胆总管探查时胰腺段损伤的处理

肝外胆管损伤的部位以贴近肝门的肝总管和胆总管十二指肠上段最为多见 ,而发生于胆总管探查时的胆总管胰腺段损伤较为少见 ,且处理较为困难。现将 1993年至 2 0 0 1年本院收治的 5例病人作一总结报道于下。临床资料　　 1.一般资料　　男 2例 ,女 3例。年龄 2 9～ 74岁 ,平均 5 7岁。急诊手术 3例 ,病因分别为重症胆石性胰腺炎伴黄疸 1例 ,胆囊结石伴慢性胆囊炎急性发作合并胆总管扩张 2例 ;择期手术 2例 ,病因均为胆总管结石合并胆总管扩张。胆总管胰段损伤原因均为采用硬质探条探查所致。住院 14～ 96ｄ。除 1例入院第 13天时因发生近全胰…     

Penetrating Bile Duct Injury

European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery - Cases of extrahepatic biliary tree trauma are not as common as other intraabdominal injuries and may pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge....     

Risk Factors for Litigation Following Major Transectional Bile Duct Injury Sustained at Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background  

Bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy often cause long-term morbidity, with a number of patients resorting to litigation. The present study aimed to analyze risk factors for litigation and to quantify the subsequent medicolegal burden.     

褪黑素对梗阻性黄疸大鼠肝损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨氧化性损伤在大鼠梗阻性黄疸肝功能损害发生中的作用以及褪黑素对其的保护作用。方法成年雄性SD大鼠64只,采用完全随机化法随机分为正常对照组（CN组,n=16）、假手术组（SO组,n=16）、胆总管结扎组（BDL组,n=16）和胆总管结扎＋褪黑素治疗组（BDL＋MT组,n=16）。应用胆总管结扎法建立梗阻性黄疸模型,褪黑素治疗组大鼠手术前1 d至手术后7 d连续腹腔注射褪黑素0.5 mg（/kg.d）,每日10∶00给药。分别于手术后第4 d和第8 d两个时间点采集标本,检测血浆中总胆红素（TBIL）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、门冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）及γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）水平变化,比色法测定肝组织匀浆中丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）含量或活力变化,采用TUNEL法检测肝组织细胞凋亡,并计算肝细胞凋亡指数（AI）。结果与CN组和SO组比较,BDL组大鼠血浆TBIL、ALT、AST、AKP、GGT水平和肝组织MDA含量明显升高（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力或GSH含量显著降低（P〈0.01）,AI增加（P〈0.01）;褪黑素治疗可使血浆TBIL、ALT、AST、AKP、GGT和肝组织MDA含量显著降低,SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力或GSH含量明显升高（P〈0.01）,AI减少（P〈0.01）。BDL组肝组织MDA含量与血浆TBIL、ALT、AKP、AST、GGT水平均呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）,GSH、SOD、CAT、GSH-Px与血浆TBIL、ALT、AKP、ALT、AST水平分别均呈显著负相关（P〈0.01）;BDL组肝组织MDA含量的变化与AI呈正相关（P〈0.01）,而GSH含量及SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力分别与AI呈负相关（P〈0.01）。结论大鼠梗阻性黄疸时,肝组织自由基大量产生介导的氧化性损伤及其细胞凋亡,参与了肝功能损害的发生、发展。褪黑素对大鼠梗阻性黄疸肝功能损害有一定程度的保护作用,其机制可能与其拮抗肝组织过氧化和细胞凋亡有关。     

Long-term Outcome and Risk Factors of Failure after Bile Duct Injury Repair

Background  The real long-term outcome of a hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) to repair bile duct injury (BDI) is unclear, and the risk factors for repair failure are partially defined. Study Design  A retrospective, nonrandomized study of the long-term outcome of biliary reconstructions after major BDIs. All injuries occurred in association with cholecystectomy. Results  Twenty-nine patients were referred with complete transection of the common (n = 16), right (n = 5), or right sectoral (n = 4) hepatic ducts or of >1 major duct (n = 4) between October 2002 and January 2007. Mean follow-up was 24 months, range 12–60 months. Original repairs were “immediate” in 14, “delayed” (within 24–72h) in 5, and “elective” (after >8 weeks) in 10, and strictures developed in 9, 5, and 1 of those HJs, respectively. The surgical outcomes were significantly better when the intervention took place electively (p = 0.003). Original HJ repairs were done by a hepatobiliary surgeon (n = 23) or by a general surgeon (n = 6): the outcome was significantly better for the former (p < 0.001). Conclusions  The 51.7% incidence of strictures after BDI repair in this study was higher than reported in the literature, probably because of selection bias secondary to the referral pattern. The timing of repair and the surgeon’s expertise are significant risk factors of failure. This work was presented before the 25th National Congress of the Israel Surgical Society, Jerusalem, Israel, 2007 and before the 8th World Congress of the IHPBA, Mumbai, India, 2008.     

Prevalence of Bile Duct Injury Following Cholecystectomy

Introduction: A review of our experience with CAS in a non-academic hospital is presented. Materials and methods: A consecutive series of 18 CAS-interventions between 2003 and 2005 is studied retrospectively. Indication, medical history, preoperative carotid imaging, operative technique and results were studied for each patient.

Results: CAS was used 12 times in men and six (33.3%) times in women between 2003 and 2005. Five (27.8%) symptomatic stenoses, 12 (66.6%) asymptomatic stenoses and one (5.6%) arterio-venous fistula were treated. One permanent postoperative ipsilateral ischaemic neurologic deficit occurred (5.6%). The mean duration of hospital stay was 4.9 days (range: 2–9 days).

Conclusions: Our study shows that CAS is feasible in non-academic hospital settings, with acceptable early results. Participating in larger studies should confirm our results.     

医源性胆管损伤的再次手术问题

第一位胆道外科医生都应严防医源性胆管损伤（IBI）的发生，而每一位高年胆道外科医生都需要熟知发生IBI时的处理原则。首次的正确处理可以避免再（多）次手术。首次术中未发现IBI者术后可能有两类表现：黄疸或胆汁参漏。需要相应地采取两种不同的处理方针。对无胆汁渗漏者应尽早手术修复；对有胆汁渗漏者需分期手术。首先必需解剖出近端胆管，使用彭氏多功能手术解剖器，很容易把肝实质从肝门前面推开，直至左右肝管汇合部以上。对于超高位的IBI有时需要切除Ⅳb肝段或者劈开肝正中裂才能找到近端胆管，为建立一个足够大的吻合口提供解剖上的基础。     

Reconstruction of a Common Bile Duct Injury by Venous Bypass

Hepaticojejunostomy is the standard technique for the reconstruction of severe iatrogenic lesions of the common bile duct (CBD), although the technique itself is major surgery with a complication rate up to 30%. We report a case of a male patient with a iatrogenic complete transsection of the CBD. Due to multiple previous operations and the present inflammation a standard reconstruction technique was not possible to perform. A neo-bile duct was created using a segment of the Great Saphenous Vein (GSV) synchronously with an external biliary drainage by PTCA and biliary stenting (after 4 weeks). The stent was removed 8 months later. Cholangiography showed normal bile flow without occlusion. Blood tests normalised. We believe that using an autologous vein graft in combination with a removable or biodegradable stent is the right track for the reconstruction of the CBD in the future.     

Bile Duct Injury After Single Incision Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background:

The advancement and development of laparoscopic cholecystectomy revolutionized surgery and case management. Many procedures are routinely performed laparoscopically. Single incision laparoscopic surgery has been introduced with the hope of further reduction of scarring and possibly procedural pain. With no established technique for this procedure, the safety of single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy has not been determined.

Methods and Results:

A 30-year-old man underwent single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis at an outside hospital. The operation was uneventful, and the patient was discharged home. The patient returned to the Emergency Department 4 days postoperatively, and a bile duct injury was diagnosed. A percutaneous drain was placed, and the patient was transferred to the Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) service of a tertiary care center for definitive care. A delayed repair approach was used to allow the inflammation around the porta to decrease. Six weeks after injury, the patient underwent Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. The patient did well postoperatively.

Conclusion:

Although single incision laparoscopic surgery will play a prominent role in the future, its development and application are not without risks as demonstrated from this case. It is imperative that surgeons better define the surgical approach to achieve the critical view and select appropriate patients for single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Normothermic Acellular Ex Vivo Liver Perfusion Reduces Liver and Bile Duct Injury of Pig Livers Retrieved After Cardiac Death

We compared cold static with acellular normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion (NEVLP) as a novel preservation technique in a pig model of DCD liver injury. DCD livers (60 min warm ischemia) were cold stored for 4 h, or treated with 4 h cold storage plus 8 h NEVLP. First, the livers were reperfused with diluted blood as a model of transplantation. Liver injury was determined by ALT, oxygen extraction, histology, bile content analysis and hepatic artery (HA) angiography. Second, AST levels and bile production were assessed after DCD liver transplantation. Cold stored versus NEVLP grafts had higher ALT levels (350 ± 125 vs. 55 ± 35 U/L; p < 0.0001), decreased oxygen extraction (250 ± 65 mmHg vs. 410 ± 58 mmHg, p < 0.01) and increased hepatocyte necrosis (45% vs. 10%, p = 0.01). Levels of bilirubin, phospholipids and bile salts were fivefold decreased, while LDH was sixfold higher in cold stored versus NEVLP grafts. HA perfusion was decreased (twofold), and bile duct necrosis was increased (100% vs. 5%, p < 0.0001) in cold stored versus NEVLP livers. Following transplantation, mean serum AST level was higher in the cold stored versus NEVLP group (1809 ± 205 U/L vs. 524 ± 187 U/L, p < 0.05), with similar bile production (2.5 ± 1.2 cc/h vs. 2.8 ± 1.4 cc/h; p = 0.2). NEVLP improved HA perfusion and decreased markers of liver duct injury in DCD grafts.     

Luschka胆管损伤的诊断与处理

目的 探讨胆囊切除术时Luschka胆管损伤的诊断及处理。方法 回顾性分析2039例胆囊切除术中26例Luschka胆管损伤的情况。结果 26例中15例于术中发现胆漏点．行缝扎止漏成功，5例行缝扎失败者和3例未找到胆漏点者．经引流后痊愈。术后发现3例，其中1例经鼻胆管引流治愈；1例经再手术引流治愈；1例再手术后发生心肌梗塞死亡。结论 胆囊切除术时Luschka胆管损伤较难避免．术中发现并及时治疗效果最好；术后发现应及时行剖腹探查和充分引流。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的术中镜下修复

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）中胆管损伤的原因及术中镜下修复经验,探讨术中腹腔镜下修复胆道损伤的可行性。方法我院2001年7月～2012年9月共完成7例Lc术中胆管损伤的镜下修复,其中1例肝总管完全横断伤、1例胆总管完全横断伤及1例左肝管不完全横断伤、1例右肝管不完全横断伤、1例肝总管不完全横断伤采用胆管对端吻合T管引流术;1例左、右肝管汇合下方肝总管前壁直径10Inln缺损,采用转移胆囊管壁瓣修复肝管缺损T管引流术;1例肝总管不完全横断伤采用对端吻合,未留置T管。结果所有手术均获成功,无中转开腹。1例胆总管对端吻合病例术后胆漏,腹腔引流管引流20d愈合。余无并发症出现。6例放置T管引流者术后1年拔除T管。7例术后随访0．5～10年,平均3．2年,无腹痛、黄疸、发热,肝功能正常,B超未见胆管扩张。结论LC胆管损伤的术中修复可以在腹腔镜下顺利完成．     

胆管缺损和损伤的处理

胆道手术中遇到胆管壁缺损并非少见 ,不外乎病理性和医源性损伤两大类。前者多见于Ｍｉｒｉｚｚｉ综合征[1 ] 和胆管穿孔 ,后者则是手术损伤。现将 1 992年 2月～ 2 0 0 0年 2月治疗的 2 2例报告如下。临床资料　　 1 .一般资料　　男 1 3例 ,女 9例 ,年龄 35～ 66岁。Ｍｉｒｉｚｚｉ综合征 1 1例 ,其中Ⅱ型 6例 ,Ⅲ型 4例 ,Ⅳ型 1例 ;胆管结石发生急性梗阻性胆管炎致肝外胆管穿孔 5例 ,穿孔直径均小于胆管周径的 1 / 3 ;腹腔镜胆囊切除 (ＬＣ)胆管损伤 4例 ,均横断胆管且缺损 >1 .0ｃｍ ,其中胆囊管汇合处 3例 ,左、右肝管汇合处 1例 ;开腹…     

Prevention of Bile Duct Injury (BDI) during Cholecystectomy

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and clinical relevance of microembolism in one hundred unselected patients submitted to 50 carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and 50 carotid stenting (CAS) procedures from January 2005 to January 2006 for hemodynamic lesions of the carotid bifurcation (> 70% stenosis). Material and methods: High-resolution Colour-Flow Mapping (CFM), Transcranial Doppler (TCD), cerebral computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) and four psychometric tests (Mini mental state, Beck depression inventory, Zung anxiety inventory, SF-12) were carried out in the preoperative evaluation in all the patients. In the cEAs loco-regional anesthesia (100%), patch angioplasty (84%) and Pruitt-Inahara shunt (4%) were employed; in the CASs local anesthesia (100%), three different carotid stents (Precise-Cordis, Acculink-Guidant and Carotid Wallstent-Boston Scientific) and three temporary distal filter protection devices (Angioguard-Cordis, Accunet-Guidant, Filterwire-EZ-Boston Scientific), without pre-dilatation, were employed.

TCD monitoring was used intra-operatively and 12 hours post-operatively to evaluate the presence and the number of microembolic events (ME’s) and to investigate the efficiency of neuroprotective filter devices. The efficacy of the in situ opened filter was judged evaluating the decrease of mean blood velocity in ipsilateral middle cerebral artery and the reduction rate of microembolic events (number of microemboli detected during the entire procedure/number of microemboli detected during the filter positioning).

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) of the brain was obtained within 24 to 48 hours after the procedures to detect new ischemic brain lesions. Psychometric tests were repeated at the discharge of the patient and after two months to evaluate cognitive faculties.

Results: During postoperative period (30 days) and follow-up, no procedure-related death and three regressive minor strokes occurred: 1 in CEA (2%) and 2 in CASs (4%); a cranial nerve lesion occurred in CEA (2%). TCD monitoring showed ME’s (a mean of five events) in 37 CEAs (74%) and in 50 CASs (100%) (a mean of 60 ME’s). In five patients submitted to CAS repeated microemboli occurred during one hour postoperative TCD control (10%). A 10–30% decrease of mean blood velocity basal value was recorded in the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery when the filter device was opened. A mean 70% reduction of ME’s was obtained with a cerebral protection system deployed. Postoperative DWI detected new focal ischemic lesions in 24 patients [22 after CAS (44%) (a mean of 5 new ipsi and contra-lateral lesions), and 2 after CEA (4%). Cognitive capability worsened in 20 patients [18 after CAS (36%) e 2 after CEA (4%)]. Conclusions: Mortality and morbidity rates of patients submitted to CAS are comparable to the results obtained by CEA. A great number of ME’s are recorded by TCD during endovascular procedures, more than during open surgery. ME’s due to CAS are reduced by filter protection devices, but the cognitive faculties in a great number of “asymptomatic” patients are decreased after CAS.     

肝移植后胆道并发症防治的几点体会

胆道并发症发生率的高低往往代表了一个肝移植中心的整体技术水平.欧美成熟的肝移植中心胆道并发症发生率为7%～10%,1年生存率达到90%.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的防治对策

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中胆管损伤(BDI)的防治。方法 复习相关文献，结合临床实践，对LC中BDI的防治对策作总结分析。结果 随着LC的推广，BDI的发生有增高趋势，BDI发生的原因主要是胆囊三角区解剖不清、解剖变异、电热灼伤，也有思想麻痹和盲目自信引起的。LC术中采用钝性分离。少用电凝，熟悉局部解剖及其变异，切除胆囊前辨清胆总管与肝总管，必要时选择性应用术中胆道造影、腹腔镜超声、胆道闪烁扫描等辅助检查可预防BDI。BDI的处理应根据损伤类型和部位高低以及局部解剖组织的条件而可采用端端吻合、缺损修补、胆管十二指肠端侧吻合、肝胆管空肠端侧Roux—en-Y吻合，T管放置半年以上。结论 LC术中BDI应重视预防，发生后及时正确处理是改善预后的关键。     

Long-term Results of a Primary End-to-end Anastomosis in Peroperative Detected Bile Duct Injury

The management of a bile duct injury detected during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is still under discussion. An end-to-end anastomosis (with or without T-tube drainage) in peroperative detected bile duct injury has been reported to be associated with stricture formation of the anastomosis area and recurrent jaundice. Between 1991 and 2005, 56 of a total of 500 bile duct injury patients were referred for treating complications after a primary end-to-end anastomosis. After referral, 43 (77%) patients were initially treated endoscopically or by percutaneous transhepatic stent placement (n = 3; 5%). After a mean follow-up of 7 ± 3.3 years, 37 patients (66%) were successfully treated with dilatation and endoscopically placed stents. One patient died due to a treatment-related complication. A total of 18 patients (32%) underwent a hepaticojejunostomy. Postoperative complications occurred in three patients (5%) without hospital mortality. These data confirm that end-to-end anastomosis might be considered as a primary treatment for peroperative detected transection of the bile duct without extensive tissue loss. Complications (stricture or leakage) can be adequately managed by endoscopic or percutaneous drainage the majority of patients (66%) and reconstructive surgery after complicated end-to-end anastomosis is a procedure with relative low morbidity and no mortality. This paper has been presented at the 47th SSAT Annual Meeting, May 20–24, 2006, in Los Angeles, California.