单剂量盐酸左西替利嗪片人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸左西替利嗪片(受试制剂)与已上市的盐酸左西替利嗪片(参比制剂)的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:健康男性志愿者18例,采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计,分别口服受试制剂或参比制剂10 mg,用HPLC法测定血药浓度,DAS软件处理计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的t_(1／2)Ke分别为(5．4±1．2)和(4．9±1．5)h;C_(max)分别为(424．4±89．2)和(415．3±65．0)ng·mL~(-1)。T_(max)分别为(1．2±0．8)和(1．1±0．5)h。AUC_(0-24h)分别为(3 223．3±612．3)和(3 216．5±654．8)ng·h·mL~(-1)。相对生物利用度为(103．5±26．8)%。AUC_(0-24h)90%置信区间为0．9326～1．0821,C_(max)190%置信区间为0．9482～1．0821,T_(max)经非参数法检验,差异无统计意义。结论:2种制剂生物等效。     

2种恩替卡韦制剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究2种恩替卡韦制剂的人体生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量空腹口服恩替卡韦胶囊(受试制剂)与恩替卡韦片(参比制剂)0.5mg后,采用液-质联用法测定人血浆中药物浓度,并用DAS2.1.1软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果:恩替卡韦受试制剂与参比制剂在人体内的主要药动学参数分别为:c_(max)(4.21±1.26)、(4.06±0.80)ng·mL~(-1),t_(max)(0.6±0.4)、(0.6±0.2)h,t_(1/2β)(29.97±4.24)、(36.36±9.14)h,AUC_(0～96h)(10.84±1.80)、(10.50±1.25)ng.h.mL~(-1),AUC_(0～∞)(11.69±1.88)、(11.82±1.54)ng.h.mL~(-1)。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(103.7±16.6)%。AUC_(0～96h)的90%置信区间在等效范围内。结论:2种恩替卡韦制剂为生物等效制剂。     

国产与进口吗氯贝胺片剂的生物等效性

目的:评价国产与进口吗氯贝胺的生物等效性。方法:20名健康受试者顿服300mg吗氯贝胺,采用自身交叉试验方法,以测定受试制剂的相对生物利用度,采用HPLC方法进行人血清药物浓度测定。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数t_(max)分别为(1.3±0.6),(1.3±0.7)h;c_(max)为(4096.2±1283.7),(3776.6±1241.3)mg·mL~(-1);AUC_(0→t)为(20313.3±10587.5),(1968.4±10178.6)ng·h·mL~(-1);T_(1/2)为(3.8±1.9),(3.7±1.8)h。2制剂间各参数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(103.8±8.8)％。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂为生物等效制剂。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定美托洛尔缓释片的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的建立测定人血浆中美托洛尔浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC—MS/MS)法,研究健康受试者单剂量和多剂量口服美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂后的药动学和生物等效性。方法40名男性健康志愿者进行随机双交叉试验,分别单剂量和多剂量口服美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂100 mg,采用LC—MS/ MS法测定血药浓度,用DAS软件计算主要药动学参数。结果单剂量时受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下:c_(max)分别为(144±s 43)和(164±40)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(3.7±1.2)和(3.5±0.8)h,t_(1/2)分别为(6.0±2.5)和(4.9±2.0)h,AUC_(0～24)分别为(1 639±787)和(1 658±636)μg·h·L~(-1),相对生物利用度为(97±21)%。多剂量达稳态时受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下:c_(max)分别为(241±170)和(232±75)μg·L~(-1),c_(min)分别为(115±66)和(121±64)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(3.7±1.0)和(3.5±1.6)h,AUC_(ss)分别为(1 905±882)和(1 992±834)μg·h·L~(-1),c_(av)分别为(159±73)和(166±69)μg·L~(-1),DF分别为(77±30)%和(75±31)%。受试制剂与参比制剂的AUC_(0～t),AUC_(0～∞)或AUC_(ss),c_(max)和t_(max)均符合生物等效性要求。结论建立的LC—MS/MS法专属、准确、灵敏度适宜。测定的美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂生物等效。     

氟康唑片在健康人体内的生物等效性研究

目的:研究氟康唑片的人体生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性受试者,按双交叉设计,随机单剂量口服氟康唑片受试制剂和参比制剂各300 mg,分别于服药后多点采血测定。采用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,并计算药动学参数,评价两制剂的生物等效性。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的t_(1/2)分别为(29 98±4.79)、(30.60±4.66)h,t_(max)分别为(1.9±0.3)、(1.9±0.6)h,C_(max)分别为(7.64±0.98)、(7.93±0.78)μg·mL~(-1),AUC_(0～96)分别为(258.41±36.49)、(267.93±31.24)μg·h·mL~(-1),AUC_(0～∞)分别为(283.17±45.80)、(299.70±38.41)μg·h·mL~(-1),用面积法AUC_(0～96)和AUC_(0～∞)估算氟康唑片受试制荆的相对生物利用度分别为(94.9±11.3)%、(94.8±11.9)%。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂等效。     

LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中替米沙坦的浓度及其人体生物等效性研究

目的:建立以高效液相色谱串联质谱电喷雾(LC-MS/MS)法测定人血浆中替米沙坦浓度的方法,并考察2种替米沙坦片的生物等效性。方法:人血浆样本以乙腈沉淀蛋白后,选用Zorbax SB-C_(18) Narrow Bore色谱柱,以甲醇-10mmol.L~(-1)乙酸铵(含0.5%甲酸)(80∶20)为流动相,流速为0.4mL.min~(-1);选用API3200型三重四极杆串联质谱仪的多重反应监测(MRM)扫描方式进行监测,电喷雾离子化源,正离子方式,选择监测离子反应分别为m/z515.2→276.2(替米沙坦)和m/z748.5→m/z158.2(克拉霉素,内标)。结果:替米沙坦和克拉霉素的保留时间分别为1.51、1.25min。替米沙坦血药浓度在1.00～1500ng·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9985),定量下限为1.00ng·mL~(-1);日内、日间RSD均≤6%,相对偏差(RE)均在±7%的范围以内;平均提取回收率为(93.0±3.9)%。替米沙坦片受试制剂与参比制剂平均药动学参数分别为:t_(1/2)(25.5±12.5)、(26.5±11.8)h,t_(max)(1.50±0.78)、(1.59±1.16)h,c_(max)(358±212)、(389±298)ng·mL~(-1),AUC_(0～96h)(2383±1146)、(2411±1192)ng.h.mL~(-1)。替米沙坦片受试制剂的平均生物利用度为(101.3±22.6)%。结论:该方法高效、灵敏、专属性强;2种替米沙坦片等效。     

国产与进口齐多夫定胶囊在健康人体内生物等效性研究

目的:评价国产齐多夫定胶囊与进口齐多夫定胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:20例男性健康受试者随机交叉单剂量口服国产制剂或进口制剂400 mg,采用高效液相色谱紫外检测器测定血浆中齐多夫定的浓度。2种制剂的齐多夫定血药浓度经BAPP 2．0程序处理,计算药动学参数及相对生物利用度,并对2种制剂的T_(max)及经对数转换后的C_(max)和AUC_(0-1)进行方差分析、双单侧检验及90%可信限判断生物等效性。结果:齐多夫定受试制剂与参比制剂的实测T_(max)均为(0．7±0．1)h,实测C_(max)分别为(2348．97±919．17)和(2396．94±876．44)ng·mL~(-1),梯形法计算AUC_(0-1)分别为(3012．64±723．42)和(3103．70±723．68)ng·h·mL~(-1),t_(1/2)分别为(1．34±0．35)和(1．47±0．42)h。国产齐多夫定胶囊的相对生物利用度为(97．8±12．3)%。结论:国产和进口齐多夫定胶囊在中国健康人体内具有生物等效性。     

辛伐他汀缓释片在比格犬体内的药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:研究辛伐他汀缓释片在比格犬体内的药动学和生物等效性。方法:将6只比格犬随机分成2组,分别单剂量灌服20 mg辛伐他汀缓释片(受试制剂)和市售辛伐他汀片(参比制剂),不同时间采集血样,采用液相- 质谱- 质谱联用法测定比格犬体内的血药浓度并计算药动学参数。结果:参比制剂与受试制剂的C_(max)分别为(23.461±6.043)、(13.942±3.236)ng.mL~(-1);t_(max)分别为(2.158±0.396)、(4.116±1.145 3)h;t_(1/2) 分别为(4.564±0.645)、(8.143±0.679)h;AUC_(0～24 h) 分别为(118.647±31.989)、(129.977±29.853)ng.h.mL~(-1)。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂在吸收速率方面具有显著差异,二者不具有生物等效性。     

奈韦拉平片的血药浓度测定及相对生物利用度

目的建立奈韦拉平血药浓度的HPLC测定法,用于人体生物等效性研究。方法采用随机双交叉试验设计,20名健康受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂200mg,用HPLC法测定血浆中的奈韦拉平浓度。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC_(0→t)分别为(155.66±22.41)、(150.66±22.11)mg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0→∞)分别为(163.30±22.88)、(157.75±22.87)mg·h·L~(-1);c_(max)分别为(2.52±0.31)、(2.60±0.48)mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(3.1±0.7)、(3.0±0.7)h;T1/2分别为(38.12±2.23)、(36.79±5.06)h。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(103.6±8.6)%。经统计学分析,2种制剂的AUC_(0→∞),c_(max),t_(max),T1/2差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论国产奈韦拉平片与进口奈韦拉平片具有生物等效性。     

HPLC-MS/MS测定人血浆阿奇霉素浓度及生物等效性研究

目的 建立人血浆中阿奇霉素的高效液相色谱/质谱/质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)测定法,测定受试者口服阿奇霉素颗粒后的血药浓度,并对受试制剂与参比制剂的生物等效性进行评价。方法 19名健康受试者采用随机双交叉试验设计,单剂量口服阿奇霉素颗粒受试制剂和参比药物各500 mg,用HPLC-MS/MS测定用药后不同时间血药浓度。血药浓度-时间数据经DAS 2.0统计软件处理,计算主要药动学参数,并进行两种制剂的生物等效性评价。结果 受试制剂和参比制剂的T_max分别为(2.5±1.1)h和(2.6±1.7)h,C_max分别为(574.6±209.2) ng·mL^-1和(594.5±229.9) ng·mL^-1,t_1/2分别为(44.7±15.2) h和(42.0±13.0) h,AUC_0-144分别为(5 319.6±2 507.8) h·ng·mL^-1和(5 710.7±2 710.1)h·ng·mL^-1,AUC^_0-∞分别为(5 704.2±2 858.7) h·ng·mL^-1和(6 010.0±2 808.1) h·ng·mL^-1, 以AUC_0-144计算,相对生物利用度为(94.2±15.7)%。两制剂的主要药动学参数无显著性差异。结论 受试制剂与参比药物生物等效。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.