终末期肝病病人行自体外周血干细胞移植的护理

[目的]探讨终末期肝病病人行自体外周血干细胞移植的护理。[方法]回顾性分析64例终末期肝病病人行自体外周血干细胞移植的临床资料。[结果]术后1周79.2%的病人症状改善,术后2周,白蛋白逐渐升高,术后4周丙氨酸转氨酶逐渐降低,白蛋白逐渐升高;术后随访6个月～12个月显效率为30.8%,随访12个月～24个月显效率为37.5%。[结论]加强终末期肝病病人行自体外周血干细胞移植的护理对手术成功具有重要意义。     

恶性血液病病人行自体外周血干细胞移植的护理

[目的]总结恶性血液病病人行自体外周血干细胞移植的护理。[方法]对10例恶性血液病病人行自体外周血干细胞移植,同时加强心理支持、造血干细胞回输的护理、营养支持、并发症的观察与护理。[结果]10例自体外周血干细胞移植全部成功,病人移植期间均发生程度不同的口腔溃疡及胃肠道反应,发热8例,消化道出血2例,药物性肝损伤1例;1例多发性骨髓瘤病人移植6个月后复发。[结论]加强恶性血液病病人行自体外周血干细胞移植的护理,是移植成功的保证。     

局部麻醉超声引导自体外周血干细胞移植治疗肝硬化的手术护理

[目的]总结局部麻醉超声引导自体外周血干细胞移植治疗肝硬化的手术护理。[方法]对25例肝硬化病人行局部麻醉超声引导自体外周血干细胞移植治疗,加强术前心理、术中配合。[结果]25例病人手术过程顺利,术中配合满意,术后恢复良好。[结论]加强局部麻醉超声引导自体外周血干细胞移植治疗肝硬化的手术护理是手术成功的保证。     

自体外周血干细胞采集术的护理干预

[目的]探讨自体外周血干细胞移植病人围采集术期的护理。[方法]术前细致的心理护理、充分的睡眠及其他完善的术前准备；术中密切观察病人的病情变化并及时采取相应的护理措施；术后给予病人营养及生活护理指导。[结果]围采集术期的护理为成功实施自体外周血干细胞移植手术奠定了基础。[结论]正确的围采集术期护理有利于提高自体外周血干细胞移植的疗效，改善病人的生活质量。     

自体外周血干细胞采集术的护理干预

[目的]探讨自体外周血干细胞移植病人围采集术期的护理。[方法]术前细致的心理护理、充分的睡眠及其他完善的术前准备;术中密切观察病人的病情变化并及时采取相应的护理措施;术后给予病人营养及生活护理指导。[结果]围采集术期的护理为成功实施自体外周血干细胞移植手术奠定了基础。[结论]正确的围采集术期护理有利于提高自体外周血干细胞移植的疗效,改善病人的生活质量。     

自体外周血干细胞经肝动脉介入治疗终末期肝病的疗效及护理

目的观察自体外周血干细胞经肝动脉介入治疗终末期肝病的疗效及护理。方法于移植前后分别观察患者血清白蛋白、凝血酶原时间(PT)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、甲胎蛋白及胆碱脂酶,B超观察腹腔积液量及门静脉内径。移植前后辅以心理护理及观察,以防止各种并发症发生。结果 7例患者中有6例在移植1月后复查血清白蛋白、凝血酶原时间及胆碱脂酶,与治疗前比较,差异有显著意义(P0.05);而丙氨酸氨基转移酶及甲胎蛋白较移植治疗前明显升高(P0.05),腹腔积液明显减少(P0.05),门静脉内径有缩小趋向,但无明显统计学差异。结论自体外周血干细胞经肝动脉介入能有效治疗终末期肝病,移植前后积极细致的护理能明显减少各种发并症形成,有助于提高疗效。     

自体外周血干细胞移植病人的健康教育

[目的]为56例进行自体外周血造血干细胞移植(APBSCT)的病人提供全程的健康教育,使病人在层流病房中很好地配合治疗及护理,减少并发症,顺利转出层流病房.[方法]采取一对一交谈法、病人现身说法等形式,从病人心理、层流室环境、无菌观念、化疗、回输造血干细胞过程、Ⅳ度骨髓抑制期、转出层流室和出院进行全面的健康教育.[结果]56例病人在干细胞移植的各个阶段都能积极配合医护工作,平均15.2 d就完成整个自体外周血造血干细胞移植过程,顺利转出层流病房.[结论]56例病人经过全程健康教育,能正确认识自体外周血干细胞移植的过程及在层流室中配合医护工作,心身协调地完成治疗.     

自体外周血干细胞移植病人的健康教育

[目的]为56例进行自体外周血造血干细胞移植(APBSCT)的病人提供全程的健康教育,使病人在层流病房中很好地配合治疗及护理,减少并发症,顺利转出层流病房.[方法]采取一对一交谈法、病人现身说法等形式,从病人心理、层流室环境、无菌观念、化疗、回输造血干细胞过程、Ⅳ度骨髓抑制期、转出层流室和出院进行全面的健康教育.[结果]56例病人在干细胞移植的各个阶段都能积极配合医护工作,平均15.2 d就完成整个自体外周血造血干细胞移植过程,顺利转出层流病房.[结论]56例病人经过全程健康教育,能正确认识自体外周血干细胞移植的过程及在层流室中配合医护工作,心身协调地完成治疗.     

90例终末期肝病自体血干细胞移植治疗及健康指导

[目的]探讨终末期肝病自体血干细胞移植病人治疗及健康指导。[方法]对90例终末期肝病病人行及时治疗和正确详细的健康指导。[结果]90例终末期肝病自体血干细胞移植病人均有不同程度的好转。[结论]及时治疗和正确详细的健康指导,对延续终末期肝病自体血干细胞移植治疗病人的住院治疗效果、提高生活质量有重要的作用。     

自体外周血干细胞移植治疗下肢动脉缺血性疾病16例围术期护理

目的:探讨自体外周血干细胞移植治疗下肢动脉缺血性疾病患者的围术期护理方法。方法:对16例下肢动脉缺血性疾病患者行自体外周血干细胞移植治疗,并做好术前护理、术后护理,观察患者症状改善情况。结果:本组9例肢端小溃疡在6个月内愈合;2例半年后愈合;1例血栓闭塞性脉管炎截趾后切口愈合良好;1例糖尿病足溃疡经干细胞移植治疗1个月溃疡愈合出院。结论:自体外周血干细胞移植治疗下肢动脉缺血性疾病有效而安全,加强围术期护理可有效减少并发症发生,提高移植治疗效果。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.