San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via inhibition of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis

Oxidative stress has been widely implicated in the pathogenesis of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXT), a widely used traditional Chinese medication, has been shown to possess antioxidant effects. Here, we investigated whether SHXT and its main component baicalin can attenuate oxidative stress induced by H/R injury. H9c2 rat ventricular cells were exposed to SHXT or baicalin followed by hypoxia for 24 h and/or reoxygenation for 8 h. Pretreatment with SHXT and baicalin both significantly prevented cell death and production of reactive oxygen species induced by hypoxia or H/R in H9c2 cardiomyoctes. In addition, SHXT and baicalin also inhibited hypoxia- or H/R-induced apoptosis, with associated decreased Bax protein, increased Bcl-2 protein, and decreased caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, we found that hypoxia and H/R decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and nitrite production, and these effects were counteracted by SHXT and baicalein. Finally, SHXT inhibited H/R-induced activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation in H9c2 rat ventricular cells. The present study demonstrates for the first time that SHXT can protect cardiomyocytes from H/R injury via inhibition of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. These cardioprotective effects are possibly mediated through eNOS enhancement and p38 MAPK and JNK-dependent signaling pathways.     

Pim-2 protects H9c2 cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis via downregulation of Bim expression

We know that silencing Bim, a pro-apoptosis protein, significantly attenuates glucose and oxygen-deprived induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of the Bim activation in the heart have remained unknown. Pim-2 is one of three Pim serine/threonine kinase family members thought to be involved in cell survival and proliferation. H9c2 cardiomyocytes were subjected to a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) condition in vitro, mimicking ischemic/reperfusion injury in vivo. H/R augmented the expression of Bim, Cyt C, and Pim-2 and induced H9c2 cell apoptosis. Overexpression of Pim-2 attenuated apoptosis which induced by H/R in H9c2 cells, via downregulation of Bim and Cyt C expression. Silencing of Pim-2 promoted H/R-induced apoptosis via upregulation of Bim and Cyt C expression. Co-IP revealed the interaction between Pim-2 and Bim protein, with Bim Ser⁶⁵ phosphorylated by Pim-2. Furthermore, blocking proteasome activity by MG132 prevented Bim degradation, and Bim S65A mutation could reverse the anti-apoptotic role of Pim-2 which induced by H/R. These data demonstrated that Pim-2 is a novel Bim-interacting protein, which negatively regulates Bim degradation and protects H9c2 cardiomyocytes from H/R-induced apoptosis.     

Inhibition of ALDH2 protects PC12 cells against formaldehyde‐induced cytotoxicity: involving the protection of hydrogen sulphide

Formaldehyde (FA), a common environmental contaminant, has toxic effects on the central nervous system (CNS). We have previously found that hydrogen sulphide (H₂S), the third endogenous gaseous mediator, protects neuron against the toxicity of FA. However, the underlying mechanism is poor. Aldehyde‐dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) plays a major role in detoxification of reactive aldehyde in a range of organs and cell types. Therefore, we speculated that H₂S antagonizes FA‐induced neurotoxicity by modulating ALDH2. In the present study, we found that the exposure of PC12 cells to FA causes increase in ALDH2 expression and activity. Daidzin, an inhibitor of ALDH2, significantly antagonizes FA‐exerted cytotoxicity and oxidative stress including the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), 4‐hydroxy‐2‐trans‐nonenal (4‐HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA), in PC12 cells. We also showed that daidzin markedly attenuated FA‐induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Furthermore, we found that H₂S reverses FA‐elicited upregulation of ALDH2 in PC12 cells. Our results demonstrated the involvement of downregulation of ALDH2 in the protection of H₂S against FA neurotoxicity.     

NDUFA4L2 protects against ischaemia/reperfusion‐induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting complex I

Myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury may cause the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether NADH dehydrogenase 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4‐like 2 (NDUFA4L2) on myocardial ischaemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury and the underlying molecular mechanism. The hypoxia‐reperfusion (H/R) model was established in vitro using H9c2 cells to simulate I/R injury. NDUFA4L2 and complex I expression levels were detected using RT‐PCR and western blot. The apoptosis of H9c2 cells was evaluated by flow cytometry and the expression of Bax and Bcl‐2 was detected by western blot. The mitochondrial function was assessed by ATP concentration, mPTP opening and cytochrome c (cyto C) expression. Our data indicated that NDUFA4L2 expression was significantly down‐regulated in myocardial H/R injury. Overexpression of NDUFA4L2 led to a dramatic prevention of H/R‐induced apoptosis accompanied by a decrease in the expression of Bax and an increase in the expression of Bcl‐2. Meanwhile, augmentation of NDUFA4L2 dramatically prevented mitochondrial dysfunction caused by H/R as reflecting in the increased ATP concentration, delayed mPTP opening, as well as down‐regulated cyto C expression. Moreover, complex I activation was heightened and negatively regulated by NDUFA4L2. Silencing complex I conspicuously attenuated cell apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that NDUFA4L2 protects against H/R injury by preventing myocardium apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction via the complex I, and may be a potential therapeutic approach for attenuating myocardial I/R injury.     

艾塞那肽预处理对过氧化氢损伤的H9c2心肌细胞的保护作用研究

目的:研究胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)类似物艾塞那肽(EX)预处理对过氧化氢损伤的H9c2心肌细胞的保护作用。方法:取体外培养的H9c2心肌细胞,分为正常对照组、模型组和0·01、0·1、1、10nmol·L-1EX预处理组。除正常对照组外,其余各组用过氧化氢诱导H9c2心肌细胞建立氧化应激损伤模型,EX预处理组建模前30min加入相应浓度EX,共培养6·5h后,检测各组细胞细胞活力和培养液上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组H9c2细胞活力、SOD活性明显降低,LDH、CK-MB活性和MDA含量明显升高(P<0·05)。与模型组比较,0·1、1、10nmol·L-1EX预处理组细胞活力、SOD活性明显升高,LDH、CK-MB活性和MDA含量明显降低(P<0·05),并与剂量成正相关。结论:EX预处理对H9c2心肌细胞的氧化应激损伤有保护作用,并与剂量呈正相关。     

丹酚酸A激活AKT/mTOR/4EBP1通路缓解脂多糖诱导的H9c2心肌细胞凋亡和氧化应激

目的探究丹酚酸A(Sal A)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的氧化应激性损伤H9c2心肌细胞增殖、凋亡,以及蛋白激酶B(AKT)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)/起始因子4E结合蛋白(4EBP1)通路相关蛋白表达的影响。方法用LPS诱导制备H9c2心肌细胞氧化应激性损伤模型,分别用含Sal A 5,10和20 mg·L^-1的DMEM培养基培养细胞24 h,加LPS 1 mg·L^-1继续孵育24 h。用5-乙炔基-2’脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(EdU)染色观察H9c2心肌细胞存活;采用流式细胞术检测H9c2心肌细胞凋亡和线粒体膜电位;用试剂盒检测细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量;Western印迹法检测胱天蛋白酶3、胱天蛋白酶9、存活蛋白、Bax/Bcl-2,AKT、磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)、mTOR、p-mTOR、4EBP1和p-4EBP1蛋白表达水平。结果与细胞对照组比较,模型组EdU红色标记的细胞减少(P<0.05);与模型组比较,Sal A 5,10和20 mg·L^-1处理组EdU红色标记的细胞增多(P<0.05)。Sal A能降低培养液中LDH活性及细胞内MDA和GSH含量,增加胞内SOD活性(P<0.05),减少心肌细胞的凋亡率(P<0.05),降低心肌细胞线粒体膜电位的下降速度(P<0.05)。Sal A 10和20 mg·L^-1处理后,活化胱天蛋白酶3、活化胱天蛋白酶9和Bax/Bcl-2蛋白水平显著下调(P<0.05),存活蛋白水平显著上调(P<0.05);与细胞对照组比较,模型组AKT/mTOR/4EBP1磷酸化水平均显著降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,Sal A 10和20 mg·L^-1组AKT和mTOR磷酸化水平均显著升高(P<0.05)。结论Sal A通过激活AKT/mTOR/4EBP1通路、减少心肌细胞凋亡并降低心肌细胞线粒体膜电位的下降速度,减缓了LPS诱导的H9c2心肌细胞凋亡和氧化应激,表明Sal A对LPS造成的氧化应激损伤心肌细胞具有保护作用。     

内质网应激相关蛋白 1过表达对缺氧 /复氧诱导的 H9c2心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的 研究内质网应激相关蛋白1(SERP1)过表达对缺氧/复氧(H/R)诱导的大鼠胚胎H9c2心肌细胞凋亡的影响.方法 2018年1—12月将中国科学院上海细胞库大鼠H9c2心肌细胞系建立H/R损伤大鼠心肌细胞模型,采用pCMV6质粒为载体构建内质pCMV6-网应激相关蛋白1(pCMV6-SERP1)过表达重组质粒,分别设H9c2心肌细胞为正常对照组(NC组),H/R损伤(缺氧4 h/复氧4 h)H9c2心肌细胞为H/R组,H/R损伤H9c2心肌细胞转染pCMV6空质粒为H/R+pCMV6组,H/R损伤H9c2心肌细胞转染pCMV6-SERP1过表达重组质粒为H/R+pCMV6-SERP1组,采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测各种H9c2心肌细胞存活率,采用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染技术检测各组H9c2心肌细胞凋亡率,采用实时定量PCR(RT-qPCR)和免疫印迹法分别检测各组细胞SERP1蛋白及凋亡相关蛋白的表达水平.结果 与NC组[(1.06±0.21)、(0.41±0.07)]比较,H/R组、H/R+pCMV6组H9c2心肌细胞SERP1 mRNA[(0.47±0.09)、(0.48±0.08)]及蛋白表达水平[(0.25±0.04)、(0.26±0.05)]显著降低,H/R+pCMV6-SERP1组H9c2心肌细胞SERP1 mRNA(2.94±0.52)及蛋白表达水平(0.83±0.12)显著增加(P<0.05),与H/R组、H/R+pCMV6组比较,H/R+pCMV6-SERP1组H9c2心肌细胞中内质网应激相关蛋白1微小RNA(SERP1 mRNA)及蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05).与NC组[(100.00±00.00)％、(4.45±0.62)％]比较,H/R组、H/R+pCMV6组、H/R+pCMV6-SERP1组H9c2心肌细胞存活率[(49.86±5.14)％、(48.75±5.23)％、(89.72±8.61)％]、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05),H9c2心肌细胞凋亡率[(35.84±4.13)％、(33.66±4.07)％、(10.96±1.74)％]、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)蛋白表达水平显著增加(P<0.05);与H/R组、H/R+pCMV6组比较,H/R+pCMV6-SERP1组H9c2心肌细胞中存活率、Bac-l蛋白表达水平显著升高,细胞凋亡率、Bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05).结论 SERP1过表达可能通过上调Bacl-2蛋白,下调Bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达,对缺氧/复氧诱导的H9c2心肌细胞凋亡有一定保护作用.     

定心方对氧化应激所致心肌细胞凋亡的抑制作用

目的:探讨定心方对氧化应激所致心肌细胞凋亡的抑制作用及其可能作用机制。方法:培养乳鼠心肌细胞,采用200μMH2O2建立氧化应激损伤导致心肌细胞凋亡模型,运用Hoechest33324法测定心肌细胞凋亡情况,乙醛代谢法检测乙醛脱氢酶(ALDH2)活性,采用硫代巴比妥酸比色法、黄嘌呤氧化酶法分别测定心肌细胞中脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果:H2O2作用2h可导致心肌细胞凋亡,定心方显著抑制心肌细胞凋亡,表现为在Hoechest33324染色中,细胞核溶解和核碎裂减轻,凋亡细胞数明显减少(P<0.05),并且能够显著增强ALDH2及SOD活性,降低MDA含量(P<0.05)。结论:定心方对H2O2所致的心肌细胞凋亡具有明显的抑制作用,其作用机制可能是通过抗脂质氧化及增强ALDH2酶活性而实现。     

艾司洛尔对缺氧复氧诱导的心肌细胞AMPK/GSK-3β通路及凋亡的影响

目的 探讨艾司洛尔对缺氧复氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的影响,并初步研究其作用机制.方法 体外培养大鼠心肌细胞(H9c2),并建立缺氧/复氧(I/R)损伤模型,随机分为对照组、H/R组和艾司洛尔低、中、高剂量(0.2、5.0、25.0μmol/L)组;噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测各组H9c2细胞存活率变化情况;膜联蛋白V-异硫氰酸荧...     

Orientin-induced cardioprotection against reperfusion is associated with attenuation of mitochondrial permeability transition

In this study, we provide new evidence that orientin from bamboo leaves (Phyllostachys nigra) protect H9c2 cardiomyocytes against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. A previous work has identified that orientin could protect myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mitochondria are both critical determinants of cardioprotection and crucial targets of cardioprotective signaling. Their role during reperfusion is conspicuously critical because the conditions promote apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and necrosis though irreversible damage to mitochondria, which is in association with mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). After myocardial ischemia, opening of the mPTP is a critical determinant of cell death. The relationship of orientin and mPTP in mediating reperfusion-induced cardiomyocytes injury is still elusive. Here, our results indicate that the protective effect of orientin in H9c2 cells subjected to I/R injury is associated with depression of the mPTP opening, resultant mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. Further investigation of cellular mechanisms revealed that these effects were associated with inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, repolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ(m)), suppression of mitochondrial cytochrome C release, enhancement of the Bcl-2 level, and inhibition of Bax and Smac/DIABLO levels. Furthermore, these beneficial effects of orientin were blocked by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin, and orientin could enhance Akt phosphorylation. In summary, we demonstrate that orientin protects H9c2 cardiomytocytes against I/R-induced apoptosis by modulating the mPTP opening, and this role of orientin may involve the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.     

Saffron extracts alleviate cardiomyocytes injury induced by doxorubicin and ischemia-reperfusion in vitro

Doxorubicin (DOX), a highly active chemotherapeutic drug, faces limitations in clinical application due to severe cardiotoxic effects (mainly through increased oxidative stress). Therefore, its effect is exacerbated in subjects with ischemic heart disease. We have recently reported that saffron extract (SAF), a natural compound mainly consisting of safranal and corcins, exerts a protective effect against DOX oxidative cytotoxicity in isolated rabbit hearts. Here, we aimed to investigate whether SAF exerts cardioprotection against combined ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and DOX toxicity in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. H9c2 were subjected to simulated I/R, with or without DOX treatment at reperfusion, in the presence or absence of SAF prior to ischemia or at reperfusion. We evaluated the effects of these treatments by MTT, LDH and western blot analysis. Apoptosis was assessed by Hoechst 33258 staining, tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester fluorescence and caspase activity. The results showed that I/R and DOX significantly decreased cardiomyocytes viability, inhibited reperfusion injury salvage kinase cardioprotective pathway, reduced contractile proteins (α-Actinine, Troponine C and MLC), increased caspase-3 expression and induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. These effects were remarkably inhibited by treatment with SAF (10?μg/mL) at reperfusion. SAF activated AKT/P70S6K and ERK1/2, restored contractile proteins expression, inhibited mitochondrial permeability transition pore and decreased caspase-3 activity. In conclusion, our findings indicate that SAF treatment exerted cardioprotection against I/R and DOX toxicity by reducing oxidative stress (LDH assay). Thereby, SAF offers a potential novel antioxidant therapeutic strategy to counteract I/R and DOX cardiotoxicity, paving the way for future clinical trials.     

Hydrogen sulphide protects H9c2 cells against chemical hypoxia‐induced injury

1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) on cobalt chloride (CoCl₂)‐induced injury in H9c2 embryonic rat cardiac cells. 2. After 36 h incubation in the presence of 600 μmol/L CoCl₂, reduced cell viability of H9c2 cells was observed, as well as the induction of apoptosis. In addition, CoCl₂ (600 μmol/L) enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of cleaved caspase 3, induced a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) production. These results suggest that CoCl₂ induces similar responses to hypoxia/ischaemia. 3. Pretreatment of cells with 400 μmol/L NaHS (a H₂S donor) for 30 min prior to exposure to CoCl₂ (600 μmol/L) significantly protected H9c2 cells against CoCl₂‐induced injury. Specifically, increased cell viability and decreased apoptosis were observed. In addition, NaHS pretreatment blocked the CoCl₂‐induced increases in ROS production and cleaved caspase 3 expression, as well as the decreases in GSH production and loss of MMP. 4. Pretreatment of cells with 2000 μmol/L N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, for 1 h prior to CoCl₂ exposure significantly protected H9c2 cells against CoCl₂‐induced injury, specifically enhancing cell viability, decreasing ROS production and preventing loss of MMP. 5. The findings of the present study suggest that H₂S protects H9c2 cells against CoCl₂‐induced injury by suppressing oxidative stress and caspase 3 activation.     

香青兰及其含药血清对H9c2心肌细胞三种缺氧/复氧损伤模型的影响

目的:比较香青兰醇提物及其含药血清对H9c2心肌细胞3种缺氧/复氧损伤模型的影响,考察香青兰对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:体外培养H9c2心肌细胞,以Na2S2O4,N2和厌氧袋为缺氧环境分别建立缺氧/复氧损伤模型,以T-SOD,MDA,LDH为指标,考察香青兰醇提物(1,10,100μg.mL-1)及其含药血清对H9c2心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的影响。结果:与模型组比较,香青兰醇提物及其含药血清能明显抑制缺氧/复氧损伤H9c2心肌细胞LDH释放和MDA含量,升高T-SOD活力(P<0.05或0.01)。结论:香青兰醇提物及其含药血清对H9c2心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤具有保护作用,提示香青兰具有保护心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的作用。     

苦参碱对阿霉素所致H9c2心肌细胞损伤的保护作用及与线粒体Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶关系的研究

目的：研究苦参碱对阿霉素所致H9c2心肌细胞损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法：将H9c2心肌细胞培养,取2~3代细胞进行试验,共分为4组。对照组：接受生理盐水作为干预因素;阿霉素组：接受0.5 mg·L^-1阿霉素作为损伤模型;苦参碱+阿霉素组：接受0.5 mg·L^-1阿霉素和不同浓度苦参碱（50,150,200 mg·L^-1）作为干预因素;苦参碱组：接受不同浓度苦参碱（50,150,200 mg·L^-1）作为干预因素。以上各组相应干预24 h后,应用流式细胞仪检测H9c2心肌细胞凋亡水平,应用分光光度法检测线粒体Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶、Ca²⁺-ATP酶活性,利用JC-1法检测线粒体膜电位。结果：与阿霉素组相比,苦参碱+阿霉素组H9c2心肌细胞凋亡显著减少、线粒体Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶、Ca²⁺-ATP酶活性显著升高（P<0.05）、线粒体膜电位显著改善。结论：苦参碱对阿霉素所致H9c2心肌细胞有保护作用,减轻心肌细胞凋亡,改善线粒体膜电位、提高线粒体Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶、Ca²⁺-ATP酶活性。     

pFLAG-AMPKα2真核表达质粒构建及对心肌缺氧/复氧损伤的作用

目的：构建大鼠pFLAG-AMPKα2真核表达质粒,分析AMPKα2过表达对心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的影响。方法：提取H9c2心肌样细胞的mRNA,反转录为cDNA。PCR扩增AMPKα2基因的cDNA全长,并将其克隆至pFLAG-CMV-4构建pFLAG-AMPKα2重组质粒。转染pFLAG-AMPKα2至H9c2细胞,West-ern Blot测定AMPKα2的蛋白表达情况,建立缺氧/复氧（A/R）损伤模型,MTT法检测心肌细胞的存活率,生物自动分析仪检测LDH活性,流式细胞术检测各实验组心肌细胞凋亡程度、细胞内ROS的变化,试剂盒检测细胞内抗氧化酶（SOD、GSH-Px）活性。结果：AMPKα2全长基因序列克隆至真核表达载体pFLAG-CMV-4,酶切鉴定片段大小为1700bp,Western blot检测转染pFLAG-AMPKα2后,AMPKα2蛋白在H9c2细胞中高表达。H9c2细胞遭受A/R损伤,心肌细胞存活率下降,LDH活性增加,细胞凋亡加重,ROS生成增加,SOD及GSH-Px的酶活性下降,pFLAG-AMPKα2重组质粒的导入可明显逆转、改善上述各项指标,从而对抗A/R损伤。结论：构建成功的pFlAG-AMPKα2重组质粒能对抗A/R所致的心肌细胞损伤,其机制与改善心肌细胞的氧化应激作用有关。     

Cardioprotective effect of KR-33889, a novel PARP inhibitor,against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells and isolated rat hearts

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in cardiac injury during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Despite a potent cardioprotective activity of KR-33889, a novel poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, its underlying mechanism remains unresolved. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of KR-33889 against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 cells and isolated rat hearts. H₂O₂ caused severe injury to H9c2 cells, mainly due to apoptosis, as revealed by TUNEL assay. However, KR-33889 pretreatment significantly attenuated H₂O₂-induced apoptosis of H9c2 cells, which was accompanied by decrease in expression of both cleaved caspase-3 and Bax and increase in Bcl-2 expression and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. KR-33889 also significantly enhanced the expression of anti-oxidant enzymes including heme oxygenase-1, Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD, and catalase, thereby inhibiting production of intracellular ROS. Furthermore, KR-33889 reversed H₂O₂-induced decrease in phosphorylation of Akt, GSK-3β, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and SAPK/JNK during most H₂O₂ exposure time. In globally ischemic rat hearts, KR-33889 inhibited both I/R-induced decrease in cardiac contractility and apoptosis by increasing Bcl-2, decreasing both cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expression, and enhancing expression of anti-oxidant enzymes. Taken together, these results suggest that KR-33889 may have therapeutic potential to prevent I/R-induced heart injury in ischemic heart diseases mainly by reducing oxidative stress-mediated myocardial apoptosis.     

白花丹醌对TBHP诱导的H9c2心肌细胞损伤的保护作用研究

目的：探讨白花丹醌（plumbagin,PLB）对叔丁基过氧化氢（TBHP）诱导的H9c2心肌细胞损伤的保护作用。方法：评估PLB对TBHP （75 μmol·L^-1）诱导的活性氧（ROS）介导的H9c2心肌细胞的氧化应激和细胞凋亡的保护作用。结果：用5,10和20 μmol·L^-1 PLB预处理后,可显著恢复TBHP诱导的H9c2细胞中的细胞活力,显著降低肌酸激酶（CK）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性。TBHP导致心肌细胞凋亡增加,而PLB预处理以剂量依赖性方式抑制TBHP诱导的细胞凋亡。此外,经PLB处理后,微管相关蛋白1a/1B轻链3B （LC3）-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ的表达水平升高,提示PLB能够诱导心肌细胞自噬。结论：PLB对TBHP诱导的心肌细胞损伤具有保护作用,该作用可能与PLB抑制ROS介导的氧化应激、凋亡和自噬作用有关。     

Silencing of C3G increases cardiomyocyte survival inhibition and apoptosis via regulation of p‐ERK1/2 and Bax

Experimental studies have shown that overexpression of Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (C3G) plays pro‐survival and anti‐apoptotic roles through molecule phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase1/2 (p‐ERK1/2) in cardiomyocytes. However, it is still unclear if silencing of C3G may increase cell survival inhibition and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, and whether C3G silence induced injuries are reduced by the overexpression of C3G through regulation of p‐ERK1/2 and pro‐apoptotic molecule Bax. In this study, the rat ‐ derived H9C2 cardiomyocytes were infected with C3G small hairpin RNA interference recombinant lentiviruses, which silenced the endogenous C3G expression in the cardiomyocytes. Then, contrary experiments were conducted using C3G overexpression. The cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed in the cardiomyocytes which were treated with or without hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Silencing of C3G leaded to significant increase in cell survival inhibition and apoptosis, combined with aggravated the injuries induced by H/R. Overexpression of C3G reduced the injuries induced by the silencing of C3G in the cardiomyocytes via regulation of p‐ERK1/2 and Bax. In conclusion, our results provide new experimental evidence that silencing of C3G can increase cell survival inhibition and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via regulation of p‐ERK1/2 and Bax.     

Resveratrol protects against arsenic trioxide-induced cardiotoxicity in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The clinical use of arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)), a potent antineoplastic agent, is limited by its severe cardiotoxic effects. QT interval prolongation and apoptosis have been implicated in the cardiotoxicity of As(2)O(3). The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on As(2)O(3)-induced apoptosis and cardiac injury. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: In a mouse model of As(2)O(3)-induced cardiomyopathy in vivo, QT intervals and plasma enzyme activities were measured; cardiac tissues were examined histologically and apoptosis assessed. In H9c2 cardiomyocyte cells, viability, apoptosis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular calcium levels were measured. KEY RESULTS: In the mouse model, resveratrol reduced As(2)O(3)-induced QT interval prolongation and cardiomyocyte injury (apoptosis, myofibrillar loss and vacuolization). In addition, increased lactate dehydrogenase activity and decreased activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase were observed in the plasma of As(2)O(3)-treated mice; these changes were prevented by pretreatment with resveratrol. In As(2)O(3)-treated H9c2 cardiomyocytes, resveratrol significantly increased cardiomyocyte viability and attenuated cell apoptosis as measured by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay and caspase-3 activity. As(2)O(3)-induced generation of ROS and intracellular calcium mobilization in H9c2 cells was also suppressed by pretreatment with resveratrol. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Our results showed that resveratrol significantly attenuated As(2)O(3)-induced QT prolongation, structural abnormalities and oxidative damage in the heart. In H9c2 cardiomyocytes, resveratrol also decreased apoptosis, production of ROS and intracellular calcium mobilization induced by treatment with As(2)O(3). These observations suggested that resveratrol has the potential to protect against cardiotoxicity in As(2)O(3)-exposed patients.     

Cardioprotective effects of fucoidan against hypoxia-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells

Abstract

Context: Cardiomyocyte apoptosis plays a critical role in the progress of heart diseases. Fucoidan, a complex-sulfated polysaccharide, has been reported to possess potential cardioprotective efficacy in vivo.

Objective: The present study determines whether fucoidan could provide cardioprotection on hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.

Materials and methods: H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells were incubated with various concentrations (15, 30, and 60?μg/ml) of fucoidan in a humidified incubator at 37?°C with 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂. After 6?h, hypoxia was processed and the cardioprotective effects of fucoidan were evaluated by applying MTT, ELISA, Hoechst 33258 nucleus staining, and western blot.

Results: Following a 6?h exposure of H9c2 to hypoxic condition, significant reduction was found in cell survival (0.57-fold) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (0.56-fold), which were associated with the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) level (2.58-fold), creatine phosphokinase (CK, 3.57-fold), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities (2.39-fold). Moreover, hypoxia-induced apoptosis was confirmed by Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining, and these changes were accompanied by the increase of Bcl-2 (1.27-fold) and Bax expression (2.6-fold). However, preincubation of the cells with fucoidan prior to hypoxia exposure elevated the cell viability (30?μg/ml, 1.18-fold; 60?μg/ml, 1.32-fold) and SOD activity (30?μg/ml, 1.12-fold; 60?μg/ml, 1.25-fold), but decreased the MDA level (30?μg/ml, 0.70-fold; 60?μg/ml, 0.80-fold), CK (30?μg/ml, 0.69-fold; 60?μg/ml, 0.76-fold), and LDH (30?μg/ml, 0.67-fold; 60?μg/ml, 0.86-fold) leakages. Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining observations demonstrated the same protective effect of fucoidan on hypoxia-induced myocardial injury. Also, cardioprotective effects of fucoidan were reflected by increasing Bcl-2 (60?μg/ml, 1.84-fold), as well as decreasing Bax (60?μg/ml, 0.6-fold).

Conclusion: Fucoidan had protective effect against hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis, and the mechanism might involve protections of the cell from oxidative injury.