氯沙坦、福辛普利对高血压大鼠心肌纤维化、血管紧张素Ⅱ及左室重构的影响

目的　评价氯沙坦、福辛普利对自发性高血压大鼠 (SHR)心肌纤维化、左室重构及血浆和心肌组织中血管紧张素Ⅱ的效应。方法 :16周龄SHR随机分为 3组 ,即氯沙坦治疗组 (SHR L组 )、福辛普利治疗组 (SHR F组 )、空白对照组 (SHR C组 ) ,每组各 10只。分别采用病理检查及放射免疫测定方法对治疗 8周、16周的SHR心肌胶原容积分数 (CVF)和心肌血管周围胶原面积 (PVCA)、血浆和组织中血管紧张素Ⅱ进行检测。结果 :在治疗 8周、16周后 ,两治疗组的收缩压较对照组均有明显下降 ;治疗组组间比较差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;心脏重量 (HW )、心脏重量指数(HWI)、左室重量 (LVW)、左室重量指数 (LVMI)均有显著性改善 ,且治疗 16周后SHR F组较SHR L组LVMI显著性降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。两治疗组CVF和PVCA与对照组比较明显下降 (P <0 .0 1)。治疗 16周后SHR F组CVF较SHR L组下降更明显。SHR L组血浆及心肌组织中AngⅡ显著增加 ,而SHR F组心肌组织AngⅡ显著下降 ,但对血浆AngⅡ无明显影响。结论 :氯沙坦、福辛普利均能有效逆转心脏肥厚及抗心肌纤维化 ,以福辛普利作用显著。其作用机制可能与拮抗心肌组织中肾素 血管紧张素 醛固酮系统 (RAS)效应有关。     

氯沙坦、福辛普利对高血压大鼠心肌纤维化、血管紧张素Ⅱ及左室重构的影响

目的：评价氯沙坦、福辛普利对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）心肌纤维化=、左室重构及血浆和心肌组织中血管紧张素Ⅱ的效应。方法：16周龄SHR随机分为3组,即氯沙坦治疗组（SHR-L组）、福辛普利治疗组（SHR-F组）、空白对照组（SHR-C组）,每组各10只。分别采用病理检查及放射免疫测定方法对治疗8周、16周的SHR心肌胶原容积分数（CVF）和心肌血管周围胶原面积（PVCA）、血浆和组织中血管紧张素Ⅱ进行检测。结果：在治疗8周、16周后,两治疗组的收缩压较对照组均有明显下降;治疗组组间比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05);心脏重量（HW）、心脏重量指数（HWI）、左室重量（LVW）、左室重量指数（LVMI）均有显著性改善,且治疗16周后SHR-F组较SHR-L组LVMI显著性降低（P＜0.05)。两治疗组CVF和PVCA与对照组比较明显下降（P＜0.01)。治疗16周后SHR-F组CVF较SHR-L组下降更明显。SHR-L组血浆及心肌组织中AngⅡ显著增加,而SHR-F组心肌组织AngⅡ显著下降,但对血浆AngⅡ无明显影响。结论：氯沙坦、福辛普利均能有效逆转心脏肥厚及抗心肌纤维化,以福辛普利作用显著。其作用机制可能与拮抗心肌组织中肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（RAS）效应有关。     

曲尼司特对STZ糖尿病大鼠心肌的保护作用

目的 观察曲尼司特(tranilast,Tra)对糖尿病心肌纤维化及转化生长因子-β1表达的影响,探讨其对糖尿病心肌的保护作用及机制.方法 健康SD大鼠40只,随机取10只为正常对照组(NC),余30只一次性给予链脲佐菌素30 mg·kg - 1·尾静脉注射制备糖尿病大鼠模型.随机分为糖尿病模型组(DM)、曲尼司特低剂量组(Tra1)及高剂量组(Tra2)(100、200 mg/(kg·d))各10只.饲养12周,测定血糖、心脏质量指数(HMI);Masson染色观察心肌形态学变化,测算心肌胶原容积分数(CVF);免疫组织化学法检测心肌TGF-β1蛋白表达水平.结果 与NC组相比,DM组大鼠血糖、HMI明显增高(P<0.01),+dp/dtmax和-dp/dtmax显著降低(P<0.01);与DM组相比,HMI明显下降(P<0.01),+dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax显著升高(P<0.05).DM组大鼠心肌肌纤维排列紊乱,胶原纤维明显增多,CVF明显升高(P<0.01).与DM组相比,曲尼司特各剂量组上述变化均有改善,CVF呈现不同程度下降(P<0.01).与NC组相比,DM组大鼠左室心肌TGF-β1蛋白表达增加(P<0.01).与DM组相比,曲尼司特各剂量组心肌TGF-β1蛋白表达减少(P<0.01),以曲尼司特高剂量组改善明显(P<0.01).结果 曲尼司特可抑制心肌纤维化,对糖尿病心肌具有保护作用,其保护作用可能与减少糖尿病心肌TGF-β1蛋白表达有关.     

替米沙坦对肾性高血压心肌纤维化及结缔组织生长因子的影响

目的　探讨替米沙坦对肾血管性高血压心肌纤维化及结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)表达的影响。方法　建立二肾一夹肾血管性高血压(2K1C- RH)大鼠模型,将实验大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组、高血压组及替米沙坦治疗组。术后4周末开始以替米沙坦3 0mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃,共8周。测量大鼠收缩压、胶原容积分数(CVF)、血管周围胶原面积(PV CA)及CTGF、转化生长因子 β1(TGF-β1)的表达。结果　与假手术组大鼠相比,高血压组的收缩压、CVF及PVCA显著增加(P <0 .0 1) ,CTGF、TGF -β1表达上调(P <0 .0 1) ;替米沙坦组与高血压组相比,心肌组织中CVF、PVCA、CTGF及TGF -β1的表达明显降低(P <0 .0 5 )。结论　替米沙坦可抑制高血压心肌纤维化,其机制可能与下调CTGF的表达有关。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ与转化生长因子—β1对高血压心肌纤维化的影响

目的观察阻断肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌局部血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)及对心肌胶原代谢的影响,探讨AngⅡ与TGF-β1在高血压心肌重构中的作用.方法以Wis-tar-Kyoto(WKY)大鼠为非高血压对照,15周龄SHR经氯沙坦(Los)或/和卡托普利(Cap)治疗15周,放免法测定AngⅡ、双抗体夹心ELISA法检测心肌TGF-β1水平、苦味酸天狼猩红染色VIDAS图像分析计算胶原容积分数(CVP)和血管周围胶原面积(PVCA)、放射性底物测定法检测心肌基质金属蛋白酶-1(MMP-1)的活力.结果在SHR心肌中,AngⅡ、TGF-β1、CVP、PVCA明显高于WKY大鼠,而MMP-1活力降低(P＜0.01).阻滞RAS的不同水平均降低AngⅡ、TGF-β1、CVP、PVCA,升高MMP-1活力.SHRLos+Cap或SHRLos降低TGF-β1水平、升高MMP-1活力明显优于SHRRCap(P＜0.05).心肌AngⅡ水平与TGF-β1、CVP、PVCA正相关(P＜0.01),AngⅡ、TGF-β1与MMP-1活力呈负相关(P＜0.01).结论AngⅡ可能通过AT1受体调控TGF-β1促进胶原合成、抑制胶原分解.氯沙坦在抑制TGF-β1水平方面明显优于卡托普利,合用未优于单用氯沙坦.     

自发性高血压大鼠心肌声学密度与心肌纤维化的关系及药物干预研究

目的探讨声学密度定量分析（AD）技术评估高血压心肌纤维化的价值,同时观察苯那普利和缬沙坦对高血压心肌纤维化的作用。方法10周龄的雄性自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）60只,随机分为SHR对照组(SHRc组)、SHR 苯那普利组(SHRb组)、SHR 缬沙坦组(SHRv组)和SHR 联合用药组(SHRb+v组),每组15只。用药组分别给予苯那普利、缬沙坦或二者半剂量合用灌胃10周,并以Wistar京都（WKY）大鼠15只为正常对照(WKY组)。应用AD技术获取各组大鼠左室相应部位心肌背向散射积分（IBS）与背向散射积分周期变化值（CVIB）;测定其收缩压（SBP）、左室重量（LVM）以及左室重量指数（LVMI）和左室心肌羟脯氨酸浓度（HC）;Masson染色观察心肌胶原含量变化,测量心肌胶原容积分数（CVF）和心肌内血管周围胶原面积（PVCA）,并对所得指标进行相关分析。结果与WKY组相比,SHRc组大鼠SBP、LVM、LVMI、HC、CVF、PVCA、IBS均明显升高（P<0.01）,而CVIB明显降低(P<0.01),三个用药组以上指标均明显改善（P<0.05, P<0.01）。除血压外,其他指标均以联合用药组改善最为显著（P<0.05, P<0.01）。相关分析显示,HC与CVF及PVCA均呈显著正相关（r=0.921、0.885,P<0.01）。室间隔及左室后壁IB%值与CVF（r=0.731、0.756,P<0.01）及PVCA(r=0.776、0.788,P<0.01)均呈显著正相关,而CVIB值与CVF（r=-0.642、-0.716,P<0.01）及PVCA（r=-0.720、-0.755,P<0.01）均呈显著负相关。结论AD技术是评估高血压心肌纤维化及其严重程度的一项可靠技术。苯那普利和缬沙坦可显著降低血压、减轻自发性高血压大鼠早期心肌纤维化,且二者合用可明显减轻心肌纤维化程度。     

心脏糜酶对自发性高血压大鼠心肌纤维化的影响

目的观察心脏糜酶对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌组织胶原合成和心肌纤维化的影响.方法应用病理检查、计算机分析结合逆转录-聚合酶链式反应等方法,检测SHR应用糜酶抑制剂(Ch-Ⅰ)组、SHR组及WistarKyoto大鼠(WKY)组的收缩压、心肌胶原容积分数(CVF)、心肌血管周围胶原面积比(PVCA)和心肌糜酶及Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原mRNA表达.结果Chy-Ⅰ组心脏CVF、PVCA分别为(26.8±8.7)%和0.4±0.1,SHR组分别为(46.4±7.8)%和1.9±0.9,WKY组为(24.4±10.7)%和0.4±0.1,Chy-Ⅰ组比SHR组明显下降(P＜0.01),与WKY组无明显差别(P＞0.05).Chy-Ⅰ组心肌组织Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原和糜酶mRNA表达相对含量均明显低于SHR组(P＜0.01),与WKY组无明显差别(P＞0.05).应用Chy-Ⅰ后大鼠血压无改变.结论心肌组织糜酶参与胶原的合成,参与细胞外基质的形成和降解,促进自发性高血压大鼠心肌纤维化.     

心脏肥大细胞密度在自发性高血压大鼠心肌重构中的作用

目的探讨心脏肥大细胞在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌重构中的作用.方法应用病理检查、计算机分析结合逆转录-聚合酶链式反应等方法,观察SHR及对照Wistar Kyoto大鼠(WKY)的收缩压(SBP)、左心室重量指数(LVI)、心肌细胞直径、肥大细胞密度、心肌胶原容积分数(CVF)、心肌血管周围胶原面积比(PVCA)和心肌Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原mRNA表达的变化.肥大细胞密度与LVI、CVF及PVCA之间的关系采用相关分析.结果与WKY组比较,SHR组SBP、LVI、心肌细胞直径、心肌细胞短径、肥大细胞密度、CVF、PVCA、心肌Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原含量均明显增加(P＜0.01).心脏肥大细胞密度与LVI、CVF及PVCA存在明显的正相关(相关系数分别为0.67、0.87和0.95,P＜0.01).结论心脏肥大细胞密度增加可能是促进SHR心肌重构的重要原因.     

自发性高血压大鼠心肌组织microRNA-97a与TGF-β1蛋白表达的改变及意义

目的观察Micro RNA-97a(miRNA-97a)与TGF-β1蛋白在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌组织中的表达改变和关系。方法取8只8周龄雄性自发性高血压大鼠为SHR组,8只8周龄雄性Wistar大鼠为对照组,通过无创血压测量分析系统测大鼠尾动脉血压,8周后股动脉放血处死大鼠,HE染色观察大鼠心脏形态学改变,PCR法检测大鼠心脏中miRNA-97a的表达,Western blot检测TGF-β1、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)蛋白和I型胶原(Col-Ⅰ)和Ⅲ型胶原(Col-Ⅲ)蛋白的表达水平。结果 SHR组的收缩压和舒张压明显升高,心肌CVF和PVCA明显升高,TGF-β1蛋白,Col-Ⅰ和Col-Ⅲ蛋白的表达水平明显升高,miRNA-97a表达水平明显降低,与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。PCR结果显示,SHR组心肌miRNA-97a表达水平为对照组的(24.6±4.7)%,SHR组心肌组织miRNA-97a与TGF-β1蛋白表达水平呈负相关(r=-0.785,P0.01)。结论 SHR心肌组织miRNA-97a表达下调,伴随TGF-β1蛋白表达升高和胶原合成增加。miRNA-97a与TGF-β1可能参与SHR大鼠的心肌纤维化。     

结缔组织生长因子与肾血管性高血压大鼠心肌纤维化的关系研究

目的:探讨结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)在高血压心肌纤维化发生、发展中的作用。方法:以两肾一夹肾血管性高血压大鼠(RHR)为模型,假手术实验大鼠(SOR)为对照,将实验大鼠分为4组:高血压4周组(H4),高血压12周组(H12),假手术4周组(S4),假手术12周组(S12)。用免疫组化法对CTGF、TGFβ1在4组的左室心肌的分布及表达进行半定量分析;用VG染色法观察左室心肌胶原形态,图像分析系统测量胶原容积分数(CVF)和血管周围胶原面积(PVCA)。结果:(1)CVF、PVCA在RHR组明显高于SOR组(P均<0.01);(2)CTGF、TGFβ1在RHR组左室心肌中的表达较SOR组明显增强(P均<0.05),CTGF主要在血管平滑肌和心肌间质及疤痕组织中表达。SOR组CTGF在心肌间质呈弱表达;(3)相关分析表明,CTGF与TGFβ1(r=0.626,P<0.05)、CVF(r=0.815,P<0.01)、PVCA(r=0.793,P=0.01)呈正相关。结论:CTGF参与了肾血管性高血压心肌纤维化的形成过程。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.