,而 BCP 区变异与乙肝结节样变临床进展为肝癌有关。     

乙型肝炎病毒前核心区及基本核心启动子变异的检测及其对患者疾病谱的影响

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)前核心区(前C区,nt1896)及基本核心启动子(BCP,nt1762/1764)变异在慢性HBV感染者疾病谱的分布及对患者疾病谱的影响。方法416例血清HBsAg阳性、HBVDNA定量大于1.0×104拷贝/毫升的患者,采用微流基因芯片检测HBV前C区及BCP变异。结果416例HBV感染者中302例为HBeAg(-)患者,其中248例(82.12%)有前C区或BCP变异,41.06%为前C区变异,31.12%BCP变异,2种同时变异为9.94%。HBeAg(-)的慢性乙型肝炎和肝硬化患者前C区变异分别为64.72%和83.33%(x2=0.89,P>0.05),均大于HBeAg(-)无症状携带者的28.47%(x2=54.20,P<0.01;x2=5.29,P<0.05);而HBeAg(-)无症状携带者BCP变异达77.19%,大于HBeAg(-)慢性乙型肝炎和肝硬化患者(x2=69.73,P<0.01;x2=10.58,P<0.01)。而在114例HBeAg(+)患者中28.95%有前C区或BCP变异。结论前C区或BCP变异在慢性HBV感染者疾病谱的分布不同,在HBeAg(-)/HBVDNA(+)与HBeAg(+)/HBVDNA(+)患者变异率差异显著。HBV前C区可能是该病变反复及加重的一个重要原因,但BCP变异临床意义不明确。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.