先天性鼻汨管阻塞的临床治疗

目的探讨先天性鼻泪管阻塞的不同治疗方法和时机。方法回顾分析了735例837眼在复旦大学附属儿科医院诊断为先天性鼻泪管阻塞的患儿,平均首诊年龄4.5个月。根据首诊年龄依次采用保守治疗、加压泪道冲洗和泪道探通法。随访3～16个月,平均6.4个月,以溢泪症状完全消失作为治愈指标。结果保守治疗法治疗837眼,治愈123眼,治愈率14.7;加压泪道冲洗法治疗714眼,治愈181眼,治愈率25.4;泪道探通法治疗533眼,治愈518眼,治愈率97.2.早期探通(≤6个月龄组)一次成功率为87.7;后期探通(>6个月龄组)一次成功率为56.6.结论泪道探通法治疗先天性鼻泪管阻塞安全有效,最佳干预时机为4～6个月龄。     

婴幼儿先天性鼻泪管阻塞的综合治疗

目的探讨应用抗生素眼液滴眼加泪囊区按摩法、泪道加压冲洗法、鼻泪管探通术综合治疗婴幼儿先天性鼻泪管阻塞的临床应用价值及治疗效果.方法回顾自2000年11月～2005年5月在我院眼科门诊治疗的382例(419眼)婴幼儿先天性鼻泪管阻塞的病历资料,首诊年龄3d～6y.根据患者年龄和症状分别采用抗生素眼液滴眼加泪囊区按摩法、泪道加压冲洗法、鼻泪管探通术的综合治疗进行处理,并随访6个月以上.以无泪溢,眼无分泌物,泪道冲洗通畅或极少返流为治愈标准.结果综合治疗治愈率97.1%,其中5.5%为抗生素眼液滴眼加泪囊区按摩法治愈,11.2%为泪道加压冲洗法治愈,80.4%鼻泪管探通术治愈.2.9%的病例未愈,2.3%病例发生并发症.结论综合治疗婴幼儿先天性鼻泪管阻塞是行之有效且风险较小的一种治疗方法.(中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志,2006,6:97～98)     

先天性鼻泪管阻塞的综合治疗

目的　先天性鼻泪管阻塞是婴幼儿常见的眼病 ,其处理历来存在争议。本文的研究目的是探讨应用滴抗菌素眼液加泪囊挤压按摩、泪道加压冲洗及鼻泪管探通术的综合治疗方法对先天性鼻泪管阻塞患儿的临床应用价值及其治疗效果。方法我们回顾性分析了 4 83例 54 7眼 ,从 1997年 1月～ 2 0 0 0年 12月在中山眼科中心小儿眼科门诊治疗的先天性鼻泪管阻塞的病例资料 ,首诊平均年龄为 11.8个月。根据患者的年龄和症状 ,分别采用滴抗菌素眼液加泪囊挤压按摩 ,泪道加压冲洗及鼻泪管探通的综合治疗方法进行处理 ,并观察随访 3个月以上 ,症状消失作为治愈的指标。结果　综合治疗方法对先天性鼻泪管阻塞总的治愈率为 97.3 % .其中 6.1%病例用滴抗菌素眼液加泪囊挤压按摩法治愈 ;8.2 %病例用泪道加压冲洗法治愈 ;83 %的病例用鼻泪管探通术治愈。共有 15例患儿在治疗中发生并发症。结论　综合治疗方法对先天性鼻泪管阻塞患儿是安全有效的处理方法。     

先天性鼻泪管阻塞的治疗

目的探讨先天性鼻泪管阻塞的治疗效果。方法选取在本院接受治疗并有随诊记录的先天性鼻泪管阻塞的患儿共97例(117眼)。根据年龄大小的不同而分别采取泪囊按摩、加压冲洗及泪道探通三种治疗方法并行疗效统计。结果年龄1∽3个月患儿42例(52眼),选用泪囊挤压按摩法,31眼治愈,占59.62%。4月~1岁患儿34例(41眼),选用加压冲洗法,一次治愈36眼,占87.80%。1~2岁患儿21例(24眼),选用泪道探通法,一次治愈18眼,占75.00%。结论根据年龄大小,选择性采取泪囊挤压按摩、加压冲洗及泪道探通更为合理而有效治疗先天性鼻泪管阻塞。     

先天性鼻泪管阻塞的分阶段治疗探索

目的：观察不同阶段分别采用保守治疗和手术治疗对先天性鼻泪管阻塞的治疗效果。方法：对2008-12/2011-10我院确诊的年龄20天龄～2月龄的37例41眼先天性鼻泪管阻塞患儿分阶段进行保守治疗及手术干预。年龄＜6月龄的患儿采用保守泪囊按摩,年龄＞6月龄的患儿保守治疗不愈者实施泪道探通术。结果：全部患儿完成随访,25眼（61.0%）经保守治疗在6月龄前治愈。16眼（39.0%）经保守治疗无效的患儿在6月龄后接受泪道探通,其中14眼一次性探通成功。2眼二次探通成功。结论：先天性鼻泪管阻塞6月龄前可首选保守按摩治疗,6月龄后手术干预可以提高疗效。     

2769例先天性泪道阻塞的临床分析

目的探讨治疗先天性泪道阻塞的有效措施及临床特点。方法收集先天性泪道阻塞的患儿2769例,采用局部按摩、加压冲洗保守方法治疗,治疗无效或家长要求手术者行泪道探通术,观察各治疗方法的治愈率。结果经按摩、冲洗或探通共治愈3498只眼,总治愈率达98.48%,其中保守治疗治愈率达32.92%,探通手术的治愈率可达97.77%。结论先天性鼻泪管阻塞的患儿,早期进行保守治疗十分必要,可大大提高自愈率,而泪道探通术是简单易行、治愈率高的方法。     

两种泪道探通冲洗术治疗先天性鼻泪管阻塞的疗效比较

目的:比较改良的冲洗式泪道探通术与泪道探通冲洗一体式治疗先天性鼻泪管阻塞的治疗效果。方法:选取2008-07/2012-09在我院门诊就诊的252例273眼先天性鼻泪管阻塞的患儿,作为本次的观察对象;其中140例156眼行改良的冲洗式泪道探通,112例117眼行泪道探通冲洗一体式治疗,比较两种方法的治疗效果,并随访1wk～1mo。结果:改良冲洗式泪道探通术一次性探通成功152眼,术后随访有2眼再次阻塞;泪道探通冲洗一体式一次性探通成功107眼,术后随访有8眼再次阻塞;两组比较差异明显具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:改良的冲洗式泪道探通术对先天性鼻泪管阻塞的治疗效果明显优于泪道探通冲洗一体式。     

先天性鼻泪管阻塞不同年龄采用不同方法的治疗效果

目的探讨先天性鼻泪管阻塞根据不同年龄采用不同方法治疗效果。方法选取在本院接受治疗并有随诊记录的先天性鼻泪管阻塞的患儿97例（117眼）。根据年龄大小的不同而分别采取泪囊按摩、加压冲洗及泪道探通3种治疗方法并行疗效统计。结果年龄1～3个月患儿42例（52眼）,选用泪囊挤压按摩法,31眼治愈,占59．62％。4个月～1岁患儿34例（41眼）,选用加压冲洗法,一次治愈36眼,占87．80％。1～2岁患儿21例（24眼）,选用泪道探通法,一次治愈18眼,占75．00％。结论根据年龄大小,选择性采取泪囊挤压按摩、加压冲洗及泪道探通更为合理而有效治疗先天性鼻泪管阻塞。     

泪道激光成形术与探通术治疗先天性泪道阻塞的比较

目的探讨先天性泪道阻塞的激光成形术与传统探通术效果比较。方法应用Nd：YAG泪道激光治疗仪击射鼻泪管阻塞处,抗菌素冲洗至畅通,探通组常规探通后加压冲洗。结果激光组66眼,一次治愈64眼占96．97%；探通组70眼,一次治愈58眼占82．86%。二者比较P＜0．05,差异有显著性。结论激光泪道成形术一次成功率高,对治疗先天性鼻泪管阻塞是行之有效的方法。     

不同月龄新生儿泪囊炎的治疗方法及时机分析

目的：探讨不同月龄新生儿泪囊炎治疗方法及时机。
　　方法：选择我院2010-01/2014-12收治的180例207眼新生儿泪囊炎患儿作为研究对象,按月龄分组,即<3月龄组(41例45眼)、3~6月龄组(75例91眼)、6~12月龄组(64例71眼),分别给予泪囊按摩联合抗生素、泪道加压冲洗、鼻泪管探通等治疗,比较不同月龄新生儿泪囊炎治疗效果,统计治愈率,记录其治疗平均次数,总结治疗最佳时机。
　　结果：(1)不同月龄患儿均以Hasner瓣阻塞常见,所占比例高于鼻泪管骨性部位阻塞(P<0.05),6~12月龄组鼻泪管骨性部位阻塞比例高于<3月龄组与3~6月龄组(P<0.05),Hasner瓣阻塞比例低于<3月龄组与3~6月龄组(P<0.05);(2)<3月龄组治愈眼数高于3~6月龄组与6~12月龄组( P<0.05),3~6月龄组治愈眼数高于6~12月龄组(P<0.05);(3)<3月龄组、6~12月龄组泪道冲洗有效率相近,均低于3~6月龄组,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(4)三组患儿鼻泪管探通术治疗有效率均高于90%,对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);(5)3~6月龄组、6~12月龄组治疗次数多于<3月龄组(P<0.05),6~12月龄组治疗次数多于3~6月龄组(P<0.05)。
　　结论：对<3月龄泪囊炎患儿应首选泪道按摩保守治疗,无效者再予泪道冲洗及探通;对3~6月龄患儿首选泪道冲洗;对6~12月龄患儿则多建议予鼻泪管探通术处理。     

Curative effects of probing alone and probing combined with nasolacrimal injection of levofloxacin ophthalmic gel on congenital duct obstruction of children from 3-12 months of age

Background: To investigate the 1-time success rate of probing alone and nasolacrimal duct probing combined with nasolacrimal injection of levofloxacin ophthalmic gel on congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) in young children. Methods: A retrospective case series was performed on 494 cases (647 eyes) of 3–12 month-old children with CNLDO between July 2014 and July 2015. Material obtained from the lacrimal sac was cultured to isolate infectious agents. Susceptibility testing was done. Children from 3–12 months of age who were found to be sensitive to Levofloxacin (n=493 eyes) were separated into two groups: 3–6 months of age (276 eyes) and 7–12 months of age (217 eyes). Each of the groups were then randomized into group A (138 eyes of 3–6 months of age; 102 eyes of 7–12 months of age) and group B (138 eyes of 3–6 months of age; 115 eyes of 7–12 months of age). Children in group A underwent nasolacrimal duct probing alone; those in group B underwent nasolacrimal duct probing plus nasolacrimal duct injection of levofloxacin and the efficacy of probing was evaluated. Results: The average detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in dacryocystitis was 75.1%, andStaphylococcus aureuswas found to be the main pathogenic bacteria (42.59%, 106 cases). Among children from 7–12 months of age, the 1-time success rate of nasolacrimal duct probing alone was 88.24% and the 1-time success rate of probing combined with nasolacrimal duct injection of levolfoxacin ophthalmic gel was 96.52% (statistical signiifcance, P=0.02<0.05). Conclusions: Most pathogenic bacteria (96.81%) were sensitive to levofloxacin. Nasolacrimal duct probing combined with nasolacrimal duct injection of levolfoxacin may improve the success rate of probing in children older than 6 months of age.     

早期泪道探通术治疗先天性鼻泪管阻塞的疗效观察

目的 探讨先天性鼻泪管阻塞(congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction,CNLDO)的最佳治疗时机,阻塞部位的不同对探通术成功率的影响,以及重复探通术的成功率.方法 对804例(976只眼)1～48个月CNLDO患儿行表面麻醉下泪道探通术,按不同年龄组、不同阻塞部位和重复探通术的疗效进行回顾性分析.结果 经过治疗治愈958只眼,总治愈率为98.2%.不同年龄组探通成功率差异有统计学意义(x2=163.9,P<0.005),其中1～3个月婴儿的成功率为98.5%,高于其他年龄组.66只眼接受二、三次探通术,主要是鼻泪管多处阻塞者,占84.8%.一次探通的治愈率与二、三次探通的治愈率差异有统计学意义(x2=186.0,P<0.005);二次探通与三次探通比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.18,P>0.025).结论 CNLDO患儿选择早期泪道探通的最佳治疗时机是1～3个月,鼻泪管多处阻塞患儿重复探通率高,2～3次探通不成功者应尽早采用其他方法进行治疗.     

Pushed monocanalicular intubation versus probing for the treatment of simple and incomplete complex types of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children older than 18 months old

This article compares the success rate of pushed monocanalicular intubation (Masterka) versus probing for the treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) in children older than 18 months. In a non-random comparative study, 90 eyes with CNLDO underwent either Masterka (45 eyes) or probing (45 eyes). All procedures were performed by one oculoplastic surgeon. The tubes were removed 2 months after the operation. Complete resolution was defined as complete absence of clinical signs and symptoms of CNLDO at 6 months after the procedure. The mean age at the time of treatment was 28 ± 18.2 months for Masterka and 26.7 ± 18.6 months for probing group. Treatment success was achieved in 33 of 45 eyes (73.3%) in the Masterka group compared with 22 of 45 eyes (48.9%) in the probing group. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.017). For the treatment of CNLDO, Masterka might be more effective than probing in children older than 18 months.     

Clinical outcomes of initial and repeated nasolacrimal duct office-based probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Purpose

To characterize the outcomes of initial and repeated office-based probing as a primary treatment for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) in children.

Methods

The medical records of patients who underwent nasolacrimal duct office-based probing for CNLDO between March 2004 and January 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. Nasolacrimal duct probing was performed on 244 eyes from 229 consecutive patients with CNLDO. Patients who were refractory to the first probing underwent a second probing 4 to 8 weeks later.

Results

Based on exclusion criteria, 244 eyes from 229 patients (117 males and 112 females), aged 6 to 71 months (mean, 12.4 ± 8.36) were included. The success rate of the initial probing was 80% (196 of 244) for all patients, 82% (111 of 136) in the 6 to 12 month age group, 79% (64 of 81) in the 13 to 18 months age group, and 78% (21 of 27) among individuals older than 19 months (p = 0.868, Pearson chi-square test). The success rate of the second probing was 61% (25 of 41) for all patients, 74% (17 of 23) in the 6 to 12 months age group, 58% (7 of 12) in the 13 to 18 months age group, and 17% (1 of 6) among individuals older than 19 months (p = 0.043, Fisher''s exact test).

Conclusions

While the success rate of initial nasolacrimal duct probing is not affected by age, the rate of success rate with a second probing was significantly lower in patients older than 19 months. Based on the results, authors recommend further surgical interventions, such as silicone tube intubation or balloon dacryocystoplasty, instead of repeated office probing for patients older than 19 months, if an initial office probing has failed.     

Initial nasolacrimal duct probing in children under age 5: Cure rate and factors affecting success

AIMS: To evaluate the success rate of initial probing and the factors affecting the success rate for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO)in children under the age of 5 years. METHODS: In a prospective uncontrolled interventional case series, 207 eyes from 161 consecutive patients with CNLDO underwent nasolacrimal duct probing under brief general anesthesia. Based on exclusion criteria, 180 eyes from 139 patients were included in the study. Diagnoses were made according to the patients' histories, clinical examinations, and modified dye disappearance tests. The state of the punctum, the canaliculus, the sac, and the nasolacrimal duct were recorded. The main outcome measure was the complete disappearance of tearing and discharge in the affected eye. The patients were followed at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The age range was 5 to 60 months (mean, 19.1 +/- 11.2 months). The cure rates were 92% in the first year, 84.5% in the second year, 65% in the third year, and 63.5 in the fourth and fifth years of age. The patient's age, nonmemberanous CNLDO, and canalicular stenosis were correlated with the success of initial nasolacrimal duct probing (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, simplicity of probing, and absence of significant complications, initial nasolacrimal duct probing is advised up to the age of 5 years. Increasing age, nonmembranous CNLDO, and canalicular stenosis increase the failure rate (P <.05).     

Late and very late initial probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction: what is the cause of failure?

AIMS: To find the cure rate of late (second year of age) and very late (3-5 years of age) initial probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) and to identify the factors contributing to the failure rate of the probing in older children. METHODS: In a prospective interventional case series study, 169 eyes of 125 consecutive patients (1-5 years old) with CNLDO underwent probing under general anaesthesia. Cure was defined as absence of tearing and discharge in the affected eye. RESULTS: 138 eyes of 101 patients aged 13-60 months (mean 23.4 (SD 10.2)) were included. Of 15 eyes (10.8%) with complex CNLDO, 80% presented after 24 months of age (p<0.0001). The cure rate was 89% in patients 13-24 months of age and 72% after the age of 24 months (p = 0.01). It was 90.2% in the membranous and 33.3% in the complex CNLDO in both late and very late probing (p<0.0001). There was a high correlation (r = 0.97) and no significant difference between the cure rate at 1 week and final follow up. CONCLUSION: Accumulation of the complex CNLDO is the main risk factor for failure of probing in the older children. The outcome of the nasolacrimal duct probing at 1 week follow up is highly indicative of the final outcome.     

Prevalence of amblyopia in children undergoing nasolacrimal duct irrigation and probing

Purpose:

To investigate ambylopia and amblyopia risk factors of children who underwent nasolacrimal duct (NLD) irrigation and probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO).

Materials and Methods:

The medical records of patients who had undergone NLD irrigation and probing for CNLDO at an age of 3 years or younger were reviewed, and 51 of the patients were recalled between October 1 and December 31, 2011 for a detailed ophthalmic examination to determinate amblyopia or amblyopia risk factors. Amblyopia was accepted as difference in visual acuity of two or more Snellen lines between the two eyes or visual acuity of 20/30 or worse in either eye.

Results:

The median age of the 51 patients to whom NLD irrigation and probing were attempted for CNLDO was 23 months. CNLDO affected a total of 70 eyes. All patients were reviewed for best-corrected visual acuity, refractive errors, and strabismus at a median age of 70.5 months (range 31-95 months). Amblyopia or amblyopia risk factors were identified in 14 patients (27.5%). One child (7.15%) had only strabismus, six children (42.8%) had only amblyogenic refractive errors, two (14.3%) had a combination of two, one child (7.15%) had a family history for amblyopia, but four children (28.6%) had no amblyopia risk factors but had amblyopia.

Conclusion:

Amblyogenic risk factors are found higher in patients with CNLDO and patients undergoing NLD irrigation and probing in comparison to normal population. Therefore, we recommend these children to routinely undergo cycloplegic refractions and full ophthalmic examinations.     

Outcome of late probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in Singapore children

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of late probing in a mixed Asian children population with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) and whether probing was associated with an increased risk of infection. Method: A retrospective clinical study was conducted. A clinical diagnosis of CNLDO was defined in an infant who presented with a history of tearing and/or eye discharge up to 1 year of age with no other accompanying ocular pathology. All patients with a presumed diagnosis of CNLDO who had probing after 12 months of age were included in our study. Prior to probing, most patients had a trial of conservative treatment with massage and/or topical antibiotics. Intra-operative patency of probing was determined when metal to metal contact of the probe and forceps was achieved and/or when fluorescein dye was recovered from the nose after syringing. Successful probing was defined as a resolution of symptoms within 1 month after probing. Results: Seventeen patients involving 19eyes fulfilled our inclusion criteria for this study. Fourteen (82%) infants were Chinese, two Malays (12%) and the remaining one Indian (6%). There were 10 males(59%) and 7 females(41%) and the mean age at probing was 2.2 years(range, 14 months to 5years 6 months). The subjects were followed-up post-operatively for a mean duration of 21.2 months (range, 2 months to 8years). Successful probing in our series was 89.5% (17/19 eyes). Of the two eyes with persistent tearing, one resolved with massage about 9 months after the unsuccessful probing; the other was referred to the oculoplastic service for further management. Conclusion: Late probing after 13 months old appears to be an effective approach in the management of CNLDO in Asian infants. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparison of the success rate between monocanalicular and bicanalicular intubations in incomplete complex congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction

This article compares the success rate between monocanalicular (MCI) and bicanalicular intubations (BCI) in incomplete complex congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) and evaluate the factors responsible for the success of intubation. First, 99 patients with incomplete complex CNLDO underwent MCI (Monoka) or BCI (Crawford). Therapeutic success was defined as dye disappearance test grade 0-1 and complete resolution of previous symptoms at 12 months’ follow-up. The success rates were compared between two groups. In all cases, the correlation of the age, gender, history of probing, and the presence of purulent discharges with the improvement in CNLDO symptoms were evaluated. 52 cases in the MCI and 47 cases in the BCI group were included. Then, 48 patients (48.5%) had history of probing. 26 patients (26.3%) had purulent discharges. The patients in the MCI group had lower success rate (59.6%) than the patients in the BCI group (74.4%) but the difference was not significant (p = 0.11). No complication occurred in the BCI group. In 4 cases (7.6%) in the MCI group, the tubes were lost before time of planned removal. In all cases, only preoperative absence of the pus was significantly correlated with success (p = 0.09 and OR = 0.39). BCI may be a better treatment for the patients with incomplete complex CNLDO. In silicone intubation for these cases, preoperative absence of purulent discharges could increase the success rate.